CHAPTER 1 - PLUMBING o Superior for embedment of concrete structures

 Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe

o Is the cheapest among the sewer pipes
HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE
17th Century o Recommended for house sewer and for septic tanks
o Birth of Plumbing practice in the Philippines (Intramuros)  Vitrified Clay Pipe
Master Plumber John F. Hass o One of the oldest materials used for sewer
o Became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and o Heated up to 1370 degrees Celsius
Inspection. o Highly resistant to most acid wastes, durable for underground,
1935 brittle and should not be laid on unstable ground
o National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was
organized and registered to Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)  Lead Pipe
City Ordinance 2411 o Lead is highly resistant to acid and suitable for underground
o Known as “plumbing Code for the City of Manila” installation
1954 o It is poisonous and injurious to human health and never used to
o House Bill No. 962 was approved by Third Congress of the Republic of convey water for human consumption.
the Philippines. This became Republic Act No. 1378  Galvanized Steel Pipe
June 18, 1955 o Is made out from mild steel, drawn through a die and welded cast
o “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” was signed by President Ramon into 6.0 meters long
Magsaysay. o This type is easily corroded with alkaline and acid water
January 28, 1959 o Deteriorate faster when used as hot water supply line
o National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was  Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
promulgated and approved by Malacañang. o Is better quality than the steel pipe for plumbing installation
1966 – 1969 o More resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe
o Board Examiners for Master Plumbers was approved by Department of  Brass Pipe
Education o One of the most expensive type of pipe
1966 o Made of alloy or zinc and copper mixed at 15% and 85 %
o Revised National Plumbing Code was spread by NAMPAP President proportion respectively
Jaime M. Cabase o Superior material for waste and water supply installation
December 21, 1991 o Similar in design with Galvanized steel pipe
o Section 4 of RA. 1378 known as Plumbing Law was approved by Joseph  Copper Pipe
Ejercito Estrada o Is durable and extremely corrosive resistant material
o Excellent material for hot water lines
Plumbing o Could be used one size smaller than steel pipe
o The art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to
convey and dispose water and other liquid. CLASSIFICATION
Plumbarius K – Type
o Refers to individual who worked I the sanitary field of ancient Rome. o Is the heaviest, suitable for underground installation
Plumbum means Lead L – Type
o Lighter than K – Type, available in both rigid and flexible
CHAPTER 2 - PLUMBING MATERIALS form
o Commonly used in residential water supply line for radiant
 Cast Iron Pipe
heating installation
o The most popular and generally specified material for drainage
M – Type
system in buildings for past several decades.
o The thinnest, available only I rigid form
o Mostly installed in buildings less than 25 storey high and does not
o Specially designed for small water supply lines and for
specify for 25 storey more.
radiant heating installation
 Plastic or Synthetic Pipes
Two Types of Cast Iron Pipes:
o New concept in the field of plumbing
1. SV Type
o Generally used for building installations o Develop in 1935 in Germany and introduced in the Philippine
2. XV Type during 70’s
o extra duty pipe used for underground installation TYPES
Rigid Type
1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Four Varieties
2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) – hot (>180F)
1. Standard Pipe
3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
o Used for a well-fitted Hub and spigot connections
4. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
2. Single Hub Pipe
5. Polypropylene (PP) - hot (>180F)
o Recommended when the length of the pipe needed is
6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
more than 150 cm long
Flexible Type
o Where in cutting is not necessary
1. Polyethylene (PE)
3. Double Hub Pipe
2. Polybutylene (PB)
o When pipe needed is shorter than 150 cm
o With special length up to 150 meters
4. Hubless Pipe
long in coil form
o Use in lieu of a single hub to do away with caulking of
PE and PB tubes are in coil form available at 30 meters long
joints, cheaper and easily connected using neoprene
rubber sleeves.
ADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC PIPE
1. More resistant to rust and corrosion
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
2. PVC pipe fittings weights about 1/5 of the metal pipe
o Is made from alloy of cast iron and silicon
3. PVC pipe can be connected to existing metal pipe using a threaded
o Widely used in chemical laboratories, industries and other
adapter.
with acid waste etc.,
o Brittle in character and requires stronger support for each
pipe
 Asbestos Pipe
o Is made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement
o Thickness of pipe is twice as that of standard cast iron pipe
o Could be used as ventilation, downspout, soil and waste pipe

