EXCHANGE English1Reader - 2019 - 2020 - 04092019

Table of Contents
Introduction p.2
Programme Exchange English 1 p.3
Survey of requirements and credits Exchange English 1 p.5

Info on Pronunciation Exam p.6
Writing Exercises p.8

- Summary Writing
Grammar Overview p.11

- Verb tenses p.12
- Irregular verbs p.16
- The Future tense p.22
- Continuous/Progressive form p.24
- Conditionals p.27
- Extra exercises on tenses and conditionals p.32
- The Passive Voice p.35
- Gerund vs. Infinitive p.42
- Prepositions p.45
- Relative Pronouns p.50
- Adjectives and Adverbs p.53
- Phrasal verbs p.58
- Articles p.63
- Miscellaneous exercises p.67
- Grammar Links p.73
- Diagnostic Test p.75
- Key Diagnostic Test p.81
- Phonetics and pronunciation p.84
- Some Rules of Thumb for the pronunciation of English p.85
- Pronounce it Properly p.87
Appendices p.98
- Traps p.99
- Overview Active Voice p.100
- Overview Passive Voice p.102
- Confusables p.104
- The Alphabet p.108
- Homophones p.109
- Modal verbs p.111
- The Verb phrase p.115
- Recommended Sources p.116
Subject: English 1, (level 1 (English 1 T.18717) & English 1, level 2 (English 1
T.20596)
Educational Unit: Quarters 1 & 2
Credit Value: 4 (will be awarded at the end of Quarter 2)
Objectives: In order to be able to do business in an international context successfully

students need to have a good command of the English language. As is the case
with any language, a good command starts with good grammar, an extensive
business vocabulary and a good pronunciation of the language, as these will help
to avoid ambiguity in any business communication, be it oral or written.
This quarter will be a continued start towards the minimum proficiency required
of an International Marketing graduate, i.e. that of the Proficient User. In CEF
terms (Common European Framework) this is referred to as B1, “Independent
User”, as far as productive skills are concerned, and B2 as for receptive skills.
The knowledge acquired will be put to active use not only in written
communication (memos, summaries, instructions, articles, brochures, business
letters, emails and any type of report), but also in verbal communication
(meetings, negotiations, presentations and the like).
Teaching Methods: Seminars of 3 class hours
Prerequisites: TOEFL 550/ IELTS 6.0/ HAVO/ VWO
Indicative Content: Grammar, pronunciation, fluency
Assessment: Written grammar tests (Q1=100% and Q2=80%) which both need to be
sufficient, i.e. ≥ 5.5; an oral test (Q2=20%) which also needs to be sufficient.
Continuous Assessment comprises attendance, active participation in class,
doing your homework etc. and will be expressed in terms of pass/ fail
Core Literature: Exchange English 1 Reader (will be made available digitally by e-mail)
Responsible Lecturer: Bernadette Wijers (Room H1.15)
2
Exchange Timetable Quarter 1: 2019-2020
Wee In-Class Grammar (Reader) Pronunciation (PIP)

k
1 Introduction Read Information on Work on units A1 and
Diagnostic Test (DT) the use of the tenses in A2 from PIP
the Reader
Do Exercises 10 and 11
2 Discuss Diagnostic Test Read Information on Work on units A3 and
Check: Exercises 10 & 11 conditionals A4
Revise: Conditionals Do Exercises 8 & 9
Pronunciation
3 Check exercises 8 & 9 Read Information on Work on units A5 and
Revise Passives Passives A6
Pronunciation Do exercises 12, 14 &
15
4 Check Exercises 12, 14 & Read Information on Work on units A7 and

15 Gerund & Infinitives A8
Revise Gerund & Do exercise 16
Infinitives
Pronunciation
5 Check exercise 16 Read Information on Work on units A9 and
Revise Relative Pronouns& Relative pronouns and B1
Relative Clauses Relative clauses
Pronunciation Do exercises 18, 19
and 20
6 Check exercises 18 ,19 Read Information on Work on units A1-B1

and 20 Prepositions
Revise prepositions Do exercises 17 & 33
Pronunciation
Autumn Break
7 Check exercise 17 Prepare for the written
Review Grammar exam
(Mock Oral test)
3
Exchange Timetable Quarter 2 2019-2020
Week In-Class Grammar (Reader) Pronunciation (PIP)
1 Discuss the written test of Read Information on Work on units B2 and
English 1 Adjectives & Adverbs B3
Revise Adjectives & Adverbs Do exercises 21, 22,
23 & 24
2 Check exercises 21-24 Read information on Work on units B4 and

Phrasal Verbs B5
Revise Phrasal Verbs Do exercises 4, 25,
26, 27 & 28
Pronunciation
3 Check exercises 4, 25-28 Read Information on Work on units C1 and

Revise Articles & Determiners Articles and C2
Determiners
Pronunciation Do exercises 29 & 30
4 Check exercises 29 & 30 Read information on Work on units C3, C4

Prepositions and C5
Revise Prepositions & Nouns Do exercise to be
provided
Pronunciation
5 Check exercise to be provided Read Information on Work on units C6, D1
Nouns and Pronouns and D2
Revise Pronouns Do exercises to be
provided
Pronunciation
6 Check exercises on nouns & Read Information on Prepare for Oral Test
pronouns to be provided Pronouns on units A1-D2
Do exercises to be
Pronunciation provided
Christmas Break 2 weeks!

7 Check exercises to be Prepare for the
provided written exam
Practice Test & Review

ORAL TEST
4
Survey of all English tests (and their corresponding requirements) that are part of the Continuous
Assessment in the first semester of the Exchange programme:
Semester 1 = 4 credits (awarded at the end of Quarter 2)
Quarter 1:
-Diagnostic test (written): completed and scored

-Attendance and participation: sufficient
-Written grammar test (T.18717) ≥ 5.5
The written test (Exchange English 1, level 1) is a 60 minute exam worth a total of 100
points. The exam breakdown is as follows: 100% grammar: covering tenses, passives,
conditionals, gerund vs. infinitive, prepositions and relative pronouns and relative clauses.
Quarter 2:
- Attendance and participation: sufficient

- Written grammar test (T.20596) and PIP exam, both of which need to be ≥ 5.5
The written test is 80% and the oral test 20% of the English 1, level 2 exam
The written test (Exchange English 1, level 2) is a 60 minute exam worth a total of 100
points. The exam breakdown is as follows: 100% grammar based on tenses, passives
conditionals, prepositions, Articles and determiners, phrasal verbs, nouns and pronouns
and adverbs and adjectives
The oral test is a pronunciation exam based on the PIP material in the semester 1 reader. It
will consist of 15 sentences and will be taken in week(s 6 and) 7 of the second quarter
during class time.
Exchange English 1
Credits will be awarded at the end of the semester, only when ALL the requirements have been met!
5
Information on the Pronunciation Exam
Pronunciation Exam
At the end of the first semester you will be assessed on your pronunciation. Your level of pronunciation
will be tested in a separate exam. The regular exam will take place during the 2nd quarter exam period.
Registration for the pronunciation exam will not be through Bison. The retakes will be scheduled at the
end of the 3rd Quarter. This is an exam like any other; you have 2 chances per year to pass the exam. No
exceptions will be made for not being able to take the PIP exam (due to illness, work, being out of town
etc.). The PIP Exam is marked on a 1-10 scale and not as a Pass/Fail. The material on which the exam will
be based can be found in the reader under the heading “Pronounce it Properly”. The sound files
accompanying the text material can be found at https://docs.saxion.nl/IBS/English\PIPaudiofiles. Though
your lecturer may cover some of the PIP material in class, the preparation for the exam is largely to be
done on your own, outside of class. Below you will find some additional information about the exam,
including a sample of the exam as well as an idea of at what level you need to be able to perform, before a
5.5 or more will be awarded.
Pronunciation of English in a business context requires more than just being understood, i.e. the language
as used while on holiday or talking to people you chance to meet in a pub or in the street. In a business
context it is crucial that you come across as a serious negotiation partner, especially as there may possibly
be million-dollar contracts at stake.
In this context the following aspects of pronunciation are extremely important and deserve your undivided
attention and constant effort and practice.
Apart from the actual sounds you produce (see the example below)
* sentence intonation and voice pitch,

* word stress,
* aspiration after /p, t, k/ in word- and syllable-initial position,
* vowel length
* glottal reinforcement before /p, t, k/ in word- and syllable-final position, and
* liaison
are all considered typical aspects of the English language that should be mastered at an acceptable level in
order to be able to function optimally in any business situation.
Below you will find some sample sentences which indicate the types of sentences you may be asked to
read aloud during the exam. There are ten sentences listed here; you will be given fifteen on the exam.
6
1. There is a surcharge on excess weight.
ðeəzə ˈsɜ:ʧɑ:ʤ ɒn ˈekses weɪt CORRECT
deəzə səˈʧeɪʤ ɒn ɪkˈses ʋeɪt 1,1,1,½

zeəzə səˈʧeɪʣ ditto
2. Our cashier keeps a register of dubious debtors.

ɑ: kæˈʃɪə ki:ps ə reʤɪstəʳ əv ˈdju:bɪəs detəz CORRECT
aʊə ˈkæʃə ki:ps ə rəˈɡɪstər ɒv ˈdʌbɪəs ˈdeptəs 1,1,½,1,1
ˈreɡɪstə 1
3. The emphasis of their activities is now on packaging.

ðɪ ˈemfəsɪs əv ðeəʳ ækˈtɪvətɪz ɪz naʊ ɒn ˈpækəʤɪŋ CORRECT
di emˈfeɪsəs ɒv deə æktɪvətis ɪs noʊ ɒn ˈpækəʤɪŋ 1,1,½,1,1,½
zi ˈpekəʤɪŋ 1,1
4. Really good interpreters are hard to come by.

ˈrɪəlɪ ɡʊd ɪnˈtɜ:prɪtəz ə hɑ:d tə ˈkʌm baɪ CORRECT
ri:li: ɡut ɪntəˈpri:təs ɑ: ɦɑ:d tə kʌm ˈbaɪ 1,½,½,1,1,½,1
ˈɪntəpri:təs 1
5. Our personnel officer will find accommodation for him.

ɑ: ˌpɜ:səˈnel ɒfɪsə wɪl faɪnd əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn fəʳ (h)ɪm CORRECT
aʊə ˈpɜ:sənəl ˈɒfɪsə wɪl faɪnd ˌækəməˈdeɪʃn fə ɦɪm 1,1,1,½
6. Do not forget to mention its height in the specifications.

du: nɒt fəˈɡet tə menʃn ɪts haɪt ɪn ðə ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz CORRECT
du: nɒt fəɡet tə menʃn ɪts ɦeɪt ɪn də ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃns ½,1,½
7. This was a unanimous decision.

ðɪs wəz ə ju:ˈnænɪməs dɪˈsɪʒn CORRECT
dɪs wɒs ə ʌnˈænɪməs dɪˈsɪʃn 1,1,1,1
zɪs 1
8. Show me the other components.

ʃəʊ mɪ ðɪ ˈʌðə kəmˈpəʊnənts CORRECT
ʃo. mi di ˈɑdə ˈkɒmpənənts ½,1,1,1
9. This detergent came out best in the polls.

ðɪs dɪˈtɜ:ʤənt keɪm ˈaʊt ˈbest ɪn ðə pəʊlz CORRECT
dɪs ˈdetəɡənt keɪm oʊt best ɪn də pɒls 1,1,½,1,1,1
zɪs ˈdi: təɡənt 1,1
10. We want applicants to be good at mathematics.

wi: wɒnt ˈæplɪkənts tə bɪ gʊd ət ˌmæѲəˈmætɪks CORRECT
ʋi: ʋɒnt əˈplɪkənts tu bi: gut æt ˌmætəˈmætɪks ½,½,1,1,1
7
Writing Exercises
During the course of the semester you will be asked to write several different types of shorter texts
such as summaries, essays and editorials. The purpose of this is to give you the opportunity to work on
your English writing skills as preparation for the more intensive writing modules during Semester 2:
Business Correspondence and Essay Writing. The specific parameters for these assignments will be
determined by your lecturer but you are expected to hand-in a minimum of two texts per quarter
during the first semester. This homework is part of the continuous assessment.
WRITING SUMMARIES
Definition of a summary:
a brief restatement in your own words of a text's main ideas; a condensation of "an extended idea or
argument into a sentence or more in your own words".
Characteristics:
 Summaries identify the source of original text.

 Summaries demonstrate your understanding of a text's subject matter.
 Summaries are shorter (at least 60% shorter) than the original text they omit the original text's
"examples, asides, analogies, and rhetorical strategies.
 Summaries differ from paraphrases--paraphrases more closely follow the original text's
presentation (they still use your words, but they are longer than summaries).
 Summaries focus exclusively on the presentation of the writer's main ideas--they do not
include your interpretations or opinions.
 Summaries normally are written in your own words--they do not contain extended quotes or
paraphrases.
 Summaries rely on the use of standard signal phrases ("According to the author..."; "The author
believes..."; etc.).
Tips on Writing Summaries
Step One (Prewriting):
 Read the article quickly.

 Try to get a sense of the article's general focus and content.
Step Two (Drafting):
 Restate the article's thesis simply and in your own words.

 Restate each paragraph's topic simply and in your own words.
Step Three (Revising):
 Combine sentences in Step Two to form your summary; organize your summary sentences in
the same order as the main ideas in the original text.
 Edit very carefully for neatness and correctness.
8
Writing summaries is a technique that follows strict rules:
o The original text is cut to about one third.

o Only the main ideas are mentioned; that means that no examples or repetitions are allowed.
o Specific statements are combined to form general statements.
o Direct or reported speech are changed into statements, with the exception of very important
quotations.
When you have to sum up written texts follow these hints:
o Read the text quickly in order to find the main ideas (skimming).
o If necessary look at special passages of the text in order to make clear that you've got all the
main ideas (scanning).
o Take a pencil and underline the most important words (marking).
o Write down key-words, i.e. words that sum up the meaning of the text, but which needn't
necessarily occur in the text (making notes).
o Sum up the key-words in simple sentences (summing up in simple form); in your own words!
o Combine the simple sentences by using conjunctions like "as, though, because, since" etc or
participle constructions or infinitives (summing up in complex form).
o The summary is usually written in the present tense. But past events may be reported in the
past, future events may be reported in the future.
o Compare the original text with your text to find out that you've got the essential information
(check).
Some useful sentences:
First Argues
At the beginning the author writes, states That
In the first part the reporter points out what
In the introduction explains, mentions why
the reader is informed

In the next part
In the main part the reader is informed the theory
about
Second; First the author goes on with the data / question that
Then; Afterwards we are told about the statistics what
Moreover; we read / hear about the belief why
In addition to that the author examines the argument if
Further on Analyses the opinion / topic
Next Discusses the problem

In the end the author Emphasises
Finally the writer Concludes that
At last the poet finds the solution what
The final part, section the journalist adds / stresses why
9
As a conclusion the reporter Pretends if
Summing up his / her thoughts the scientist Hints
10
GRAMMAR
On the following pages you will find a selection of bits and pieces about English grammar (some rules,
explanations and exercises taken from various books and websites).
As has been explained before, the idea is that you yourself deal with English grammar, largely
independently, as self-study. Clearly, in doing so you are to focus on those aspects of the grammar that
in your case were diagnosed as ‘weaknesses’. Therefore you are to devise your own method and gather
and select your own material. In other words, in this reader you will merely find some tips and additional
exercises.
For those topics which are part of the diagnostic and grammar tests and are not discussed at great
length in this reader, make sure you find solid and relevant material. See pp 74-75 for further useful
web pages.
During class you will have the opportunity to ask any questions on anything you are dealing with and to
pick your teacher’s brain. Furthermore, you can also make individual appointments with your English
teacher, whenever necessary.
Semester 1 will deal with the following aspects of grammar:
 Basic Sentence Types

 Verb Tenses*
 Conditionals*
 The Passive Voice*
 Gerund vs Infinitive*
 Prepositions*
 Relative pronouns & clauses*
 Modal Auxiliary Verbs*
 Nouns and Pronouns
 Adjectives and Adverbs*
 Discourse Markers
 Miscellaneous : Articles and Phrasal Verbs
Additional information and exercises can be found in this reader on topics marked with an asterisk.
Make sure you are familiar with the grammatical terms in this reader and in any other material you
make use of (see appendix).
11
VERB TENSES
1. —————x———————|———————— simple past tense

yesterday now
x = could be any point of time in the past

e.g. Yesterday I worked.
2 years
=========>
2. ——————x——————-|———————— present perfect tense
now

2 years = could be any period of time
e.g. (Now) I have worked here for two years.
2 years
=========>
3. ———x———————|———|————— past perfect tense
yesterday now

e.g. Yesterday I had worked here for 2 years.
2 years
=================>
4. ——————————|———————x———— future perfect tense
now tomorrow
x = could be any point of time in the future

e.g. Tomorrow I will have worked here for 2 years.
5. ——————————|———————x————— simple future tense

now tomorrow

e.g. Tomorrow I will work.
12
1. The Past Tense
—————x———————|———————— simple past tense

yesterday now

e.g. Yesterday I worked.
As soon as there is a time adverbial indicating “past” in an English sentence, the tense of the verb is
SIMPLE PAST TENSE. This time adverbial could refer to a point in the past but also to an event which
took place in the past and was completed in the past, even though the event itself may have lasted for
a period of time. Thus “last month” requires the verb to be in the simple past tense as well as the
phrase “when they had cooperated for 2 years” in the sentences:
Last month they decided to merge.