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 CHAPTER 3 – MEASURING, CUTTING AND Drinking Fountain 32
Sink Waste 38
JOINING PIPES Laundry tub 38 to 50
 Cast Iron Pipe Pantry Sink 38
o 1.5 meters commercial length with various diameter from 50 – Bath tub 38 to 50
150 mm. Slop Sink (Wall) 50
o Cutting: chalk mark, hacksaw cut and cut with hammer and cold Scullary Sink 50
Factory Wash up Sink 50
chisel
Lavatories 50
o Jointing: Packing w/ Oakum, pour lead with pot and ladle, Packing
Lavatory Waste 50
with caulking iron Shower Bath 50
 Galvanized Steel Pipe Urinal 50
o Face to face method in measuring and cutting of pipe connection Slop Sink (Floor) 75 to 100
is most reliable.
o Cutting: 14-teeth per inch hacksaw blade with forward stroke of
TABLE 5.2 SIZE OF HORIZONTAL FIXTURE BRANCH
about 1 stroke per second only. Fast cutting will overheat and
break the blade. AND STACK
o After cutting remove blurs with reamers. Max. number of fixture units may be connected to
Diameter of
o Joining: Threading – Apply motor oil regularly while on threading pipe
Stack w/ 3 or more Branches
One Horizontal Not Over 3 Intervals
process. – Teflon tape should be clockwise
Branch Branches In One Branch
 Copper Pipe mm in Total in Stack
Interval
o Measuring: Face to Face Method 32 1 1/4 1 2 1 2
o Cutting: Rotary Tube Cutter or 24-teeth/inch for heavy & 32- 38 1 1/2 3 4 2 8
teeth/inch for thinner. 50 2 6 10 6 24
63 2 1/2 12 20 9 42
o Joints: Soldered joint 75 3 20 30 20 60
 Plastic Pipe 100 4 160 240 90 500
o Measuring: Face to Face Method 125 5 360 540 200 1100
150 6 620 960 350 1900
o Cutting: hacksaw or hand saw
200 8 1400 2200 600 3600
o Joints: Solvent Welding 250 10 2500 3800 1000 5600
300 12 3800 6000 1500 8400

CHAPTER 4 – SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM o No more than 2 water closet shall be discharge into 75mm diameter horizontal
sewer, soil branc or house drain.
Types of Sewage Disposal System
1. Cesspool CHAPTER 6 – SOIL PIPE
2. Privy o Must be extended through the roof about 30 cm. with 3” min. diameter.
3. Septic Tank
Noise
4. Public Sewer Line.
o One of serious problem in plumbing installation
Sedimentation
Dead End Fittings
o Processed the upper portion of the tank
o Should not be used in any plumbing installation.
Anaerobic Decomposition
o Processed the accumulated sludge at the bottom
Aerobic Bacteria CHAPTER 7 – HOUSE DRAIN
o With the presence of material Oxygen. House Drain
Anaerobic Bacteria o Portion of plumbing system that receives discharge of all soil and waste
o With the absence of free Oxygen. stacks
Facultative Bacteria o Referred as a Collection line of a plumbing system
o Functions even with or without free oxygen.
FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Combined Drain
CHAPTER 5 – WASTE PIPE o Is a type of house drain that receives discharges of sanitary
Special Waste
waste as well as storm water
o A waste pipe not directly connected to a soil or house drain
2. Sanitary Drain
Cleanout o Receives the discharges of sanitary and domestic waste
o It should be sized equal to the waste pipe
only.
Trap Seal Loss TABLE 7.1 SIZE OF SANITARY DRAIN
o The loss or escape of standing water inside the P-Trap Diameter of Max. number of fixture units may be connected to
Scouring pipe
2 % Slope 3 % Slope 4 % Slope
o Means to flush or wash out, to remove dirt or grease by flowing through mm in
32 1 1/4 1 1 1
38 1 1/2 2 2.5 3
TABLE 5-1 FIXTURE UNIT VALUES 50 2 5 7 8
KIND OF FIXTURE FIXTURE UNIT 63 2 1/2 12 13 14
Bath tub 2 75 3 18 18 21
Floor Drain 1 100 4 84 96 114
125 5 162 216 264
Kitchen Sink 2
150 6 300 450 600
Residential Sink 1.5 200 8 990 1392 2220
Lavatory or Wash basin 1 250 10 1800 2520 3900
Laundry Tub 2 300 12 3089 4320 6912
Shower Bath 2
Slop Sink 3 3. Industrial Drain
Sink, Hotel or public 2 o Receives from industrial equipment with some
Urinal 5 objectionable acid waste
Water Closet 6
4. Storm Drain
Combination Fixture 3
o All storm clear water or surface water except sanitary
One Bathroom Group (WC, Lav, BT, Sh) 8
For every Sq.ft of Drain 1 waste.
Unit System
o Most commonly used practical method in determining size of house
RECOMMENDED SIZE OF WASTE PIPE drain.
KIND OF FIXTURE TRAP ARM DIA, mm