When they had cooperated for 2 years they decided to merge.
Examples of such time adverbs are:
Last … last week/ month/ year/ October etc.

… ago a week/ month/ hour etc. ago
… just now
Recently/ the other day
Years in the past In 1988, 1066 etc.
Dates in the past on 10 June etc.
When? (in the past) When did you arrive?
2. Present Perfect Tense
2 years
========>
——————x——————|———————— present perfect tense
now

e.g.(Now) I have worked here for two years.
2a.
As soon as there is a time adverbial indicating a period of time in an English sentence, the tense of the
verb is PERFECT TENSE. If the period of time started in the past and lasts until the moment of speech =
now, the tense is PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
They have been merged for 2 years.
13
Examples of time adverbs requiring the present perfect tense are:
Recently/ of late/ lately

The last few … The last few days/ years/ hours etc.
… for some … He has worked here for some days/ weeks/ months etc.
Since … He has worked here since last year/ yesterday/ 1985 etc.
… just … I have just bought a new car.
(Note: always …have just… in this order)
ever Have you ever been to London?
Already He has already paid the bill
Up till now He has done well up till now.
So far There have been no complaints so far.
2b.
The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE is also used if an event has ended but the time period of which it is part
has not.
Much has changed this year.
2c.
The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE is also used if an event, though the event itself has ended, still has an
effect on the present; the so-called resultative perfect.
Their careless way of doing business has led to their failure.
3. Past Perfect Tense
2 years
==========>
———x———————|—————|————— past perfect tense
yesterday now

e.g. Yesterday I had worked here for 2 years.
verb is PERFECT TENSE. If the period of time started in the past and lasts until a moment in the past,
the tense of the verb is PAST PERFECT TENSE.
Sentences requiring the PAST PERFECT TENSE are characterised by the fact that they have both a point
of time in the past and a period of time starting in the past up to that point of time in the past.
When he was transferred to Tokyo, he had lived in England for 10 years.
14
4. Future Perfect Tense
2 years
=======================>
——————————|———————x———— future perfect tense
now tomorrow

e.g. Tomorrow I will have worked here for 2 years.
verb is PERFECT TENSE. If the period of time lasts until a moment in the future, the tense of the verb is
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
Sentences requiring the FUTURE PERFECT TENSE are characterised by the fact that they have both a
point of time in the future and a period of time starting in the past up to that point in the future.
Next year this brewery will have existed for 100 years.
5. Simple future tense
——————————|———————x————— simple future tense

now tomorrow

e.g. Tomorrow I will work.
As soon as there is a time adverbial indicating “future” in an English sentence, or from the sentence it
becomes clear that the event will take place in the future, the tense of the verb is SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE.
Our representative will leave for Vienna tomorrow.
See also: Appendix (Tenses in the active voice)
15
IRREGULAR VERBS
The following list contains the main English irregular verbs. Where indicated by means of the letter “R”
a regular past tense and past participle also occur (stem of verb + ed). Be aware that all verbs in
English use a form of HAVE for the perfect tenses. See examples in the right column, which also
contains a fair number of related verbs, nouns and adjectives which are often mixed up or
misunderstood.
The verbal forms marked “x” in the right column may present problems as to the right pronunciation.
Infinitive Past tense Past

participle
1 To arise arose arisen
2 To awake awoke awoke
3 To be was been
4 To bear bore borne
5 To beat beat beaten
6 To became become
become
7 To begin began begun
8 To bend bent bent
9 To bet bet bet
10 To bind bound bound
11 To bite bit bit(ten)
12 To bleed bled bled
13 To blow blew blown
14 To break broke broken
15 To bring brought brought
16 To broadcast broadcast
broadcast
17 To build built built
18 To burn burnt “R” burnt “R”
19 To burst burst burst
20 To buy bought bought
21 To cast cast cast
22 To catch caught caught
23 To choose chose chosen
24 To cling clung clung
25 To come came come
26 To cost cost cost
27 To creep crept crept
28 To cut cut cut
29 To deal dealt dealt
30 To dig dug dug
31 To do did done
32 To draw drew drawn
33 To dream dreamt “R” dreamt “R”
34 To drink drank drunk
35 To drive drove driven
16
36 To dwell dwelt dwelt
37 To eat ate eaten
38 To fall fell fallen
39 To feed fed fed
40 To feel felt felt
41 To fight fought fought
42 To find found found
43 To flee fled fled
44 To fling flung flung
45 To fly flew flown
46 To forbid forbade forbidden
47 To forecast forecast
forecast
48 To forgive forgave forgiven
49 To freeze froze frozen
50 To get got got
51 To give gave given
52 To go went gone
53 To grow grew grown
54 To hang hung hung
55 To have had had
56 To hear heard heard
57 To hide hid hidden
58 To hit hit hit
59 To hold held held
60 To hurt hurt hurt
61 To keep kept kept
62 To kneel knelt knelt
63 To know knew known
64 To lay laid laid
65 To lead led led
66 To lean leant “R” leant “R”
67 To leap leapt “R” leapt “R”
68 To learn learnt “R” learnt “R”
69 To leave left left
70 To lend lent lent
71 To let let let
72 To lie lay lain
73 To light lit “R” lit “R”
74 To lose lost lost
75 To make made made
76 To mean meant meant
77 To meet met met
78 To mistook mistaken
mistake
79 To overcame overcome
overcome
80 To overtook overtaken
17
overtake
81 To pay paid paid
82 To put put put
83 To read read read
84 To ride rode ridden
85 To ring rang rung
86 To rise rose risen
87 To run ran run
88 To saw sawed sawn
89 To say said said
90 To see saw seen
91 To seek sought sought
92 To sell sold sold
93 To send sent sent
94 To set set set
95 To sew sewed sewn “R”
96 To shake shook shaken
97 To shine shone shone
98 To shoot shot shot
99 To show showed shown
10 To shrink shrunk shrunk
0
10 To shut shut shut
1
10 To sing sang sung
2
10 To sit sat sat

3
10 To sleep slept slept
4
10 To slide slid slid
5
10 To smell smelt “R” smelt “R”
6
10 To sow sowed sown “R”
7
10 To speak spoke spoken
8
10 To speed sped sped
9
11 To spell Spelt “R” Spelt “R”
0
11 To spend spent spent
1
11 To spill spilt “R” spilt “R”
2
11 To spit spat spat
3
18
11 To split split split
4
11 To spoil spoilt “R” spoilt “R”
5
11 To spread spread spread
6
11 To spring sprang sprung
7
11 To stand stood stood
8
11 To steal stole stolen
9
12 To stick stuck stuck
0
12 To sting stung stung
1
12 To stink stank stunk
2
12 To strike struck struck
3
12 To swear swore sworn
4
12 To sweat sweat sweat
5
12 To sweep swept swept
6
12 To swim swam swum
7
12 To take took taken
8
12 To teach taught taught
9
13 To tear tore torn
0
13 To tell told told
1
13 To think thought thought

2
13 To throw threw thrown
3
13 To thrust thrust thrust
4
13 To understoo understoo
5 understan d d
d
13 To wake woke woken
6
13 To wear wore worn
19
7
13 To weep wept wept
8
13 To win won won
9
14 To wind wound wound
0
14 To withdrew withdrawn
1 withdraw
14 To withheld withheld
2 withhold
14 To wring wrung wrung
3
14 To write wrote written
4
Exercise 1
Write down the past participles of the following verbs:
1.exceed 2. redeem 3. quote 4. remit

5.issue 6. avoid 7. transfer 8. charge
9.continue 10. cater 11. exhibit 12. dial
13.deal 14. answer 15. deposit 16. refer
17.order 18. abandon 19. prosper 20. appeal
21.deliver 22. occur 23. credit 24. interpret
25.cancel 26. develop 27. barter 28. travel
Exercise 2
Choose the correct form of the verb:
Example: I’ve (bought/buyed) a new car.

Answer: I’ve bought a new car.
1. She (cached/caught) a ball.

2. I’ve never (learned/learnt) French.
3. I’ve never (teached/taught) French.
4. Have you (sended/send/sent) that e-mail?
5. When are you going to (send/sent) that e-mail?
6. This is the house that Jack (builded/build/built).
7. I knew we were having an earthquake when the house (beginned/begun/began) to shake.
8. I’ve (got/get/gotten) a new job.
9. Our team (loosed/losed/lost) yesterday.
10. We (choosed/chosed/choose/chose) a different colour for the bedroom.
11. We’ve (choosed/chosed/chosen/choosen) a different colour for the bedroom.
12. I’ve (layed/laid) the table.
13. I’ve (played/plaid) the game before.
14. He (fell/felt/falled) down the stairs.
15. He’s (felt/falled/fallen) down the stairs.
16. He (dealed/dealt) with that very well.
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17. He (dreamed/dreamt) he was Batman.
18. The soldiers (flied/fleed/fled).
19. She (ringed/rang/rung) me last night.
Exercise 3
Correct the sentences if necessary:
1. Have you payed your telephone bill?

2. Have you ever played rugby?
3. What year was he born?
4. Their efforts have finally born fruit.
5. I’ve spent too much money.
6. I send her an e-mail yesterday.
7. I send her an e-mail every day.
8. They live in a build-up area.
9. Ow, that hurted!
10. How is this word spelled?
11. Who teached you that?
12. That bee’s stung me!
13. I sung the song three times.
14. They drunk too much last night.
15. They were really drunk.
16. We swam across the river.
17. Our boat sprung a leak.
18. I felt down the stairs this morning.
19. Afterwards I felt very dizzy.
20. I’ve gotten a car.
21. He laid on the ground.
22. He laid the table.
23. What have you choosen?
24. For our main course we chose fish.
25. I think I should lose weight
26. I sawed those planks in half yesterday.
27. I saw her in the street yesterday.
28. He shoke the cocktail for a full minute.
29. We’ve dealed with that very well.
30. What time does the sun raise?
31. Rose rose at five o’clock every morning.
32. They’ve risen the price of cigarettes again.
33. The price of cigarettes has risen again.
34. The enemy flew from the soldiers.
35. The enemy plane flew over our heads.
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Exercise 4
In this exercise common irregular verbs are needed to complete the 18 idiomatic
phrases. Choose the correct verb from the box and put it into the right form for the
sentence:
bend –hit – smell – bring – lead – spill – buy – lose – take – meet – throw – drive – put – win – fly –read –
wind – give – rise
1. His announcement to the AGM of the turnover for the year . . . the house down.
2. Do you really think that it was one of our R&D staff who . . . the beans?
a. In my opinion it was the lack of a market research survey that . . . us up the garden
path.
b. The last time Martin spoke to the shop steward about overtime rates he . . . his foot in
it and caused a strike.
3. Her remark that job satisfaction and productivity were closely related really . . . the nail on the
head.
4. If I had been you, I would have . . . him a piece of my mind.
5. At that price I have to admit that our competitors have . . . hands down.
6. Although Norma was very busy at the time, she . . over backwards to help us.
7. He decided that it was time he . . . the bull by the horns and told them exactly what he thought
8. about the plan.
9. I am not surprised that he . . . into a temper when he heard that we had lost the order.
10. You wouldn't have been so pleased about the offer if you had . . . between the lines.
11. What would you have done if he had . . . his head and left the meeting?
12. He found it very difficult to admit that he had finally . . . his match.
13. I don't know who . . . the party, but there was a hell of a mess in the office afterwards.
14. I'm going to ask for samples first. I remember what happened the last time we . . . a pig in a poke.
15. According to the Chamber of Commerce, the company was . . . up in 1998.
16. We warned him about the danger of bribery in that country, so why did it take so long before he . .
a rat.
17. The last time we invited her she . . . to the occasion and made a magnificent speech.
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FUTURE TENSE
Future tense can be expressed in several ways. One of them is of course using the auxiliary of the
future tense WILL. There are others:
* The simple present can be used to express future tense if a future event is part of an official
programme (cinema, theatre) or timetables (trains, planes, buses).
The next train leaves at eight.
In this case a construction with WILL can also be used.
* BE + –ing can be used to express future tense if it expresses an intention in the very near future.
Near future means about a week in this case.
This construction is often used in connection with verbs expressing coming or going. Examples are
arrive, go, leave, move (as in move house), land, take off. Apart from these there are a few other verbs
that also allow this construction: dine, lunch, do, have (a party), hold (a meeting), meet, see, send,
spend, start, stop, take, visit. As this construction cannot be used with just any verb it is wise to opt
for the WILL construction in case of doubt.
I am leaving tomorrow.
I am seeing the personnel manager this afternoon.
* BE GOING TO also expresses future intention. Its use is not limited by time, but it expresses a
clear intention. Very often “intend to” is used in more formal English. The use of WILL in this case will
lose the “intention” aspect.
We are going to/ intend to computerise our accounting department.
* WILL BE + -ing refers to the future in as neutral a way as WILL; in other words it does not entail
the intention aspect of BE + -ing or BE GOING TO.
Keep in mind, though, that only verbs that can be performed over a longer period of time can be used
in this construction.
The Public Prosecutor will be holding a press conference tomorrow.
* BE TO is often used to make public official plans or decisions.
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight.
In conditional clauses BE TO is also used to express uncertainty about the future:
If the company is to recover from this recession, it will have to economise drastically.
If we are to/want to recover from this recession, we will have to economise drastically
Only in the last example is the use of want to possible, because the subject needs to be able to
express wanting to do something.
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* In subordinate clauses starting with when, before, as soon as, until, till, if and unless which
refer to events taking place in the future the SIMPLE PRESENT must be used; the aspect FUTURE is
expressed in the main clause.
One of our staff members will be present at the airport when you arrive.
We will wait till you are back from abroad.
If you do not pay before 1 May we will take legal action.
We will take legal action unless you remit the amount within 10 days.
You had better wait till the new series is out.
(Also read the pages on Conditional Clauses).
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THE CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE FORM
1. Form
Every tense in English has two forms:

 a normal or non-continuous/ progressive form
I always read the agenda before a meeting.
 a continuous form
Don’t disturb me; I am reading the minutes of yesterday’s meeting.
The continuous/ progressive form consists of a form of BE + present participle of a verb.

(sit, lie and stand are also possible auxiliaries, but are only used when the position in which something
is done is important enough to be indicated.)
The present participle is derived from the verb with the ending –ing. A few spelling changes that occur
are:
 silent “e” is dropped: change-changing
 “ie” becomes “y”: lie-lying
 a final consonant is doubled after one stressed vowel sign: stop-stopping
(exceptions are the verbs: (re)dial and (re)fuel)
 In British English “l” is always doubled after one vowel sign, even if it is not stressed.
2. When to use the continuous/progressive form
a. the progressive is first and foremost used to indicate that an action or event goes on or went
on at a certain moment for a certain period of time. The action is always of limited duration
and has not been completed.
We are looking for good agents in the United States.

When we were carrying out your order, a serious accident took place in our factory.
We have been looking forward to your reply for some time.
When they had been searching for the wreck in vain for five days, the rescue attempts were given up.
On your arrival we will be packing the goods.
b. the progressive can also be used to express a feeling of annoyance or irritation. In this case
the word “always” will often be used in the same sentence.
He is always complaining about the quality of the coffee.

They are continually trying to get out of their commitments.
c. As mentioned earlier the continuous/ progressive form is also used to express an intention
with regard to the near future.
The shareholders are holding an extraordinary meeting next week.
3. No continuous/progressive form
When there is no “going on” and “limited duration” the normal form is used. This applies especially to
the following circumstances:
a. if unlimited time duration is expressed
25
London lies on the Thames.
b. if something general is expressed
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

We sell exclusively to retailers.
c. if a habit is expressed; very often indicated by words such as “usually, always, regularly, often,
sometimes, never”.
We regularly check the quality of our articles.

I often read the Financial Times.
d. if an action lasts only a moment or if time duration is unimportant
He got up, collected his papers and left the meeting in a rage.
e. if verbs do not really express an action. Examples of such verbs are:
believe think suppose realise know

understand forget remember hope agree
refuse doubt want wish prefer
hate like love see hear
smell taste need contain consist of
include own possess belong depend
look like resemble admit
They refuse to take delivery of the goods.

Your logo looks suspiciously like ours.
The committee consists of eight members.
We hope you will forgive the inconvenience.
Exercise 5
Replace the verb in capitals with either the simple present or the continuous
(progressive):
1. The baby always WAKE UP when we are trying to go to sleep.

2. Last week’s tests have shown that her English IMPROVE rapidly.
3. I don’t have a home: at the moment I SLEEP on a friend’s floor.
4. It’s really hard to believe their story: maybe they TELL lies?
5. I’m fed up: my girlfriend forever COMPLAIN about my untidiness.
6. What DO you for a living? I’m a pilot, but I not FLY at present because I’m ill.
7. Please be quiet. I TRY to think.
8. If the plane LAND late, we will not make our connection.
9. The government are worried because recent figures have shown that the number of people
without jobs INCREASE.
10. I usually GO to work by car.
11. My parents LIVE in Bristol; they were born there and have never lived anywhere else.
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12. It’s really annoying: Andy always BOTHER me to help him with his homework.
13. What DO your father? He’s an actor, but he not WORK at the moment.
14. She STAY with her sister until she finds somewhere to live.
Exercise 6
Use the continuous/progressive where necessary:
1. He START from scratch as a one-man business.

2. She THINK about starting a business of her own.
3. Don’t go away. I SPEAK to you!
4. She SPEAK at least ten languages. Listen, she SPEAK Spanish right now.
5. I always GET CHASED out of bus sheds.
6. They EXPLOIT old tracks to invest in new talent.
7. Some home owners FEEL the pinch at the moment as a result of Mr Bond’s demise.
8. Mum SMOKE a cigar. She usually SMOKE eight Havanas a day.
9. I HAVE the sign put up tomorrow.
10. The boss BE very fussy about my work.
11. Barking dogs seldom BITE.
12. Though I rarely WEAR wooden shoes, I WEAR them now.
13. My teachers perpetually BOTHER me with silly questions.
14. Businessmen TALK always shop, BE not they?
15. David Wyatt’s business BOOM.
16. Renault, France’s state-owned car-maker, HOLD preliminary talks with Volvo of Sweden
about a possible merger.
17. The central bank WANT to discourage lending to businesses.
18. American bicycle makers LOVE the mountain bike.
Exercise 7
Put the verbs into the present continuous or the present simple:
Emma: ……………………… (you-do) anything tonight?

Mathew: Yes. ………… (I-go) to the station to meet my friend Richard.
…………………(he-stay) here for the weekend, remember? His train ……… (get) in at
eight fifteen.
Emma: Of course. I’d forgotten about it.
Mathew: Maybe we’ll see you later. What …………. (you-do) tonight?
Emma: Oh,……………… (I-go) to the cinema with Vicky and Rachel. The film …………… (finish)
quite early, so ……………………… (we-go) to a pizza place afterward.
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CONDITIONALS
Conditional sentences consist of 2 parts/clauses.
the if-clause ("never" : will/ would)

the main clause ("always": will/ would)
Form
Main clause Sub-clause

(if, provided, unless, as soon as, when, etc.)
I. Simple Present
Will + infinitive
Can
May
Should
Must
Would + infinitive II. Past Simple

Could
Might
Would have + past participle III. Past perfect tense

Could have
Might have
Meaning: I. A possible condition and a likely result

(you image a situation in the future)
II. An unlikely condition and its probable result

(you image a situation in the present)
III. An impossible condition and its impossible result

(you image a situation in the past)
Examples: I. If he goes, I will join him.

II. If he went, I would join him.
III. If he had gone, I would have joined him.
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Examples:
I.
If he runs, he will get there in time. (indicates probability)
I will go, if they ask me.
She won’t do that, unless they want her to.
If it rains, you will get wet.
As soon as he is free, he will come for a walk.
II.
If I lived near my office, I would be in time for work. (but I do not live near my office)
I would go, if they asked me.
She wouldn’t do that, unless they wanted her to.
If it were raining/rained, you would get wet.
He said he would come for a walk as soon as he was free.
III.
If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport. (but I did not know, so I did
not come)
I would have gone, if they had asked me.
She would not have done a thing like that, unless they had wanted her to.
If it had rained, you would have got wet.
If he had been free, he would have come for a walk.
Now try these:

If I (HAVE) the time, I would certainly have read the book.
When you arrive, she (INFORM) you further.
I would take a long holiday, if I (WIN) €100,000.
Exercise 8
Complete these sentences with the correct alternative:
1 If you . . . harder, you will get a bonus.

will work - would work - worked – work
2 We ... a lot of money if we sent the catalogues as printed matter.

will save – would save – would have saved – were saving
3 Tell him that we'll order the goods if they . . . us a 7 per cent discount.
grant - would grant - granted - had granted
4 If they . . . in stock, we would have delivered them immediately.

were - would be - had been - would have been
5 Philip said he wouldn't mind living in England if the weather . . . better.

is -would be – were - had been
6 If I . . . her telephone number, I would phone her.

know - knew - had known – have known
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7 If they . . . production, they’ll make a bigger profit.
will increase - increase- would increase- had increased
8 She would have given it to you if she . . . it.

have had - had had - would have – would have had
9 You will get more commission if you . . . for us.

work - will work - worked – were working
10 He . . . the appointment if Mary had not reminded him.

would forget - had forgotten - would have forgotten - forgot
11 What would happen if you . . . to work tomorrow?

not go - do not go - did not go - will not go
12 He . . . a bigger gross salary and better fringe benefits if he took the job.
will get – would have got - would get - got
13 If they . . . cash, they would get the clothes 5 per cent cheaper
pay - paid - will pay - would pay
14 If nothing . . . about the production bottleneck, the company will be in trouble.

will be done – is done – was done – would be done
15 You will be able to exchange the goods if you . . . the receipt.

will keep- keep- kept- are keeping
16 The management would have introduced a profit-sharing scheme if the workers . . . ready to share
the losses too.
would have been – were – had been – would be
17 We won't be able to cover costs unless we . . . the price.

will increase - increase- increased- have increased
18 Our representative . . . on time if his car had not broken down.

would have been - would be - had been - was
19 If the Works Council agreed, we . . . the new bonus system next month.
introduce -will introduce - are introducing - would introduce
20 He said that there . . . trouble on the shop floor if they had fired him..
would be - would have been - had been - was
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Exercise 9
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form:
1. If it rains, I (take) an umbrella with me.

2. If you drop a bottle on a stone floor, it (break).
3. If it (rain), we will stay at home.
4. If he plays well, he (get) into the team.
5. Tell him to wait for me, if he (be) not in a hurry.
6. If explosives are used, vibrations (cause) the roof of the mine to collapse.
7. If there had not been a hard layer of rock beneath the soil, they (complete) the job in a few
hours.
8. If they knew how difficult it was to drill through the hard rock, they (lose) heart.
9. If he had worn his safety belt, he (not injure).
10. The man would have been saved, if a helicopter (be) available.
11. If you come home late, you (find) the key under the mat.
12. He would be angry, if he (know) this.
13. I would have found the house easily, if he (give) me the correct address.
14. If this frost (last), the river will freeze over.
15. If you had told me about it earlier, I (be) able to help you.
16. You (not make) such a mistake, if you had been more careful.
17. If father (be) alive, he would be horrified.
18. If smoking (forbid), illnesses will be reduced.
19. Don't disturb him, if he (be) busy.
20. I will drive if the roads (not be) busy.
21. Would he help you if he (be) here?

22. If he had broken the window, he (have to) pay for it.
23. I (do) it, if I were you.
24. You (miss) the train if you had not hurried.
25. You (not catch) the train unless you hurry.
26. If they (not find) soon, they would have lost their lives.
27. If you had told me about it earlier, I (be) able to help you.
28. He (repair) the radio, if he knew how to do it.
29. I (buy) a new car, if I had the money.
30. I would go home, if I (not have to) work.
31. If he comes, I (speak) to him.

32. If you not do your best you (not pass) your exam.
33. What (you-do), if you won the lottery?
34. If I (win) the lottery, I’d buy a new house.
35. If the train was late, I (take) the taxi.
36. If he (not catch) that train, he’d have missed his plane.
37. If he caught an earlier train, he (not need) to take a taxi.
38. What (you-do) when you see her?
39. If I (see) her, I’ll ignore her.
40. If our goal keeper (be) injured, we would have won the match.
31
41. If I get a work permit, I (stay) for another 6 months.
42. What (you-do) if you had seen her?
43. If they modified some of the products, they (capture) a market share.
44. What if the train (get in) late- what would you have done then?
45. If I’d missed the train I (take) a taxi.
46. If they‘d walked they (not get) there in time.
47. If she (live) in the country, she would grow her own vegetables.
48. The company will fire him if he (not work) harder.
49. If they had analysed the possibilities, they (not make) the wrong decision.
50. Unless it rains, I (come) by bike.
32
Extra Exercises on Tenses and Conditionals
Exercise 10
Put the verbs into the present perfect or past simple tense. Be careful with the word
order if there is a question, a negative or if there is an adverb in the sentence.
Example: Mr Pound is the Personnel Manager. He (be) with the company since he (leave)
university about 20 years ago
Answer: Mr Pound is the Personnel Manager. He has been with the company since he left
university about 20 years ago.
1. Someone (ring) up half an hour ago and (say) there was a virus in the computer data bank. We
(check) it but we (not find) anything yet. This is the third alarm we (have) this week.
2. William Chong (be) our agent in Singapore until the end of last year. After we (terminate) his
contract, we (open) our sales office there, and we (sell) our products without a middleman ever since.
3. Unfortunately, you (not pay) yet for the goods that we (deliver) last month. If you (settle) the invoice
in the meantime, please ignore this reminder.
4. Joan: Your English is excellent. I don't think anyone could tell that you are a foreigner. You (be) here
for a long time, haven't you? Pauline: Yes, I (be) here for over three years.
5. Harry Smith had been working as our Production Manager for 25 years. Then he retired and went to
live in Spain. We are finding it very difficult to replace him although more than 15 people have already
applied for the job.
6. The machine we delivered two weeks ago has broken down once again. Our Service Engineer (still
not repair) it and the customer is threatening to sue us for all the production he (lose).
7. Trevor: You ever (try) to give up smoking, Bob?

Robert: Yes, I (try) last year, but then I (find) that I was getting too fat. I (just complete) an acupuncture
session, and I hope that I'll be able to give it up again now.
8. I don't know what's wrong with the computer at our Newark branch. I (try) to log in to it all morning
with no success. They’re probably servicing the equipment although I (tell) them again and again to do
it outside normal office hours.
9. Pat: Why is Mike not in his office?

Graham: I'm not sure, but I think he (have) a car accident.
Pat: When you (see) him last? Graham: I (not see) him all week.
10. I (know) him for many years and can recommend him without hesitation. He is one of the most
reliable workers we (ever have).
11. Sarah: What's the matter, Alan?

Alan: I think I (forget) the password for the computer.
12. Although we (work) on the problem for two days now, we are no nearer to finding a solution. It
(prove) to be much more difficult than we (expect).
33
13. Sam: The clock is slow,
Jane: It isn't slow, it (stop) again.
14. We must economize next month. We (spend) far too much money on paper since we (install) the
new word processing equipment.
15. Please check this translation for me and tell me whether I (make) any mistakes.
16. They (pay) the last invoice promptly, which is why I am so surprised that they (not pay) this one
yet.
17. Production methods (change) dramatically in the past 20 years and most of these changes (be)
opposed at first by the Trade Unions. Recently, however, there (be) a marked change of attitude.
18. There's nobody in the office. Ms Kinnock (go) out ten minutes ago and her secretary just (leave).
Exercise 11
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form:
1 We (see) him only ten minutes ago.

2 I (come) in at 2.30. So now I (be) here for twenty minutes.
3 We (speak) Spanish for over ten years.
4 How long you (work) here now?
5 Last month my friend (win) a prize. We not (see) him since.
6 I always wanted to visit the place where I (be) born.
7 The clock not (strike) yet.
8 Next week many prices (go) up.
9 After he (finish) his speech he left the hall.
10 I should buy it, if I (have) the money.
11 Your brother (go) to the cinema every week?

12 The ship (lie) in the harbour for over a week now.
13 How many eggs the hens (lay) yesterday?
14 When he died, his wife (be) dead for almost ten years.
15 You will only be successful if you (work) harder.
16 If we had not cut our prices we (lose) many customers.
17 Last time we (choose) to go by train.
18 This brewery (exist) for 100 years next year?
19 The volcanic eruption took place just while they (travel) through the region.
20 I think they (profit) from our weak position long enough now.
21 Today she (teach) Spanish for thirty years exactly.

22 If I were you, I (accept) their offer without delay.
23 Tomorrow he (lie) in hospital for a whole month.
24 Hello there! What you (do) in my garden?
25 If you (pay) the outstanding amount last month, they would not have taken legal action.
26 Last month I (be) ill for a couple of days.
27 When I (say) some people are stupid, I not (refer) to you.
28 Last night I just (dial) your number, when there (be) an explosion.
29 How long they (know) each other when they (marry)?
30 This problem not (occur), if you had followed the instructions carefully.
34
31 Unless a miracle (happen), your plan (fail).
32 My husband (leave) an hour ago. He not (be) back until midnight.
33 A few day ago he (tell) me he never (be) to Germany.
34 He (have) dinner, when the postman (ring)?
35 This morning, when I (see) my face in the mirror, I (think): `I (get) old'.
36 Now I (go) home; you (come), Winifred?
37 Suppose you (be) a millionaire: what you (do) first?
38 How long the patient (wait), when the doctor finally (come)?
39 How you (be) Francis? We not (see) you since Christmas.
40 When your sister (be) back? I not (know).
41 When I (arrive) the lecture already (begin).

42 I (share) a flat with him when we (be) students. He always (complain) about my snoring.
43 If we not (act) now, they (gain) market share.
44 If you not (tell) me, I never (notice) anything wrong with him.
45 He (marry) her, if he (know) that she (be) divorced seven times?
46 You (do) anything at all since breakfast?
47 While the passengers (abandon) the ship, it suddenly (sink).
48 I not (know) she would be here too! If I (know), I most certainly not (come).
49 Today he (be) chairman for ten years, but he (retire) in May, as he (be) ill for some time.
50 I (forget) the appointment, if you not (send) me that memo, which I only (get) just in time.
51 What (you-do) when I phoned you yesterday?

52 We (see) your products at a fair last week.
53 We usually (file) the minutes of our meetings immediately after approval.
54 By next summer you (stay) with us for five weeks
55 I (write) letters all day yesterday.
56 The last few years our firm’s annual turnover (increase) steadily.
57 We would like to inform you that we (pay) the first instalment a few days ago.
58 They (not) install a new photocopier yet.
59 I (cook) dinner when suddenly I heard a strange voice.
60 Fortunately, so far the rate of unemployment (rise) only slightly.
61 He (be) married for a long time?

62 Jessica (not play) musical instrument, but she sings very well.
63 You (see) any good films recently? Yes. Last week I (see) a really good one.
64 In 1945 Warsaw (lie) in ruins.
65 Be prepared to stand up during the concert as they (take) all the seats by now.
66 Why (you-not-come) and see me when you were here last month?
67 What time (she-go) to work yesterday?
68 I (know) Carl since I was a little child.
69 You (see) Ann today? I (see) her this morning but I (not see) her since.
70 Since last year traffic (double). It (increase) from 25 cars per minute in 1997 to 50 now.
71 Gracious me, I (lose) my passport. How am I supposed to get out of the country now?
72 Dad (threaten) to stop my pocket money if I didn't do my homework.
73 In the summer, we (sunbathe) and go swimming everyday.
74 This time tomorrow I (finish) all my exams.
75 You (watch) television when it happened?
76 By the time you wake up tomorrow morning, Pete will (arrive) in Paris.
77 We've been waiting for the bus for over half an hour now.
35
THE PASSIVE VOICE
As you read about business in newspapers and magazines, notice how often the passive form is used
in sentences such as:
Grove Developments have been chosen to build the new sports centre.
Helge Sander has been appointed Minister for Science and Technology.
The Passive is commonly used to avoid mentioning who performs the action indicated by the verb, in
process descriptions and in official rules. Another use of the Passive is to emphasise the subject rather
than the action.
The murder is being investigated.

No smoking is allowed here.
Candidates will be interviewed in alphabetical order.
Changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice involves 3 steps:
 move the direct object to the subject of the sentence

 move the subject to the end of the sentence; add the preposition "by" before it if the one(s)
who perform(s) the action indicated by the verb is/are important
 change the verb
subject verb direct object
Active: Tom writes the letter.
Passive: The letter is written by Tom.

subject verb+participle agent
Changing the verb involves several steps:
 check the verb tense; use the verb "be" in the same tense
 change the verb into a past participle; put this verb after the form of "be"
 check that the new verb corresponds in number (singular or plural) with the new subject
Active: I keep the butter in the fridge.

Passive: The butter is kept in the fridge.
Active: The thieves have stolen the painting.

Passive: The painting has been stolen by the thieves.
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Active: A dog bit him.
Passive: He was bitten by a dog.
Active: They had cooked the pasta before we arrived.