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 CHAPTER 8 – HOUSE SEWER Deaerator
o Is installed at the bottom portion of the soil stack where house drain is
House sewer
connected to receive discharge from aerator
o The portion of the horizontal drainage system which starts from the
o Consist of an air separation chamber with an internal nose piece, a stack
outer face of the building and terminate to the main sewer (private or
inlet, a pressure relief outlet at the top and a stack outlet at the bottom
public)
o Dearator and Aerator fittings is made of copper
Main Sewer
o Financed and maintain by government
150 mm or 6” CHAPTER 13 – COLD WATER SUPPLY IN BUILDING
o Commonly used sewer pipe made of cement or vitrified clay pipe. Water
o Is 839 time heavier than air, 133 times lighter than air in vapor state
CHAPTER 9 – STORM DRAIN Direct Pressure distribution
o Obtain its supply of water through a large intake pipe, installed in the
Splash pan
lake basin extended down the water
o Is a collector of water coming down from downspout leading the
Indirect Pressure distribution
accumulated water away from the house
o Water drawn from a drilled distribution is done by indirect pressure,
turbine pump is used
CLASSIFICATIONS
Static Pressure
1. Inside Storm Drain
o Pressure exerted by the water at rest
o Located under the basement floor or with in the walls of the
Normal Pressure
building.
o Refers to the pressure range measured over a period of 24 hours
2. Outside Storm Drain
o Installed outside foundation of the wall of the building o 30 – 40 psi for residential house
3. Overhead Storm Drain Pressure Reducing Valve

Adopted when the street drainage is higher than the o Help minimized the excessive water pressure up to 40 psi
basement of the building. Critical Pressure
o Refers to maximum and minimum pressure at which function of the
TABLE 9.1 SIZE OF STORM DRAIN water can be maintained
Diameter of Maximum Drain Roof Area Friction head loss
pipe o Loss in rate of flow, due to friction between the water and walls of pipe
2 % Slope 3 % Slope 4 % Slope
mm in Pressure loss
75 3 114 142 170
o Caused by friction. Variations in pressure between water main and the
100 4 242 315 388
125 5 438 566 694 outlet end of the water service.
150 6 700 903 1105 Probable Demand or Peak load
200 8 1463 1888 2313 o One factor to be consider in determining the size of water pipe
250 10 2563 3309 4055
300 12 4100 5290 6840
350 14 5576 7203 8830

Area of circle = .7854 x d2 MINIMUM SIZE OF PIPE
KIND OF PIPE DIAMETER
CHAPTER 10 – TRAPS FOR PLUMBING FIXTURES Water Service Pipe ( Sill Cock, Hot water
Trap Seal Boiler, Laundry Tray, Sink, Lavatories, 38 mm ( 1 ½)
o Column of water that is retained between the overflow and the dip of Bathtub, Water Closet)
the trap
o Usually 32 to 50 mm diameter
CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Common Seal P-Trap
o Has 5 cm deep water Seal between the overflow and the dip
2. Deep Seal P-Trap
o Has 7.5 to 10 cm deep water Seal between the overflow and
the dip

CHAPTER 11 – PLUMBING VENTILATION

Siphonage
o Result of Minus Pressure
Direct or Self Siphonage TYPES OF PUMP
o Occur in unventilated traps which serve as oval bottom fixtures like Piston Pump
lavatories or slop sink. o Is used on small water Distribution system for elevating water in wells or
Indirect or Momentum Siphoning other houses
o Result of minus pressure created by a heavy discharge of water from the Centrifugal Pump
fixture o Is associated with tall building water distribution
Back pressure
o Caused by plus pressure
Evaporation
o Process in which considered as minor problem and is less probable to
drain the water inside the trap.
Wind Effect
o A wind velocity passing over top of the soil pipe may affect the trap seal.
Capillary Action
o Seldom happen and is rarely experience by homeowners.
CHAPTER 12 – SOVENT SYSTEM
Sovent System
o Is a recent development in drainage installation suitable for tall buildings
o Plus Pressure, classified as downward pressure
o Minus Pressure, will siphon and pull down the water seal and created
the trap seal loss
Aerator
o Is used as terminal of the soil branch I each floor
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