Passive: The pasta had been cooked (by them) before we arrived.
FROM ACTIVE TO PASSIVE
PRESENT
Active Passive
Simple He writes the letter The letter is written by him
Continuous He is writing the letter The letter is being written by him
PAST
Active Passive
Simple He wrote the letter The letter was written by him
Continuous He was writing the letter The letter was being written by him
PRESENT PERFECT
Active Passive
Simple He has written the letter The letter has been written by him
Continuous He has been writing the letter - (not used)
PAST PERFECT
Active Passive
Simple He had written the letter The letter had been written by him
Continuous He had been writing the letter - (not used)
WILL - FUTURE
Active Passive
Simple He will write the letter The letter will be written by him
Continuous He will be writing the letter - (not used)
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Auxiliaries – examples
He should write this letter. This letter should be written (by him).
He should have written the letter. The letter should have been written (by him).
Someone might have stolen it. It might have been stolen by someone.
We need to correct the mistakes. The mistakes need to be corrected.
She can’t write a report. A report can’t be written.
Remember
If the active sentence has both a direct and an indirect objects, there are two ways to make a sentence
passive:
The direct object > The subject of the passive sentence

The indirect object > The subject of the passive sentence
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects
becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject
depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Active:
Subject Verb Indirect object Direct object

Tom gave Mary the letter
Passive:
direct object as subject indirect object as subject
The letter was given to Mary (by Tom). Mary was given the letter (by Tom).
In the first sentence indirect object follows the verb and is therefore preceded by to
Compare:
Tom gave her a book.

A book was given to her by Tom.
Tom gave her a book.
She was given a book.
See also: Appendix (Tenses in the passive voice).
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Exercise 12
Make the following sentences passive. Remember to use the same tense.
Example: The man hit him. > He was hit by the man.
A.
1. The sellers import coffee from Brazil.
2. People expect the police to make an arrest.
3. Do they wear these dresses in summer?
4. People all over the world admire Rembrandt's paintings.
5. They are asking the customers to wait a moment.
6. The strikers are blocking many roads.
7. Two detectives are carrying out an investigation.
8. Is Mr Jones watching the film?
9. This hotel doesn't provide breakfast.
B.
1. They built the house in two months.
2. The cook didn't prepare the menu.
3. The garage people were repairing our car.
4. He told me to wait for him.
5. Did they find him guilty?
6. My mother didn’t water the flowers yesterday.
7. The apprentice was writing a book.
8. They didn't inform her about the meeting
9. Jane was watering flowers when I came.
10. Someone caused a dangerous accident last night.
C.
1. My mother has baked two cakes.
2. The clerk hasn't transferred the money.
3. The police have arrested the suspect.
4. They have completely destroyed the factory.
5. Has anyone weighed this stone?
6. They haven't sold their car yet.
7. Mr Jones has given a present to the children (2x)
8. Have they looked after the children?
9. My parents have sold the house.
10. My dad has warned me.
D.
1. We will carry the luggage upstairs.
2. They had done everything to prevent these accidents.
3. Had they caught the thief?
4. They may ban the film.
5. All visitors must wear identity badges.
6. Cars are polluting the cities.
7. She had copied the letter carefully.
8. Elton John sang the song.
9. How much will they pay you?
10. I think they should have written a letter.
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Exercise 13
Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the Passive Voice to the
corresponding tenses in the Active Voice. Preserve the meaning of the sentences by
omitting the preposition ‘by’ and making the necessary changes in word order.

Example:
The orders were followed by the officials.
The officials followed the orders.
The money is being counted by the cashier.

The cashier is counting the money.
The ducks have been fed by the tourists.

The tourists have fed the ducks.
The flowers will be photographed by the naturalist.

The naturalist will photograph the flowers.
1. The bill was paid by the manager.

2. The bread was made by the baker.
3. The wiring must be checked by the electrician.
4. The crow was being scolded by the squirrel.
5. The book was written by a doctor.
6. The house was painted by a student.
7. The seeds were taken by the chickadee.
8. The cider has been drunk by the guest.
9. The mail is opened by the secretary.
10. The ingredients have been measured by the cooks.
11. The bird was seen by the photographers.
12. His work will be published by the magazine.
Exercise 14
Make the following sentences passive. Give all possibilities.
1 They were loading the ship.

2 I hope the bank will lend me the money.
3 The ambulance took her to hospital, where the doctor operated on her at once.
4 Have the guests paid for those last drinks?
5 We took no notice of her arguments.
6 Somebody has tipped off the police.
7 When they were investigating the case, they found evidence.
8 They must inform us when they cancel the order.
9 A local celebrity presented the prize to the winner.
10 We shall not allow them to leave until they have answered all the questions.
11 Why did they offer him a discount?
12 Who has written this letter?
13 The police attributed the accident to careless driving.
14 Their lawyer will inform us when they take legal action.
15 The teacher explained the problem to the students.
16 Did they pay attention to your warnings?
17 People say he has been unemployed all his life.
18 Please can you excuse me?
19 Can you explain to me why you have moved it over there?
20 Last night somebody set fire to the factories.
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Exercise 15
Make the following sentences passive. Give all possibilities.
1. They make cloth of cotton.

2. We don't find these flowers in our country.
3. The wind has blown four trees down.
4. Everybody likes him.
5. Yesterday they set the prisoners free.
6. They found him dead.
7. We shall consider all letters for publication.
8. The magistrate fined him for speeding.
9. A thief stole her purse on a London Underground train.
10. Other teams have never beaten our team.
11. Somebody sent the politician threatening letters.

12. The company is promising her very attractive perks.
13. We shall never sell them this particular parcel of land.
14. When did they give her these books?
15. They showed the illustrious guests great respect.
16. I think the people will not listen to him.
17. A friend of mine recommended me this hotel.
18. We will send this brochure to all our customers.
19. Can you remember when they told you the news?
20. We shall look into the matter carefully.
21. They drive to work at seven o'clock every morning.

22. She is not telling the truth.
23. We have sent a message.
24. He was giving instructions.
25. The workers will weave the carpet.
26. The president will thank the members.
27. The child chose the hat.
28. The cat chased the mouse.
29. The stranger could have bought the hiking boots.
30. The dealer has sold the car.
31. Why did they offer him a discount?

32. Who has written this letter?
33. The police attribute the accident to careless driving.
34. Their lawyer will inform us when they take legal action.
35. The teacher explained the problem to the students.
36. Did they pay attention to your warnings?
37. People say he has been unemployed all his life.
38. Please can you excuse me?
39. Can you explain to me why you have moved it over there?
40. She found fault with my work.
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41. Has somebody sent for a doctor?
42. What are the authorities doing about this?
43. I hope that somebody will carry on the business.
44. Did your parents bring you up in England?
45. Electricity lights our houses.
46. They will inform us if they approve the proposal.
47. The barrister dictated the letter to his secretary.
48. They did not allow her to enter the building.
49. Last night somebody set fire to the factories.
50. The colonel had released the man from the army two days before the police arrested him.
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GERUND VS INFINITIVE
Some verbs can be followed by gerunds (-ing form) but not infinitives and some can be followed by
infinitives but not gerunds.
I enjoy swimming.
I hope to see him soon.
Some verbs that are followed by a to-infinitive:
Agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, can’t afford, can’t wait, choose, claim, decide, demand,
desire, expect, fail, guarantee, happen, help, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise,
prove, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, turn out, undertake, want, wish, would like
Examples:
I expect to get my money back.
We can’t afford to go to Australia.
Some verbs that are followed by a gerund:
Admit, avoid, can’t face, can’t help, can’t resist, can’t stand, carry on, consider, delay, deny, detest,
dislike, enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, give up, go on, imagine, involve, justify, keep (on), look forward
to, mind, mention, postpone, practise, put off, resent, risk, save, suggest, tolerate
Examples:
Do you mind waiting?
The shares kept falling.
Some verbs that are followed by a to-infinitive and a gerund:
Begin, bother, intend, continue, like, love, hate, prefer, propose (=intend), start
Examples:
They started to load/loading.
I hate to stand/standing when I eat.
With some verbs, the choice of a to-infinitive or an ing-form depends on the meaning.
REMEMBER /FORGET
I must remember to post this letter today. It is important.
The clothes are still dirty because I forgot to switch on the machine.
I can’t remember posting the letter. I posted it on Friday morning.

I will never forget flying over the Grand Canyon. It was wonderful.
We use remember/forget doing something for memories in the past. The action is before the
remembering.
REGRET
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We regret to inform you that we are not taking on any new staff at present.
Regret to do something means to be sorry for something you are doing.
I regret wasting so much time.

Regret doing something means to be sorry because of something that happened in
the past.
TRY
I’m trying to run this computer program.
Try to do something means to attempt something, to do your best.
I tried clicking on the box, but it didn’t work.

Try doing something means to do something which might solve a problem.
STOP
An old man walking along the road stopped to talk to us.
Stop to do something means to stop so that you can do it,
There is too much noise. Can you all stop talking, please?
Stop doing something means to end an action, to finish doing it.
MEAN
I mean to get to the top by sunrise.
Mean to do something is the same as intend to do it.
I’m applying for a visa. It means filling in this form.

Mean doing something expresses the idea of one thing resulting in another.
GO ON
The teacher introduced herself and went on to explain about the course.
Go on to do something means to do something else, to do the next thing.
The teacher told everyone to be quiet, but they just went on talking.
Go on doing something means to continue doing it.
Exercise 16
Verb + infinitive or –ing form?
1. I used to go to the pub a lot.

2. Try to prevent him from (do) too much.
3. I don’t mind (cook) the meals.
4. I don’t mind (they cook) in my kitchen.
5. Do you mind (move) your bike?
6. Would you mind (not smoke)?
7. Did he really write that article? Yes, he admits (write) it.
8. My mother is very easily shocked. I will try to avoid shocking her.
9. She is going to marry this dreadful man. You can’t prevent her from marrying him.
10. You will have to pay for it. I don’t mind paying for it.
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11. He advised me to buy a season ticket.
12. They won’t allow us to park here.
13. The door needs painting.
14. I want to see that film, but it will mean standing in a queue.
15. I mean to see as much of the world as I can.
16. I regret to inform you that there is no news.
17. Try to get up earlier.
18. He stopped buying petrol.
19. They stopped talking when I came in.
20. Forgive me for interrupting you.
21. Would you mind waiting a moment?

22. I don’t mind him living here.
23. I object to people trying to sell me things over the telephone.
24. I object to paying good money for badly made products.
25. I can’t help liking him.
26. We decided to stay at home
27. We expect to hear from Ann soon.
28. Do you fancy going out tonight? Are you game
29. I don’t feel like cooking.
30. When do you finish studying?
31. Did you remember to post the letter?

32. I cannot remember seeing my brother at the Xmas-party last year.
33. He doesn’t mind working overtime.
34. He finally promised not to tell anyone about the affair.
35. Would you like me to send a reply letter right away?
36. Journalists always wondered how the Prime Minister managed to combine his private life with
his public life.
37. Success depends on the product appealing to a wide public.
38. Tom has offered to carry out the assignment for us.
39. On entering the classroom, he apologized for being late.
40. We were glad to hear that the Unions accepted the company’s proposal.
41. I am looking forward to doing business with you again.

42. These are private letters and I can't stand her reading them.
43. It’s no use pretending you didn’t know about the takeover bid.
44. Don't promise to do it if you're not sure.
45. Do you mind me attending that conference?
46. I’ve given up smoking.
47. Would you mind passing the bread?
48. I missed seeing the beginning of the film.
49. He pretended to be ill.
50. Don’t put off seeing the doctor.
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PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are words that link a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence.
Here is a list of some of the most common prepositions:
about, between, above, beyond, across, but, after, by, against, despite,
along, down, amid, during, around, except, as, for, at, from, before, in,
behind, inside, below, into, beneath, like, beside, near, of, since, off,
through, on, toward, onto, under, opposite, underneath, out, until,
outside, upon, over, with, past, within.
Usage
Prepositions of time
at 2 p.m. in the morning on Tuesday

at lunch in March on 4 March
at Easter in spring on March 4
at night in 1993 on Monday morning
at the/ that time in two weeks on schedule
at the beginning of in time on time
Your shipment of toys arrived in time for the coming Christmas season. (before something starts)
The Zandvoort-Maastricht train always leaves on time. (punctual)
Payment is to be made before 10 March.
The booking office is open from 9 till /until/to 5.
We have done business with them for years.
This firm has had a branch in London since 1988.
Prepositions of place
Our office is situated at 24 Cannon Street. (house)

There are some good Greek restaurants in Charlotte Street. (street)
Most of our employees live in/at Bristol. (village, town)
Accommodation is expensive in London. (major cities)
My colleague is visiting her relatives in France. (country)
To be in prison/hospital/court/church
To work at the bank/the post office/the job centre
To go to the bank/work
noun + preposition (examples)
the demand for a product the damage to your car

the reason for the delay a reaction to something
a fall in interest rates in reply to your letter
a rise in income tax an answer to a question
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a parcel of watches a solution to the problem
preposition + noun (examples)
to travel by car to go/ be on strike

to be in great demand to go/ be on holiday/ business
on the telephone to go/ be on a trip/ journey
on the radio for your account
on television at a loss/ profit
verb + object + preposition (examples)
to accuse a person of something

to borrow money from someone
to lend it to somebody
to congratulate a person on his/her promotion
to explain a problem to someone
to invite your boss to a party
to protect the goods from/against damage
to provide a person with temporary housing
to spend money on something
to warn someone against pickpockets
verb + preposition
to apologise for to apply for

to complain of/about to consist of
to depend on to hear about (an accident)
to look at to hear of (a new shop)
to look for (work) to hear from (your agent)
to look into (the matter) to pay for
to look after (my interests) to rely on
to speak/talk to to think about (a problem)
to wait for to think of (going abroad)
adjective + preposition
It was clever of you.
to be kind to a person
to be (dis)satisfied/pleased delighted with the results
to be disappointed in a person
to be surprised/ shocked/amazed at/by someone’s behaviour
to be excited/worried about the outcome
to be afraid/scared/envious/jealous of
to be aware/conscious of competition
to be impressed by/with
to be different to/from
to be interested in
to be similar to
to be (in)capable of
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Exercise 17
Fill in the correct prepositions in the following sentences:
1. I am all into nuclear reactors.

2. He has been waiting here since five o’clock.
3. At the time the police arrived, the thief had gone.
4. Everything went … plan.
5. He retired last month … ill health.
6. They may arrive … any moment now.
7. Letters should be sent in … 1 January at the latest.
8. I cannot wait … 9 o’clock.
9. What will you be doing … the evening?
10. The air was still fresh … all the traffic.
11. His death was … natural causes.

12. She is not going to stay … ever, is she?
13. … John we arrived three hours late.
14. … we had finished dinner, we had a long talk.
15. His secretary led us … a long carpeted corridor.
16. She went and sat … him.
17. Miners work … the surface of the earth.
18. The pictures can be transmitted … satellite … the world.
19. He looked the other way and walked straight … me.
20. The man held an umbrella … his hand.
21. Put your ear … the phone.

22. It is shady … the trees.
23. He is fond … children.
24. He insisted … being paid … once.
25. I hate the idea … getting old.
26. I am not very good … cooking.
27. She accused me … poisoning her dog.
28. He left the firm because he didn't agree … their sales policy.
29. We agree … most things.
30. I am angry … her for lying to me.
31. What time do we arrive … New York?

32. She is good … painting.
33. I must congratulate you … your exam results.
34. He doesn't want to be dependent … his parents.
35. A week after the accident he died …his injuries.
36. I am having difficulty … my travel arrangements.
37. Your train leaves … 6.15.
38. She was married … 22.
39. This bus goes from London to Banbury … Oxford.
40. Flags waved … our heads.
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41. I haven’t got my passport … me.
42. They filled the sack … sand.
43. She writes … her left hand.
44. She doesn’t approve … him.
45. She objects … his long hair.
46. My car is parked … the parking lot
47. Come sit … the table. It’s time to eat.
48. Is someone going to wait … me at the door?
49. I am tired … waiting for you.
50. Have no pity … me. I only have myself to blame.
51. That's just typical ... Helen to forget our wedding anniversary.
52. I am so glad I got the contract. I am really keen … working in London.
53. Did you pay … check or in cash?
54. We had a lot of trouble with the car. … the end we sold it.
55. Water boils … 100 degrees Celsius.
56. In Britain we drive … the left.
57. Have you ever been bitten … a dog?
58. “Macbeth” is a play … Shakespeare.
59. Her salary increased … ₤100 a month.
60. The firm closed down because there wasn’t enough demand … this product.
61. Nobody knew the cause … the explosion.

62. His attitude … this job was very negative.
63. There are some differences … British and American English.
64. There has been a big increase … prices.
65. I haven’t received a reply … my letter.
66. Everything can be explained. There is a reason … everything.
67. When Paul left home his attitude … his parents seemed to change.
68. Are you annoyed … me … being late?
69. I am delighted …the present you gave me.
70. I am impressed … her English.
71. We are all excited … going on holiday next week.

72. This is a bit childish … them.
73. Are you angry … what happened?
74. I am sure you are capable … passing this examination.
75. I am tired … doing the same thing every day.
76. I look stupid with this haircut, Everybody will laugh … me.
77. Can you explain this word … me?
78. I think this job will suit you. Will you apply … it?
79. I have searched the house … my keys but I still can’t find them.
80. What time will you arrive? I don’t know. It depends …the traffic.
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81. George’s salary is very low. It isn’t enough to live … .
82. This book is divided … three parts.
83. How much money do you spend … food every week?
84. This student ... languages also has an interest ... mathematics.
85. We have an account ... Rabobank.
86. He arrived ... Bristol ... a sunny July day.
87. The doctor had no hope ... saving her patient.
88. ... mistake I opened the letter.
89. The interest rate was raised ... 1%.
90. ... my opinion he is wrong.
91. This is just one problem … many.

92. Don’t talk … that silly voice.
93. My sister is married … a builder.
94. There is a need … more houses.
95. Can I book a cabin … advance?
96. Oh, no. My passport is … of date.
97. Mark is … the phone at the moment.
98. The frog turned … a prince.
99. The train is never … time.
100. Are you going to the party … bike or … foot?
50
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
1) Referring to persons:
who (as subject)

whose (possessive)
whom (object; following prepositions)
2) Referring to ‘things’ or clauses:
which
3) Referring to ‘things and/or persons, following superlatives, numerals,

the only/all/any/some/every-, and in ‘restrictive clauses’:
that
Examples:
It’s the best example that I could find.

I’ve got a brother who collects stamps.
He knows someone whose entire collection was stolen.
The car (which/that) I bought last year has broken down four times already.
Do you know by whom this book was written?
He’s the most famous author that ever lived.
There are three cases that will be discussed.
My sister, who graduated two years ago, is about to emigrate to New Zealand.
Is she the sister that/who had an accident last year?
4) Plus relative adverbs, referring to time and place:
when, where
5) Plus ‘what’ in the sense of ‘the thing that’:
What she said made me angry.

I gave them what they needed.
Exercise 18
Complete the following sentences by filling in an appropriate relative pronoun (that, which, who, whom
or whose).
Examples:
Plants ………. Grow in the desert need little water.
Plants which/that grow in the desert need little water.
My father, … had founded company, died last year.
My father, who had founded the company, died last year.
1. That is the woman ……… ……. had stolen a car.
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2. Is that the highest discount ……………………..…….…. you can offer.
3. The girl ……………. umbrella I had found was Latvian.
4. Most students passed the exam, ……………………….. is quite surprising.
5. The accountant ………………………...… had embezzled the money was arrested.
6. This is the third time ……………….. I heard that piece of news.
7. The company went bankrupt, ……………... nobody had expected.
8. The terrible accident ……………….. happened in front of my house caused 3 people to be
injured.
9. I have just finished a book about a piano player ............sole ambition in life was to perform for
the pope.
10. Where can I find a shop .... sells cigarettes?
Exercise 19
Choose the correct relative pronoun:
1. Ahmed is the skydiver ……… broke his back last week.

a) that
b) whom
c) who
d) which
2. That is a problem …………. can’t be solved without a calculator.

a) who
b) which
c) that
d) whom
3. That is a promise ……….. cannot be broken.

a) that
b) who
c) whom
d) which
4. The domino theory, …………. stated that when one country fell to Communism, others in the area
would likely fall, was used as an argument to continue the Vietnam War.
a) who
b) that
c) which
d) whom
5. I met this woman yesterday ……… husband plays golf with my husband.
a) who
b) whom
c) who’s
d) whose
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6. Sheila, ………….. lives next door, is a dinner-lady in our local school.
a) who
b) that
c) which
d) whose
7. The senior managers, with ………. we are meeting next week, are promising a big money deal.
a) who
b) whom
c) which
d) whose
Exercise 20
Complete the following sentences by filling in an appropriate relative pronoun:
1. I’ve broken my leg, which means I can’t walk.

2. I’ve still got some money left, ………. is surprising.
3. Valencia, ………. is Spain’s third largest city, is on the Mediterranean coast.
4. My students, ………. homework is never done, will fail the exam.
5. The employee to …….. you refer is no longer working for this company.
6. The city, ………. football team lost the final, never wins anything.
7. Do you remember the name of the man …… car you crashed into?
8. What’s the name of the person ……………. first landed on the moon?
9. All students …… registration numbers begin with 74 should go to the library for a
tour.
10. What’s the name of the man ………… house was burgled?
11. He’s the man …………… wife has left him for someone younger.
12. Peter, ……… motorbike had broken down, met a man …… managed to fix it.
13. This is the book ……… I recommended to you.
14. Buckingham Palace, to ………. we are going to pay a visit, is the queen’s home in
London.
15. The man to ………. you spoke is my English teacher.
16. The man ………. you spoke to is my English teacher.
17. The idea ………. he has about this is completely wrong.
18. The man ………. has such ideas should be punished.
19. He changed his mind, ………. made me angry.
20. This is the teacher ………. told me my son has been misbehaving in class.
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ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Adjectives
Examples
That's a big building.
I met a very old man.
He was feeling tired.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
Most monkeys are arboreal creatures that inhabit tropical or subtropical areas.
In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called
the adjective's subject, giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to.
Attributive, predicative, absolute, and substantive adjectives
A given occurrence of an adjective can generally be classified into one of four kinds of uses:
1) Attributive adjectives are part of the noun phrase headed by the noun they modify; for example,
happy is an attributive adjective in "happy kids". In some languages, attributive adjectives precede their
nouns; in others, they follow their nouns; and in yet others, it depends on the adjective, or on the exact
relationship of the adjective to the noun. In English, attributive adjectives usually precede their nouns.
2) Predicative adjectives are linked via a copula or other linking mechanism to the noun or pronoun
they modify; for example, happy is a predicate adjective in "they are happy" and in "that made me
happy".
3) Absolute adjectives do not belong to a larger construction (aside from a larger adjective phrase), and
typically modify either the subject of a sentence or whatever noun or pronoun they are closest to; for
example, happy is an absolute adjective in "The boy, happy with his lollipop, did not look where he was
going."
4) Substantive adjectives act almost as nouns; they remain behind when a noun is elided. For example,
happy is a substantive adjective in "The truly happy bring happiness to others."
Adverbs
Examples
The waves came in quickly over the rocks.
I found the film amazingly dull.
The meeting went well, and the directors were extremely happy with the outcome.
Crabs are known for walking sideways.
I often have eggs for breakfast.
An adverb is a part of speech. It is any word that modifies any other part of language: verbs, adjectives
(including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs, except for nouns; modifiers of nouns are
primarily determiners and adjectives.
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Adverbs typically answer such questions as how?, when?, where?, To what extent?, In what kind or how
often? This function is called the adverbial function, and is realized not just by single words (i.e.,
adverbs) but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses. Adverbs also describe adjectives, verbs, and
other adverbs.
An adverb as an adverbial may be a sentence element in its own right.
They treated her well. (SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + ADVERBIAL)

Alternatively, an adverb may be contained within a sentence element.
An extremely small child entered the room. (SUBJECT +VERB + OBJECT )
Adverbs in English
In English, adverbs of manner (answering the question how?) are often derived from adjectives by using
the suffix -ly. The -ly is a common, but not reliable, marker of a word being an adverb, since many
adjectives also end in -ly.
Adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. However,
there are many words that can function as both. For example, English fast is an adjective in "a fast car",
but an adverb in "he drove fast".
SUMMARY:
A WORD IS AN ADJECTIVE WHEN IT QUALIFIES A NOUN
A WORD IS AN ADVERB WHEN IT QUALIFIES :

 A VERB
 AN ADJECTIVE
 AN ADVERB
 A WHOLE SENTENCE
* He is a ........ driver
He is a bad driver
* He drives ........
He drives badly
* He is a ........ bad driver

He is a terribly bad driver
* He drives ........ badly

He drives terribly badly
 .., he will take driving lessons soon.

Hopefully, he will take driving lessons soon.
Compare:
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The team did not play (verb) well (adverb) last season.
(NOT … did not play good last season.)
We have not picked nearly (adverb) enough (adjective) yet.

(NOT … near enough yet.)
(Enough is an adjective. To modify an adjective we use an adverb, not an adjective.)
We had a really (adverb) excellent (adjective) time at the party. (NOT … real excellent time.)
(Excellent is an adjective. To modify an adjective, we use an adverb. )
Alice won (verb) her race easily (adverb). (NOT … won her race easy.)
Rule:
A special -ly rule applies when five of the senses - taste, smell, look, feel, sound - are the verbs. Do
not ask if these senses answer the question how to determine if -ly should be attached. Instead, ask if
the sense verb is being used actively. If so, use the -ly.
Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No, so no -ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.

Here the woman did actively look with her eyes, so the -ly is added.
She feels bad/badly about the news.

She is not feeling with her fingers, so no –ly
Exercise 21
Complete the following sentences. Use either the adjective that is given or the
corresponding adverb:
Examples
Their market strategy has worked very (good) in the past. well
It has proved to be a very (good) strategy. good
1. (Economic) speaking, it is an underdeveloped country.

2. Your proposal is not a (whole) new one.
3. It had been raining (heavy).
4. Why can’t he give a (polite) answer?
5. Why can’t he answer (polite)?
6. She read the letter (careful).
7. Fred has always been a (heavy) smoker.
8. We sat there, (silent) watching each other.
9. Where is that (loud) music coming from?
10. He thanked me (polite).
11. You’d have to play very (good) to beat him.
12. She speaks (perfect) English.
13. She speaks English (perfect).
14. I (strong) object to your suggestion.
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15. I think this wine tastes (perfect) all right.
16. The aeroplane touched down (gentle).
17. He did the job very (thorough).
18. Ray plays the piano very (good) indeed.
19. She answered the phone rather (sleepy).
20. Head Office (full) understands your problem.
21. This city was (heavy) bombed during the war.
22. The answer he gave was quite (rude).
23. I get on very (good) with him.
24. She has a (beautiful) voice.
25. It’s (unusual) hot for the time of year.
26. I can’t (possible) accept your offer.
27. (Fortunate), the plane hasn’t taken off yet.
28. He’s a very (energetic) worker.
29. Next year I shall (probable) be looking for a new job.
30. He was (true) grateful for the favour I had done him.
Exercise 22
Decide which of the alternatives in brackets is the correct word in each of the
following sentences:
1. The children ate their lunch (hungry/hungrily).

2. The doctor came (quick/quickly).
3. You can do crosswords (more quickly/quicker) than I can.
4. He’ll have to drive (fast/fastly).
5. Brighton played (good/well) at Hove yesterday.
6. She opened her eyes (slow/slowly).
7. The patient isn’t very (good/well), unfortunately.
8. Could you speak a bit (more slowly/slower), please?
9. His eldest daughter always smiled (prettily/pretty).
10. They looked (suspicious/suspiciously) at us.
11. They looked (suspicious/suspiciously) to us.
12. The food in the canteen tastes (terrible/terribly).
13. The job was done (satisfactory/satisfactorily).
14. We would appreciate (immediate/immediately) confirmation of our order.
15. I’m sure I could live (happy/happily) without work.
Exercise 23
Underline the correct word in brackets, i.e. the adjective or the adverb, in each of the
following sentences:
Examples:
He drives dangerous/dangerously.
The data in this file are confidential/ confidentially.
1. These employees are not (automatic/automatically) insured

2. The man had a quiet/quietly voice.
3. I didn't know you were going to take everything so serious/seriously.
4. She seems unhappy/unhappily today.
5. Richard is careless/carelessly.
6. It seemed easy/easily.
7. He worked accurate/accurately.
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8. The economic situation looks serious/seriously.
9. They got a bonus because they worked hard/hardly.
10. This is an extreme/extremely expensive wine.
11. I’m terrible/terribly sorry.

12. This cake is delicious/deliciously.
13. The cake has turned out delicious/deliciously.
14. The car is turning slow/slowly.
15. This cake tastes horrible/horribly.
16. He never works hard/hardly.
17. He hard/hardly ever works.
18. I feel awful/awfully.
19. Have you ever been wrong/wrongly accused of something?
20. It sounds wonderful/wonderfully.
21. Come quick/quickly or we will miss our bus.

22. You drive so slow/slowly that I am afraid someone will hit the car from behind.
23. You did that somersault so good/well.
24. Rochelle felt bad/badly about forgetting Devlin's birthday.
25. The jasmine has bloomed and smells very sweet/sweetly.
26. You look angry/angrily. What did I do?
27. She looked suspicious/suspiciously at the man wearing the trench coat
28. He is late/lately.
29. This is very bad/badly.
30. You seem angry/angrily.
Exercise 24
Choose the correct item from the choices in the parentheses:
1. He (correct, correctly) defined the terms. The answer sounded (correctly, correct).
2. She (quickly, quick) adjusted the fees. She adapted (quick, quickly) to any situation.
3. He measured the floor (exact, exactly). They proved to be (perfectly, perfect) (exact, exactly)
measurements.
4. The stillness of the tomb was (awfully, awful). The tomb was (awfully, awful) still.
5. It was a (dangerously, dangerous) lake to swim in. The man was (dangerous, dangerously)
drunk. The gas smelled (dangerously, dangerous).
6. She performed (magnificent, magnificently). It was a (magnificent, magnificently) beautiful
performance.
7. Her voice sounds (beautifully, beautiful). She sang the song (exact, exactly) as it was written.
We heard it (perfectly, perfect).
8. He was a very (sensibly, sensible) person. He acted very (sensible, sensibly).
9. Mike wrote too (slow, slowly) on the exam. He always writes (slow, slowly).
10. Talk (softly, soft) or don't talk at all. The music played (softly, soft).
11. Andrea knows the material very (good, well). She always treats us (good, well).
12. You must send payments (regular, regularly). We deal on a (strictly, strict) cash basis.
13. The mechanic's tools were (well, good). The foreman said that his work was (good, well) done.
14. She worked (careful, carefully) with the sick child. She was a very (careful, carefully) worker.
15. He did not pass the course as (easy, easily) as he thought he would.
16. I find this novel very (interesting, interestingly). It was (interesting, interestingly) written.
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PHRASAL VERBS
A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and preposition (e.g. RUN + INTO= MEET), a verb and adverb
(e.g. put + off= postpone), or a verb with both an adverb and preposition (e.g. put up to= …), any of
which are part of the syntax (of the sentence), and so are a complete semantic unit. A phrasal verb has
meaning which is different from the original verb.
Literal usage
Many verbs in English can be combined with an adverb or a preposition, and readers or listeners will
easily understand a phrasal verb used in a literal sense with a preposition:
He walked across the square.
Verb and adverb constructions can also easily be understood when used literally:
"She opened the shutters and looked outside."

"When he heard the crash, he looked up."
An adverb in a literal phrasal verb as seen in the examples above, modifies the verb it is attached to,
and a preposition links the subject to the verb.
Idiomatic usage
It is, however, the figurative or idiomatic application in everyday speech which makes phrasal verbs so
important:
"I hope you will get over your operation quickly."

"Work hard, and get your examination over.”
The literal meaning of “to get over”, in the sense of “to climb over something to get to the other side”,
no longer applies to explain the subject's enduring an operation or the stress of an examination which
they have to overcome. It is when the combined meaning of verb plus adverb, or verb plus preposition
is totally different from each its component parts, that the semantic content of the phrasal verb cannot
be predicted by its constituent parts and so becomes much more difficult for a student learning English
to recognise.
Transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs also differ in their transitivity or intransitivity in the same way as normal verbs do. A
transitive verb always has an object:
Many people walked across the bridge.
"Across", in this sentence is the preposition to "the bridge"

and an intransitive verb does not have an object:
“When I entered the room he looked up.”

"Up", here is the adverb (and does not have an object).
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Separable or inseparable phrasal verbs
A further way of considering phrasal verbs is whether they are separable or inseparable. In inseparable
verbs, the object comes after the particle:
The gas gave off fumes.

On Fridays, we look after our grandchildren.
Separable verbs have several ways separating verb, particle and object. Usually, the object comes
between verb and particle:
They let the man through at the barrier.
However, with some separable verbs, the object can come before or after the particle:
"Switch the light off."

"Switch off the light."
"Switch it off."
This general information might help you to understand phrasal verbs a bit better. Unfortunately,
though, there is no quick and easy way to learn them. It is a question of practice makes perfect.
Phrasal verbs in business situations (examples)
- If we’re spending too much money, we will have to cut back. (=spend less)
- Our lawyers will draw up a new contract. (=write)
- We mustn’t fall behind in the race to develop new products. (=be slower than others)
- The two sides were close to an agreement, but it fell through. (=didn’t happen)
- I tried to ring Santiago, but I couldn’t get through. (=get connected)
- The company has laid off 200 workers. (= terminated the employment of a worker, especially
temporarily)
- The consultants put forward a proposal to reorganize the company (=suggested)
- Sarah paid a visit to a client to sort out the difficulties. (=put right)
- The company boss stepped out after ten years in charge (=left the job)
- We are taking on the challenge of expanding overseas (=accepting)
- Large companies sometimes take over smaller ones (=take control of)
Exercise 25
Answer these questions using the verbs indicated and adding an adverbial particle or a
preposition:
Example: What is another way of saying that business is improving? (look)

Answer: Business is looking up.
Example: What might you say if someone is talking too much? (shut)
Answer: Shut up!
1. What has happened if a machine is defective? (break)

2. What would you say if you wanted to know where the fire started? (break)
3. How would you ask someone where they lived as a child? (bring)
4. How would you tell me that you don’t like sport? (go)
5. What would you do if you were engaged to a person you didn’t want to marry? (break)
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6. How do we express the fact that production has been reduced? (cut)
7. What is another way of saying that a machine breakdown is delaying delivery? (hold)
8. How would you tell someone that a meeting has been postponed? (put)
9. What should you do if an offer is unacceptable? (turn)
10. What do we say if we have no more raw materials? (run)
11. How would you tell somebody that you have started your own firm? (set)
12. What would you say if you wanted to tell someone to wait? (hold)
13. What might you say about food that is too old to eat? (go)
14. If a meeting that was planned is no longer necessary, what would you do? (call)
15. What happens to men over eighteen years of age in many countries? (call)
16. How would you tell someone that a certain order must be obeyed? (carry)
17. How would you tell me that something has been abolished? (do)
18. What would you say to invite someone to pay you a short, informal visit? (drop)
19. What has happened to two friends who have quarrelled and now refuse to speak to each other?
(fall)
20. What might you say to a customer who thinks that there is a mistake in the invoice that you
have sent him? (look)
21. How would you tell someone to complete an application form? (fill)
22. What do many companies do with bad debts after a certain period of time? (write)
23. If your colleague doesn’t know how to spell a word, what would you tell him to do? (look)
24. What is another way of saying that there has been a mistake? (slip)
25. Tell me that I can rely on you. (count)
26. How do we tell the people at the office party that there isn’t enough food for everyone? (go)
Exercise 26
Replace the words in italics with a phrasal verb:
TAKE
1. Delivery will be delayed if we accept any more orders.
2. I hope I’m not occupying too much of your time.
3. Peter resembles his father in many ways.
4. Each of the applicants for the job was asked to write a letter in shorthand.
5. What time does the plane depart?
TURN
6. Our request for more pay has been rejected.
7. Don’t worry. I’m sure everything will be all right.
8. What time do you usually go to bed?
9. If he doesn’t come soon, we’ll have to start without him.
10. How long does it take the lorry to reverse direction?
GIVE
11. He has resigned from his job.
12. I’ve no idea what is in the box, but it’s emitting a horrible smell.
13. After arguing for two hours, I finally yielded and accepted his proposals.
14. When are you going to stop smoking?
15. The floor collapsed under the weight of the new machine.
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CALL
16. Thank you for ringing. I’ll telephone as soon as I get the information.
17. The offer of more pay persuaded the union to stop the strike.
18. If you’re in the area, why don’t you visit them and show them our new product?
19. I’ll collect you at 10 o’clock.
20. The dealers have asked people to return all the cars with dangerous faults.
PUT
21. The workers have made a claim for shorter working hours.
22. I refuse to tolerate this sort of behaviour. (2 prepositions)
23. We are so busy at the moment that I’ll have to postpone my holiday.
24. We’ll have to work a lot of overtime to complete this order.
25. He has saved a bit of money for when he retires.
LOOK
26. I’m trying to find the order form.
27. He’ll take care of the department while I’m on holiday.
28. We’ll investigate the matter at the earliest opportunity.
29. He really does resemble his brother.
30. He’s very popular and all the staff respect him. (2 prepositions)
Exercise 27
Replace the words in brackets with a phrasal verb:
Example: The rain (extinguished) the huge forest fire.

Answer: The rain put out the huge forest fire.
1. John (invented) made ……… that joke about the talking dog.
2. We are going to (investigate) look ……… the disappearance of the money.
3. The Parliament (fulfilled) carried ……… the Prime Minister’s programme.
4. The chairman’s orders (caused) brought ………… a change in policy.
5. The county fair was (cancelled) called ……… because of financial difficulties.
6. Ten young ladies (served) waited ……… the customers.
7. Who (raised) brought ……… that problem at the meeting?
8. I told the police I didn’t know who stole the money, but they (continued) kept ……… asking me
questions.
9. Before he started reading the book, Gary looked at the last chapter to (discover) find ………
who the murderer was.
10. Will someone please tell me what is (happening) going ……….?
11. Uncle Dick (invented) made ……… an interesting story.
12. They had a terrible quarrel, but they apologized and (became reconciled) made ……….
13. After their quarrel, the two young people (terminated) broke ……… their engagement.
14. They had to (cancel) call ……… the football game because of bad weather.
15. Be sure to (leave) get ………. the bus before it turns the corner.
16. We’ll have to (rise) get ………. early to catch the six o’clock train.
17. Mrs Grant has (raised) brought ………… 11 children.
18. I lost a ring last week, and today it (was found) turned ……… in the pocket of my dress.
19. Did the balloon (explode) blow …………?
20. Please (lift) pick ………. the paper from the floor.
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Exercise 28
Complete the news article about Zedko. Put the words:

fallen behind, fell through, fight off, laying off, put forward, sort out, step down,
taking over, taken on.
Business situations
Zedko Chief executive Ben Alberts has 1/ …………… a new plan designed to 2/ ………………… the
company problems. It is only 10 months since Zedko tried to strengthen its position by 3/ ……………
Alpha Plastics. But the deal 4/ ……………, and Alpha managed to 5/………………… Zedko attempts to
take control. Since then Zedko has performed poorly and has 6/………… in the race for market share.
Managing Director James Ironside has had to 7/ …………… and Ben Alberts has 8/………… the task of
rescuing the company. There are fears that the new plan will mean 9/……………staff in order to reduce
expenditure.
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ARTICLES
Articles are basically adjectives, which modify nouns. There are two articles in English: the indefinite
article a/an and the definite article the. The Indefinite article is used for non-specific things and the
definite article is used for specific things.
Example:
There is a blue car parked on the street  it could be any blue car, not a specific one.
The blue car on the driveway is my brother’s  here a specific car is being referred to.
Whereas there is only one form of the definite article, there are two for the indefinite article. Which you
use is determined by the pronunciation of the noun being modified. Use a when the first letter of the
noun sounds like a consonant such as car, hat, university, dog etc. An should be used when the
pronunciation of the following word sounds like a vowel: an orange, an uncle, am hour, an MP etc.
Which one you use depends on pronunciation not spelling.
Usage of a/an
To say what kind of thing somebody or something is, what job a person does, or what something is
used as:
She’s a farmer.
He worked as a taxi-driver.
Don’t use the plate as an ashtray.
As ‘any example of something’ or ‘a particular or certain one’:
A spider has eight legs.

A CD costs quite a lot.
An agent called when you were out.
Jane married a doctor.
A/an can be used in exclamations with what, and after quite, rather and such:
What a pity!
It’s rather/quite a nice day.
It’s such an angel!
Usage of the
The means ‘you know the which one/ones I mean’:
He bought a new stereo-set, but the CD-player didn’t work.

The women over there work with my sister.
The is often used with only and with superlatives:
That’s the only option for me.

It’s the best restaurant in town.
Do not use the in generalisations with plural and uncountable nouns. Compare:
a) I like music. vs b) Can you turn off the music?
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a) He’s interested in nature. vs. b) What is the nature of his illness?
a) People have to live in society. vs. b) I’ve joined the Poetry Society.
a) Books are expensive. vs. b) Put the books on the table.
Do not use the in generalisations with plural and uncountable nouns, even if there is an adjective
before the noun:
She’s studying Chinese history.

He collects antique clocks.
Do use the when a description with of follows the noun:
She’s studying the history of China.
Often the is used in generalisations with singular countable nouns, to talk about a whole class of
things:
The tiger is in danger of dying out.

I can’t play the piano.
I hate the telephone.
I love the sea.
Do you like living in the country?
Do not use the in certain common expressions after prepositions:
to/at school/university/college/church/work
at/from home
to/in(to)/out of hospital/prison/bed
to/in(to)/from town
on holiday
by car/bus/plane (on foot!)
at/before/after breakfast/lunch/dinner
at night (in the morning/afternoon/evening)
in spring/summer, etc.
Certain place names do take the, others don’t:
Africa
Texas
Fifth Avenue
Lake Windermere
Oxford University
and
The Czech Republic

The United States
The Thames
The Himalayas
The Ritz
Also:
He was elected President.

She became Queen.
They made her Manager.
What’s on TV? (But: You listen to the radio.)
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Exercise 29
Use a(n) when necessary:
1. I have told you … hundred times not to shout.

2. He took … cloth and started polishing the car.
3. Apples cost 50p … kilo now.
4. Fred has become … sales manager at WH Smith.
5. How stupid of her to leave the house without … key.
6. What … pity you had such … bad weather.
7. Did you know that Tom’s brother was … Buddhist?
8. I would like to see … musical show for … change.
9. He drank half … bottle of wine.
10. Do you take … interest in chess?
Exercise 30
Put in the or a/an where necessary. If no article is necessary, put (-):
1. He’s got … asthma

2. The ring is just a band of … gold.
3. Ken’s brother is in … prison for robbery.
4. It prints seven pages … minute.
5. Let’s have a weekend in … mountains.
6. She’s at … work.
7. It’s in … Tasman Sea.
8. Sorry – it’s … wrong answer.
9. It appeared in … New York Times.
10. She’s always been … Catholic.
11. We’re going on a day trip by … coach.
12. They’re flying to … Seychelles.
13. Can you ski on …Mont Blanc?
14. We’ve had over … dozen applicants.
15. It’s all … better if you can come early.
16. He was crowned … king.
17. … French are famous for their food.
18. It was … first time I saw an elephant
19. …. River Thames flows right through the middle of London
20. I want a new printer for … Christmas.
21. Ken went to … prison to visit his brother.
22. Every term parents are invited to … school to meet the teachers.
23. Why aren’t your children at … school today? Are they ill?
24. There is a nice view from the window. You can see … sea.
25. ……Chinese invented printing.
26. ……young have future in their hands.
27. Sweden is in northern Europe; Spain is in …. south.
28. Next year we are going skiing in … Alps.
29. We all need … oxygen.
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30. They sell rice by … kilo.
31. Have you ever been to … British Museum?
32. This book is published by … Cambridge University Press.
33. When was … telephone invented?
34. Jack had an accident. He was taken to … hospital.
35. Have you got these shoes in size …. 45.
36. What time is … dinner?
37. My sister is … dentist.
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Miscellaneous exercises
Exercise 31
Complete the conversations. Put in will or be going to with the verbs:
Example:
Vicky: Have you got a ticket for the play?
Daniel: Yes, I’m going to see it on Thursday.
Harriet: The alarm’s going. It’s making an awful noise.

Mike: OK. I …............ (switch) it off.
Daniel: Did you buy this book?

Mathew: No, Emma did. She ………….. (read) it on holiday.
Laura: Would you like tea or coffee?

Sarah: Oh, I …......... (have) coffee, thanks.
Trevor: I’m going to miss a good film on TV because I’ll be out tonight.
Laura: I …………… (video) it for you, if you like.
Rachel: I’m just going out to get a paper.

Emma: What newspaper …..… (you-buy)?
Exercise 32
Fill in the right verbal forms:
1. This piano (buy) my grandfather in 1898.

2. It (belong) to our family since then.
3. Recently it (damage) by a visitor.
4. She (strike) the keys too hard.
5. Since then nobody (be allowed) to touch it.
6. So far the exposition (visit) by thousands of people.
7. America (discover) in 1492.
8. This tree (grow) a lot since I last (see) it.
9. He died after (be) ill for a long time.
10. Columbus (discover) America more than 400 years ago.
11. Since when you (know) him?
12. Look, a man (run) after the tram. He (want) to catch it.
13. If he ever (go) to China, he (see) some wonderful things there.
14. He (have) to spend five years in prison since he (commit) the crime.
15. She (not allow) to go out yesterday because she (be) late the night before.
16. Why she (cry)?
17. Many years ago The Tower of London (use) as a prison.
18. English (speak) all over the world.
19. So far no man (send) to Venus.
20. “Can John swim yet? “ “No, actually he (teach) how to swim at the very moment.”
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21. Next week the new theatre (open) by the mayor.
22. You cannot (put) in prison without (sentence) first.
23. They are building a new road: a new road (build).
24. Yesterday the children (go) home after they (do) their homework at school.
25. I (come) to see you tomorrow so that we can talk about the things we (not finish) talking about
yet.
26. He (often not carry) his own bag to school.
27. I (tell) you about his new car yet? Never mind. I (see) you tomorrow anyway.
28. Who (be) the Hovercraft invented by?
29. Till now the museum (visit) by many tourists.
30. My friend (walk) on the other side of the street when I (see) him.
31. When they (enter) the house, the burglar (put) valuable things into a large bag.
32. When we (move) into this house in 2006 it (stand) empty for years.
33. That house of theirs is so old it (collapse) one day.
34. After Christmas the decorations can (throw) away and so (can) the tree.
35. Last Monday another ship (sink) off the coast.
36. In the dark ages many people (sentence) to burning.
37. I (wait) outside the pub for the last 45 minutes.
38. I (buy) a new car if only I (can) afford it.
39. Our television system now (threaten) by commercial TV.
40. How you (get on)? Could be worse, but I always( get) these bloody headaches this time of the
year.
41. The new canal (open) by the Queen next Wednesday?

42. As soon as the policeman (disappear) those naughty boys (ring) the bells of many houses
again.
43. I ( know) him since we were at school together.
44. I hope you (feel) better tomorrow.
45. Look at that girl. She (eat) my cake.
46. As a rule father (read) the paper after dinner.
47. Your mother (do) the cleaning every year?
48. How long they (be) close friends?
49. He (go) home ten minutes ago.
50. She (teach) at our school for nearly 12 years now.
51. It (rain) when I (cycle) to school this morning.

52. The girls (lie) on the beach the whole afternoon.
53. While they (have) lunch, the ladies (talk) about the new fashion.
54. Thousands of cars (produce) by Ford every month.
55. My bike (steal) last week.
56. I (come) to pay off my debt.
57. By whom America (discover)?
58. She just (copy) the letter when the manager (tell) her it was not necessary
59. The oil (change) by the garage people tomorrow morning.
60. I remember (see) a beautiful performance of “Hamlet” as if it (happen) yesterday.
61. When you (see) him?

62. During the past 100 years, many wonderful cave paintings (discover).
63. One of the first computers (made) in the US.
64. In France a young girl (walk) in a cave when she (stop) (light) a candle.
65. As soon as she (do) this, she (see) strange animals on the walls of the cave.
66. Since then a great many more paintings (find).
67. In one picture some deer (hunt) by men.
68. I (meet) a man the other day – I (forget) his name now – He said the earth (look) like a flat dish.
69. “You (try) to tell me that you (believe) him? “, I asked.
69
70. “I enjoy (clean) windows at night”’ I said. “So do I”, answered the policeman. Excuse my (interrupt)
you; I hate (interrupt) a man when he is busy (work), but would you mind (come) with me to the
police station.
71. If you went to this film you (enjoy) it.

72. If you had gone to that film you (enjoy) it.
73. If you go to this film you (enjoy) it.
74. The (blacken) figure that emerged from the chimney at once (admit) that he (try to break) into the
shop during the night, but (get) stuck in the chimney.
75. He (be) there for nearly ten hours.
76. Last night Susan (be frightened) when she (hear) a strange noise.
77. My friend and I (not go) to that new play next week.
78. Mr Brown (sell) his old car when his new one (arrive) next month.
79. What (do) yesterday when I (ring) the doorbell?
80. She (work) in an office.
81. A cabdriver has to know all the best routes, …… he?

82. You …. Better introduce him to your Mum, …… you?
83. They could hardly hear the music from up here,………they?
84. She …. Rather camp out in the street than return home, …….. she?
85. You won’t do this again, ….. you?
86. They serve lunch at 12, …… they?
87. You should have gone there, ……… you?
88. The police have arrested the burglar, ……… they?
89. They police arrested two suspects, ……… they?
90. She doesn’t write any postcards at Christmas, nor ……… her family.
91. I always (eat) marmalade at breakfast, so …… my brother.

92. You (have) a cold? Yes, I ……….
93. You ever (have) colds? Yes, I ……..
94. You always (have) breakfast at 8?
95. You (have) breakfast yet?
96. The girl (cross) the street when the policeman (put) up his hand.
97. Oh dear! Fred just (throw) a stone through a window.
98. After we (finish) work, we (dive) to a cosy restaurant.
99. Many people (be) still in bed when the bomb (explode).
100. She usually (stay) with her husband until he (go) to work.
101. If you had seen it you (like) it.

102. Be patient: your dinner (cook) at the moment.
103. If she (be) older she (be) more sensible.
104. When she (be) older she (have) more sense.
105. I just (receive) a letter from my brother: I (read) it to you.
106. This (suppose – be) the best book on literature.
107. He (stay)at this hotel last year.
108. She always( lose) her umbrella.
109. The horses can come in the field; we (leave) the gate open.
110. He (be) in hospital ten times so far.
111. They (catch) the last train home yesterday.

112. I sometimes (take) the nine o’clock train to Amsterdam.
113. Yesterday she (have) her breakfast when the postman (knock) on the door.
114. We (not go) on holiday next year.
115. You (not eat) your lunch yet.
116. You ever (smoke) in your life?
117. Where is Mary? She (get) ready for school.
118. There aren’t any biscuits in the box. Who (eat) them?
119. Half of my chocolates are gone; who (eat) them?
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120. I just (speak) to your father.
121. He (go) to bed early yesterday.

122. Since 1964 they (climb) that mountain 4 times.
123. He (be) in America for ten years now.
124. She (do) the washing up already?
125. Up to now you never (have) lunch with me.
126. They (not come) to Liverpool with us next week.
127. The sun (shine) this morning, wasn’t it?
128. Last night our clock (strike) eleven when it (be) only ten o’clock.
129. You please (shut) the door tonight?
130. I think it (rain) in a few minutes.
131. I (lend) him $2 last week and he still (have) to pay me back.
132. Our former teacher never (let) us say what we (want) to say.
133. My father (watch) TV every evening.
134. A manager (not manage) a church.
135. Many Dutch people (not live) in Holland, millions live in America, Canada and Australia.
136. If you (do) this I (be) very angry.
137. If it had not rained I (not have to) change clothes.
138. If you had not come I (phone) you.
139. If you do this once more I (never) speak to you again.
140. If a helicopter had not arrived the mountaineers (not survive).
141. Next year he (work) here for ten years.

142. You (know) what (happen)? All my money (steal).
143. This dictionary can (obtain) at any good bookshop.
144. I promise you the bill (pay) as soon as possible.
145. He is very late but he may (hold up) by the rush hour.
146. The letter (post) last week, so it (must arrive) by now.
147. I always get presents I do not need. I (give) six pairs of socks on my birthday.
148. So far nobody (struck) by sudden death.
149. This castle (say) to be hunted.
150. He (know) them for 5 years now.
151. The gas meter (check) when I came in.

152. Our house (paint) next year.
153. Mary is giving a part next week. Arthur: “I hope I (invite).”
154. That letter can (write) tomorrow.
155. A lot of books (borrow) from the library last week.
156. I (do) this exercise now.
157. I am afraid I can’t see you: I (study) till late tomorrow evening.
158. I (know) him since he (be) a boy.
159. Mother (go) to town this afternoon; if she (see) a coat she likes, she (buy) it.
160. By Saturday I (work) on this subject for 7 days.
161. A new discovery (made) recently.

162. The earth (travel) round the sun.
163. I (do) my homework when he (enter).
164. I asked him what he (lose).
165. I am very tired: I (work) all day.
166. I (write) to you as soon as I (receive) the news.
167. You are late: I (wait) for ages.
168. Captain Scott (find) that Amundsen (reach) the South Pole before him.
169. We just (moved) to a new house but we (be) dissatisfied with it.
170. When I (meet) him 2 weeks ago, he (tell) me that he just (return) from France.
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171. By next June we (study) English for 6 years.
172. While the two thieves (argue) someone else (steal) the car.
173. Every day they (serve) lunch at 11.
174. They (serve) lunch now.
175. They (not serve) lunch yet?
176. They (serve) lunch at 10 tomorrow.
177. They (serve) lunch at 11 yesterday.
178. They (serve) the main course when he came in, so he missed the starter.
179. She said she never (serve) such a delicious lunch before.
180. Every day lunch (serve) at 11.
181. Lunch (serve) now.

182. Lunch (not) serve yet.
183. Lunch (serve) at 12 tomorrow.
184. Lunch (serve) at 11 yesterday.
185. The main course (serve) when he came in, so he missed the starter.
186. She said such a delicious meal never (serve) before.
187. Would you mind (serve) my lunch please?
188. They (suppose) lunch at 1 but they are always late.
189. He said the police (catch) the murderer the day before.
190. The (break up) the pavement yesterday when I passed.
191. The lions (feed) when I arrived at the zoo.

192. You (not reach) the last sentence of this exercise yet.
193. When (arrive) the guests?
194. I (write) him tomorrow.
195. When I (come) in she (play) the piano.
196. If (not run) you (be) late.
197. What time you (get up) tomorrow?
198. Do they (object to) me going there?
199. How long you (teach) English? (passive)
200. Since this ship (be wrecked) bodies regularly (find).
Exercise: 33 Question formation

Make questions which ask about the information in italics in these sentences. Begin your answer with
the word given in the brackets.
Example: The goods were dispatched last Tuesday. (When. . .?)

Answer: When were the goods dispatched?
1. Mr Ashford has worked here for twenty years. (How long. . .?)
2. He works in the R & D department. (Where. . .?)
3. Michael used to work for Ferranti. (Where...?)
4. They make brake linings. (What. . .?)
5. He left because he wanted to earn more money. (Why. . .?)
6. His wife is very beautiful. (What. . .?)
7. They live in Kensington. (Where. . .?)
8. No, they live in a large detached house. (Do . . .?)
9. I meet him every week at the board meetings. (How. . .?)
10. I’m a management trainee. (What. . .?)
11. About £11,0000 a year. (How. . .?)
12. I studied economics and German. (What. . .?)
13. I intended to become a teacher. (What. . .?)
14. I changed my mind because there were no jobs for teachers. (Why. . .?)
15. The Chairman’s name is Sir Rodney Perkins. (What. . .?)
16. I don’t know, because I’ve never met him. (What. . .?)
17. All the important decisions are made by Mr Edwards, the Managing Director. (Who. . .?)
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18. His office is on the fifth floor. (Where. . .?)
19. Yes, but you should speak to his secretary first. (Can. . .?)
20. I think she’s called Pamela Towers. (What. . .?)
21. It’s over there in the corner. (Where. . .?)
22. We finish work at 5 o’clock. (When. . .?)
23. It’s half past four. (What. . .?)
24. It will take you about ten minutes. (How. . .?)
25. I can’t. I’ve got too much work to do. (Why. . .?)
Exercise 34: Error analysis

Are the following sentences correct? If not, correct the mistakes and give the grammar rule.
1. He is an employee of ours for two years.

2. He has been hired two years ago.
3. She is staying with us since last week.
4. I have known this since three days.
5. My wife has worked as a secretary before we were married.
6. We have this office for five years now.
7. So far we haven’t had any problems.
8. I am waiting for two hours.
9. For some time now our sales are increasing.
10.She has been studying English for two years.
11. Who gave you my address?
12. He left just now.
13. Your hands are dirty; have you been working in the garden?
14. The sun is set.
15. He has lived in England when he was a child.
16. I applied for a visa two weeks ago.
17. When have you received this letter?
18. The firm has been founded in 1998.
19. I went to the meeting if I had time.
20. Last year I have visited the Boat Show in London.
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USEFUL LINKS FOR GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Phrasal verbs
More explanation about phrasal verbs:
http://www.fortunecity.com/bally/durrus/153/gramch27.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/youmeus/learnit/learnitv54.shtml
Lists of phrasal verbs (with meanings):

http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwesl/egw/phraverb.htm
http://www.eslcafe.com/pv/
http://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/phrasaldictionary.html
http://www.digischool.nl/leermiddelen/Engels/Phrasal/
Phrasal verbs exercises:

http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/ppva.html
http://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/prepositions.html
http://www.fortunecity.com/bally/durrus/153/gramch27.html
Prepositions
http://engli.webpark.pl/prepositions.html
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar_list/prepositions.htm
http://www.smic.be/smic5022/
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/freeexercises.htm#PREPOSITIONS
http://english-language.webpark.pl/prepositions.html
http://esl-efl.webpark.pl/prepositions.html
http://engli.webpark.pl/prepnouns.html
http://esl-efl.webpark.pl/adjective_preposition.html
Gerund
http://www.ego4u.com/en/business-english/grammar/infinitive-gerund
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar_list/gerund_infinitiv.htm
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.gerund.i.htm
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.infing.i.htm
http://english-zone.com/grammar/ger-inf01.html
http://english-zone.com/index.php?ID=47
http://english-zone.com/teach/inf-ger01.html
The use of the tenses

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/esl/esltensverb.html
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseintro.html
http://www.better-english.com/grammar.htm
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/freeexercises.htm#TENSES
Future
http://classf2d.wikispaces.com/Exercises+-+Present+Continuous
http://english-zone.com/verbs/prgverb1.html
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseexercises.html
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/zeitformen.htm
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Conditionals
http://esl.about.com/od/gramma1/a/conditional.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if_type1.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/mixed_conditionals.htm
http://wwwedu.ge.ch/cptic/prospective/projets/anglais/exercises/condit2.htm
Irregular verbs
http://wwwedu.ge.ch/cptic/prospective/projets/anglais/exercises/irregverbs1.htm
http://english-zone.com/index.php?ID=50
The passive
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/passive.htm
http://www.world-english.org/passive.htm
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive#exercises
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/reading/exercises/dogqz.htm
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.pas.i.htm
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.pas2.i.htm
http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-passive_voice.asp
http://www.kico4u.de/english/uebungen/passiv/simplepresein.htm
Adjectives/ Adverbs
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar_list/adjektiv_adverb.htm
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/interact/esladjadvEX1.html
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/200/grammar/adjadv1.htm
http://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/adverbexercise.htm
Articles
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar_list/artikel.htm
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-4586.php
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.an.i.htm
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.the.i.htm
Relative Pronouns
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns.htm
http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/234.html
http://wwwedu.ge.ch/cptic/prospective/projets/anglais/exercises/whowhich.htm
http://wwwedu.ge.ch/cptic/prospective/projets/anglais/exercises/relpron.htm
http://wwwedu.ge.ch/cptic/prospective/projets/anglais/exercises/relpron2.htm
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-
45470.php
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(Sample) DIAGNOSTIC test English
PART 1: VOCABULARY, COMPREHENSION AND PRONUNCIATION
e) Complete each of the following sentences by inserting a suitable word. In some cases the first
letter of the word is given: the word you insert must then begin with this letter.
Example: The government intends to start a big (campaign) to warn people about the dangers of
smoking.
1. In last year’s by-election, the Conservative c…………………………won.
2. A person who has successfully completed a course at a university or college is a ………..
3. Weathermen and fortune-tellers are in the business of making p………….……………
4. One should distinguish between d………………..…….. trade and foreign trade.
5. A ……………………..is someone who is paid to find and recruit staff at senior level.
6. A company that does not offer its shares for sale to the public is a …….…..company.
7. ‘Hit’, ‘hide’ and ‘sleep’ are examples of English ………………………… verbs.
8. What is his p……………………………….... ? He’s a journalist.
9. The firm inevitably went ……………………….. as it could not possibly pay its debts.
10. There was no way to avoid it; in other words, it was i…………………………...
11. Smoking may especially damage your l………………..….
12. Pedestrians are on foot, c…………………….……….. go from A to B by bike.
13. A function in a company that is not filled is called a …………………………………..
14. A …………………….. is a point in time by which a piece of work needs to be finished.
15. Payment in …………………means that you pay before you receive what you ordered.
16. He works in the research and ………………... department of a multinational company.
17. Paris is the …………………………..….... of France.
18. These shoes don’t fit me at all; they’re at least three ……………………….. too small.
19. Pepsi and Coca-cola have been in fierce …………………..…………….. for decades.
20. On the basis of his letter of ……………………..……. he was invited for an interview.
21. I have just made an appointment with my ………..……….….; my teeth are really beginning to
hurt.
22. Her grandfather is still very proud always having been a blue-…….………... worker.
23. Money borrowed from a bank in order to buy a house, is known as a m……………..
24. In the Netherlands the ……………..……... on motorways is 120 kilometres per hour.
25. Euro coins are different in the different Euro-countries; the ……………….. are all the same
though.
26. A UFO is also known as a flying ……………..…………....
27. A place where ships are built is a s………..………………...
28. One drives a car and one ……………….……..….. a bike.
29. Money put in the bank to spend later is called one’s s………….……………..
30. You must take the job; it’s a once-in-a-lifetime ………………….………………..
b. Here are some pairs of sentences. Insert a suitable particle (adverb or preposition) in the
second sentence of each pair so that it has the same meaning as the first sentence .
Example: Mike descended the stairs. Mike went down the stairs.
1. They made fun of him. They laughed ………….….. him.

2. You may trust us. In times of crisis you can count …………….…... us.
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3. The two parties came to an agreement. That is to say, the employers and the unions agreed
………………... the procedure to be followed.
4. Who’s taking care of your children now? Who’s looking ………... your children now?
5. Don’t patronize me; I do not like being talked ………….…... to.
c. Read the following text carefully.
When Juanita Kreps was made the first woman Secretary of Commerce in the USA and Patricia Harris
the second woman secretary of Commerce and Urban Development, the accompanying publicity
revealed that they held nine directorships, and what is more, these were of eminent corporations or
organisations such as the New York Stock Exchange, Eastman Kodak and International Business
Machines.
The high status and considerable power in the business world of these two women highlighted the fact
that women directors are becoming more and more commonplace in the US. In the 1970s there was
scarcely a handful; now the number exceeds 400, and is steadily growing.
It is generally conceded that most of today’s women directors are able women bringing expertise to
their jobs. This is not surprising. Most women now old enough to serve on boards had to fight their
way up the corporate ladder. They had to be not only equal, but better than their male colleagues, in
order to survive.
The advantage of women directors is that they can serve as women’s representatives. This is important
to US companies, which are increasingly sensitive to their place in business, and are groping for ways
to deal with it. Nevertheless, not all women directors see their role in this light. Some have objected to
the idea of ‘special interest directors’. They believe they are there to represent the stockholders and
the public.
Now answer the following questions. Make sure you give only one answer per question.
1. Corporations such as Eastman Kodak and IBM are …

a) discredited
b) highly respectable
c) modern
d) dominant
2. Which of the following statements is true?:

a) Women directors are always keen to act as role models for all women in business.
b) Most women directors are to be found in New York.
c) Women have to do more than men to reach the top.
d) Most women directors are quite old.
3. Juanita Kreps and Patricia Harris are mentioned because …

a) they are the two most powerful women in the USA today.
b) they are strong fighters.
c) US companies regard them as good women’s representatives.
d) their rise demonstrates that women in managerial positions are becoming more usual.
4. What is said about today’s number of women directors?

a) In recent years the number of women directors has grown unexpectedly fast.
b) Slowly but surely, more and more women directors are appointed.
c) Nowadays there are almost 400 women directors.
d) There are over 2000 women directors now, more than 400 handfuls.
77
5. Which of the following statements is false:
a) Most of today’s women directors bring in experts frequently.
b) It is unsurprising that most women directors are extremely competent.
c) Most people nowadays accept and admit that women directors generally do a good
job.
d) US companies are trying to be fair to their female employees.
6. What would be a good title for the text?

a) Inferior males
b) Special Interest Directors
c) Women Directors in the USA
d) Broads on Boards!
d. Per item, underline the word that does not rhyme with the other three.
Examples:
-meet, greet, feat, great
-sphere, bear, hear, mere
1. host, lost, post, ghost

2. bear, share, near, wear
3. weight, freight, height, straight
4. heard, bird, curd, beard
5. debt, threat, pet, flat
PART II: GRAMMAR
a. Insert the correct preposition in each of the gaps in the following sentences.
Example: He started learning English at the age of 67.
1. London lies ……….. the Thames.

2. I do not go out ……….... bad weather.
3. It’s too far to go on foot; let’s go ……..….. car.
4. In January these clothes will be sold …………... a discount.
5. Unfortunately, we cannot comply ………….. your request.
6. ………….. my opinion most students could work much harder than they do.
7. Are you sure they did this ………….... purpose ?
8. Our French customers were rather dissatisfied ………. the quality of our new products.
9. The chairman left the meeting pale ……………….. anger.
10. Great Expectations is a novel ………………… Charles Dickens.
d. Complete the following sentences by writing in the correct form of the verb in brackets. In some
cases it may be necessary to put a preposition in front of the verb.
Examples: He plans (leave) on Wednesday. – He plans to leave on Wednesday.

He discouraged (I/ take) the job. – He discouraged me from taking the job.
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1. Do you mind (keep) us informed? - ………………………………………………………
2. Remember (post) the letter. - ……………………………………………………………..
3. I hate (you/say) insulting things like that. - ……………………………………………….
4. His boss has ordered (he/ repair) the machine. - ………………………………………….
5. We regret (inform) you that we cannot extend your credit. -……………………………..
6. They have not succeeded (warn) us in time. -…………………………………………….
7. In this case we would advise (she/sign) the contract immediately. –
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. We look forward (meet) you in July. -…………………………………………………..
e. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Be careful with the word order if there is a
question; make sure to include the subject and the verb in that case.
Examples: You (see) that film last week? - Did you see that film last week?
He (see) the film last week. - He saw the film last week.
1. If you work harder, you (get) a bonus.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I would have phoned them if I (know) their telephone number.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. We (sell) this brand for over thirty years now.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. You (have) this computer for a long time already?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. She (write) a report for school when some of her fellow students called for her.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. When he left for Latin America, he (work) for our company for twelve years.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. If he accepted our terms we (offer) him the job.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8. She (attend) the meeting last week?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Ms Bancroft left the company two years ago. If she (stay) some four months longer, she would
probably have become the new Managing Director.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
79
10. We won’t be able to make a profit unless we (increase) our prices.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
11. What would happen if they (decide) to dismiss hundreds of workers?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Next week the factory (exist) for fifty years.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
13. Unless a miracle (happen), their company will go bankrupt.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
14. Last month the BBC (spend) much time on cricket.
………………………………………………………………………………………
15. If you had not reminded me, I (forget) the appointment.
……………………………………………………………………………………
d. Underline the correct word in brackets, i.e., the adjective or the adverb, in each of the following
sentences.
Examples:
-He shouldn’t drive so (fast, fastly).
-The children were (hungry, hungrily).
1. Their football team played (good, well) yesterday.

2. They looked (suspicious, suspiciously) at us.
3. It is (probable, probably) that Microsoft will come out on top.
4. The dinner she served tasted (magnificent, magnificently).
5. The little child smiled (pretty, prettily).
1. Rewrite the following sentences, putting them into the passive. The word(s) in italics must
become the subject of the passive sentence.
Example: Our secretary takes care of these enquiries. – These enquiries are taken care of by our
secretary.
1. We export this garden furniture to many countries.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Did he order her to rewrite those letters?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. We sent you those goods last week.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Her parents have promised her a car.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Will you place any orders?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Should we consider their latest proposal ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The police did not allow them to leave.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
80
8. We shall investigate the case thoroughly.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The chief accountant has embezzled the money.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Hard work produces good results.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Put a, an, the or – in the gaps.
1. ……….... winter of 1993 was very severe.

2. It seems to me ………….. life is too short to worry about things like that.
3. He believes he speaks ……….….... perfect Spanish.
4. She is considered ………..….. honest woman.
5. My brother has always been …………... bachelor.
6. Do you play ………….. guitar?
g. Complete the following sentences by filling in an appropriate relative pronoun (that, which,
who, whom or whose).
Examples:
-Plants … grow in the desert need little water. = Plants which grow …; Or: Plants that grow …
-My grandfather, … had founded company, died last year. = .. , who had founded the company, ..
11. Would you say Shakespeare was the greatest writer ……………….. ever lived?
12. Does anyone know …………….…. hat this is?
13. Our profits increased by 10%, ……………... nobody had expected.
14. The woman ……………….. has just entered is our new manager.
15. The digital camera, …………..…. was introduced some 15 years ago, has proved a great
success.
81
Key diagnostic test
Vocabulary, comprehension and pronunciation
a. 1. candidate b. 1. at
2. graduate 2. on
3. predictions 3. on
4. domestic 4. after
5. headhunter 5. down
6. private
7. irregular
8. profession
9. bankrupt
10. inevitable
11. lungs
12. cyclists
13. vacancy
14. deadline
15. advance
16. development
Key
17. capital diagnosti
18. sizes c test
19. competition
20. application
21. dentist
22. collar
23. mortgage
24. speed limit, maximum speed
25. banknotes
26. saucer
27. shipyard
28. rides
29. savings
30. opportunity, offer
c. 1=b
2=c
3=d
4=b
5=a
6=c
d. 1. lost
2. near
3. height
4. beard
5. flat
82
Grammar
a.
1. on
2. in
3. by
4. at
5. with
6. In
7. on
8. with
9. with
10. by
b. 1. keeping
2. to post
3. you® saying
4. him to repair
5. to inform
6. in warning
7. her to sign
8. to meeting
c. 1. will get
2. had known
Key
3. have sold, have been selling diagnosti
4. Have you had c test
5. was writing
6. had worked/had been working
7. would offer
8. Did she attend
9. had stayed
10. increase
11. decided
12. will have existed
13. happens
14. spent
15. would have forgotten
d. 1. well
2. suspiciously
3. probable
4. magnificent
5. prettily
83
e. 1. This garden furniture is exported to many countries (by us).
2. Was she ordered to rewrite those letters (by him) ?
3. Those goods were sent to you (by us) last week.
4. She has been promised a car (by her parents).
5. Will any orders be placed (by you)?
6. Should their latest proposal be considered?
7. They were not allowed to leave.
8. The matter will be investigated thoroughly.
9. The money has been embezzled by the chief accountant.
10. Good results are produced by hard work.
f. 1. The
2. –
3. –
4. an
5. a
6. the
g. 1. that
2. whose
3. which
4. who/that
5. which
84
Phonetics and Pronunciation
85
Some Rules of Thumb for the pronunciation of English.
* Voiceless consonants are the sounds /p, t, k, f, θ, s, ʃ, ʧ /
* Voiced consonants are the sounds /b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, ʤ/
* The sounds /p, t, k/ at the beginning of a word or syllable are followed by aspiration (indicated by
ʰ)
pick pronunciation: /pʰ ɪ k/
tick pronunciation: /tʰ ɪ k/
kick pronunciation: /kʰ ɪ k/
* The sounds /p, t, k/ at the end of a word are preceded by a 'hiccup' (indicated by ʔ )
pip pronunciation: /p ɪ ʔp/
pit pronunciation: /p ɪ ʔt/
pick pronunciation: /p ɪ ʔk/
* The vowels preceding a voiced consonant are twice a long as those preceding a voiceless
consonant. This applies to both short /e/ and long vowels /ɜː/.
Non-native speakers of English will feel that they are exaggerating, especially at first.
* The pronunciation of unfamiliar words can always be deduced by stringing the phonetic symbols
together (in the dictionary between slanting lines).
86
Exercise: English spelling
A / eɪ / E / i: / I / aɪ / M / em / Q / kju: / U / ju: / Y / waɪ /

B / bi: / F / ef / J / ʤeɪ / N / en / R / ɑ: / V / vi: / Z / zed /
C / si: / G / ʤi: / K / keɪ / O / əʊ / S / es / W /'dʌblju:/
D / di: / H / eɪʧ / L / el / P / pi: / T / ti: / X / eks /
Spell:
1. Your name
2. Your address
3. The company name
4. Your department
5. The name of your colleagues
6. Typical Dutch names
7. Your hobbies
8. Your favourite holiday destination
9. Your favourite song
10. An English word that is difficult to pronounce
87
Pronounce It Properly
88
A1 Word stress / ˈ - - / concept
1. This programme is a new concept in publishing. concept
2. I prefer to leave this to my colleague. colleague
3. He owns a courier service. courier
4. I made an analysis of the latest figures. figures
5. Greece is dependent on its agricultural produce. produce
6. This company is our latest purchase. purchase
7. There is a surcharge on excess weight. surcharge
8. Surplus weight will cost you extra. surplus
9. This concept seems alright in theory. theory
10. The transfer of the shares has been arranged. transfer
11. The venue for the meeting has been changed. venue
A2 Word stress /- ˈ - / mistake

1. Our cashier keeps a register of dubious debtors. cashier
2. Our business lunch was rounded off with a light dessert. dessert
3. We must try to deter them from making a take-over bid. deter
4. Lloyd’s is not only concerned with marine insurance. marine
5. Investing in this exclusive product was a mistake. mistake
6. Somehow we must try and persuade them. persuade
7. The latest techniques have been used in this device. techniques
8. Successful applicants will start their careers as trainees. trainees
A3 Word stress / ˈ - - - / preference

1. He gave an accurate description of this new technology. accurate
2. He is an affluent member of the Dallas business community. affluent
3. They named several candidates for the office of Vice-President. candidates
4. Please have a look at our new software catalogue. catalogue
5. She carried out this assignment with a great deal of competence. competence
6. Let’s try and reach a compromise. compromise
7. Our balance of payments deficit is causing us serious concern. deficit
8. The emphasis of their activities is now on packaging. emphasis
9. We are very much dependent on our forwarding agent. forwarding
10. Students of geography are kindly invited to apply. geography
11. The upholstery is genuine leather. genuine
12. We have a preference for university graduates. preference
13. Your references show that you are just the woman we want. references
14. The thermometer registered 34 degrees Celsius. registered
15. This ad labels this dump a desirable residence. residence
16. They had to fork out a lot of severance pay. severance
17. His strategy in take-over bids is ruthless. strategy
18. There are many kinds of anti-theft devices for vehicles. vehicles
89
A4 Word stress /- ˈ - - /develop
1. We must acknowledge his letter at once. acknowledge
2. We must try to develop more attractive products. develop
3. Let’s examine the possibilities. examine
4. This is an exclusive range of products. exclusive
5. The purchase of this company led to a financial disaster. financial
6. Any bright ideas, anyone? ideas
7. We’ll have to manoeuvre in a very subtle way. Manoeuvre-movement
8. He started his career as a mechanic. mechanic
9. What is the best procedure in this case? procedure
10. What is the best marketing technique to reach suburban suburban
housewives?
11. Will you keep these trainees under close surveillance? Surveillance-monitor
A5 Word stress /- - ˈ- / magazine

1.Production came to a standstill, because of too many absentees. absentees
2.Write the name of the addressee more clearly. addressee
3.There is a shortage of well-trained engineers in most engineers
developing countries.
4.Which magazine caters for adolescents? magazine
5.Our personnel department is understaffed. personnel
A6 Word stress /- ˈ- - - / executive

1. Give me a detailed analysis of the possibilities. analysis
2. Take the appropriate steps to stop this. appropriate
3. This bilateral agreement is equally advantageous bilateral
to either country.
4. May I offer you my condolences on the loss of your partner? condolences
5. Many developing countries are dependent on the developing
export of raw materials.
6. There is a discrepancy between these two reports. Discrepancy-difference
7. The economy is booming again. economy
8. Let me enumerate the advantages. enumerate
9. Many executives suffer from jet lag. executives
10. He makes the most extravagant claims for his new system. extravagant
11. As far as gratuities go, they’re very generous here. gratuities
12. Really good interpreters are hard to come by. interpreters
13. We hired a first-rate fashion photographer. photographer
14. Psychology plays an important role in marketing techniques. psychology
15. Computer technology has made rapid advances. technology
16. There must at least be one telephonist permanently. telephonist
90
A7 Word stress /- ˈ- - - - / administrative
1. We’ll have to take some tough administrative measures. administrative
2. What an extraordinary policy for such a minor thing. extraordinary
3. He is one of the country’s leading industrialists. industrialists
4. Our sales department will plan your itinerary. itinerary
5. They are a subsidiary of Boeing. subsidiary
A8 Word stress /-ˌ - - ˈ- - / negotiations

1. Our personnel officer will find accommodation for him. accommodation
2. The New U.S. administration will launch an avalanche
of new legislation. administration
3. I am working in association with a small computer company. association
4. Congratulations on your appointment. congratulations
5. We’ll have to carry out a thorough examination. examination
6. Negotiations were tough and fatiguing. negotiations
7. The pron unciation of many words is different pronunciation
from what I thought.
A9 Different word stress in related words:

to analyse / analysis
1a. We can accommodate more people in case of emergency. accommodate
1b. Find him suitable accommodation. accommodation
2a. Let’s analyse this step by step. analyse
2b. He made a thorough analysis of the process. analysis
3a. The three R’s are reading, writing and arithmetic. arithmetic
3b. A mathematician is someone who has studied mathematics. mathematics
4a. Let’s outsmart our competitors and be there first. competitors
4b. Competition is fierce in this field. competition
5a. They are drilling for oil in the Sahara desert. desert
5b. For dessert we had strawberries and cream. dessert
6a. We shall have to economize on perks. economize
6b. A degree in economics is a minimum requirement
for this job. economics
7a. We shall execute your orders with the utmost speed. execute
7b. Most executives expressed satisfaction with their job. executives
8a. Which do you prefer: being sent abroad or staying here? prefer
8b. I have a preference for being stationed in Basle. preference
9a. May I refer you to the following clauses in our contract. refer
9b. He asked me if he could mention me as
one of his references. references
91
The words in pairs:
to accommodate / accommodation
to analyse / analysis
arithmetic / mathematics
competitor / competition
desert / dessert
to economize / economics
to execute / executive
to prefer / preference
to refer / reference
B1 Vowel sound / eɪ / Danish

1. We shall write to the Chamber of Commerce for advice. Chamber
2. Danish linen is of first-rate quality. Danish
3. This aircraft company deals with freight only. freight
4. Iran is now a major buyer of arms. major
5. We have miscellaneous products on offer. miscellaneous
6. During our flight we were served steak. steak
7. The Dutch Antilles are a tax haven. tax haven
8. The number of vacancies has risen sharply. vacancies
B2 Vowel sound / aɪ / giro

1. I must remind you that this contract is binding. binding
2. Please remit the money through international giro. giro
3. Do not forget to mention its height in the specifications. height
4. Not all our hypermarkets have been successful. hypermarkets
5. I can’t understand that woman’s psychology. psychology
6. They are rivals in the field of pharmaceutical products. rivals
B3 Vowel sound / iː / receipt

1. They specialise in marine insurance. marine
2. Please show me your receipt. receipt
3. In the budget new legislation for tax relief was announced. tax relief
4. To get into this country you need a visa. visa
B4 Vowel sound / ɪ / invalid

1. Fierce competition put them out of business. business
2. The word “genuine” always appeals to consumers. genuine
3. This document is invalid, I’m afraid. invalid
4. In the world of medicine new advances are made daily. medicine
5. We always have armed guards on the premises. premises
6. That is sure to be a recipe for success. recipe
7. Shares have risen over the past few weeks. risen
8. Russia has had a series of bad harvests. series
92
B5 Various words: unanimous / -ˈ - - - /
1a. Our services will not be affected by this setback. affected
1b. I shall effect my purpose, whatever they do. effect
2. This development alters the situation somewhat. alters
3. That puts me in an awkward position. awkward
4a. His itinerary took him to several countries. countries
4b. His itinerary took him to several counties. counties
5. In my view the hazards are too big. Hazards
6. Travelling by hovercraft is fast, but expensive. hovercraft
7. I haven’t the foggiest idea how to handle this. idea
8a. This was considered to be a major breakthrough. major
8b. The mayor will also be present at the meeting. mayor
9. This was a unanimous decision. unanimous
10. Will you collect the vouchers. vouchers
C1 Consonant sounds / s, z / face/phase

A
1. What is going to be the next phase?
2. He spends his money on women and cars and all that jazz.
3. This is something I strongly advise.
4. Carbon paper is something we no longer use.
5. When I was promoted I was given a rise.
1. You’ll have to get used to this new face/phase.

2. I hope you succeed in getting that price/prize.
3. This will only cost you a few pence/pens.
Repeat the following words:

face / phase
price / prize
pence / pens
race / raise
cease / seize
B
1. At the moment we have no vacancies.
2. I’d like to have a close look at the invoices.
3. This design was awarded several prizes.
4. We have been forced to raise our prices.
5. He decided to have armed guards on the premises.
6. Gross National Product is the value of a country’s goods and services.
7. We are about to introduce some new devices.
8. We shall sell the plant as soon as production ceases.
93
C2 Consonant sounds / f, v / fan/van
Where are these fans going?

Where are these vans going?
A
1. This is a fine view.
2. I like this ferry very much.
3. You’re being fairly vague.
4. I bought a fast Volvo
B
1. At the moment we have no vacancies.
2. I’ll show it to you on the video.
3. Shouldn’t we have this property valued?
4. We are negotiating about a joint venture.
5. At the Customs you’ll have to show your visa.
6. This project will never be viable.
7. The Vice-President was ushered into the VIP-room.
8. On the surface, this looks like a very good courier service.
C3 Vowel sounds / e, æ / Ellen/Allen

Did you say your name was Ellen?
Did you say your name was Alan?
It is said he didn’t show up.

It is sad he didn’t show up.
Alan balance
damage handy
manage valid
1. The sign on the door said: ‘No access’.

2. She works as a cashier at a bank.
3. 200 cars a week is our maximum capacity.
4. If they fail to deliver, we shall claim damages.
5. Just put on something casual.
6. They make very strong fabrics.
7. There’s a lot of competition in the world of fashion.
8. This will come in handy.
9. I hope I can manage.
10. Is your visa still valid?
94
C4 Vowel sound / ʌ / lump sum
justice luggage
lump sum rubber
running rush hour
A
1. Wine is transported in bulk. bulk
2. His business went bust. bust
3. These countries are in need of hard currency. currency
4. We aim to please our customers. customers
5. Due to lack of funds, we are forced to make severe cutbacks. cutbacks
6. A flood of orders came pouring in. flood
7. Most commuters live in the suburbs. suburbs
8. We shall pay them a lump sum if they give up their claim. lump sum
9. They specialize in luxury goods. luxury
10. Please show me your luncheon-voucher. luncheon
11. My ambition is a career in publishing. publishing
12. We shall do our utmost to have it finished in time. utmost
B
1. There were a few industrialists among the guests. among
2. These colours are no longer fashionable. colours
3. Relax in the comfortable chairs of our Business Class. comfortable
4. This new product got extensive media coverage. coverage
5. They have subsidiaries in several countries. countries
6. Please explain what you have done. done
7. This is a front organization for an illegal trade. front
8. They have a plant near London. London
9. Nothing ventured, nothing gained. nothing
10. Show me the other components. other
11. This thing must weight a ton(ne). ton(ne)
C5 Vowel sound / əʊ / postpone

The postponement of our flight was announced by the hostess.
1. He is an engineer at a components factory. components
2. They floated the dollar. float
3. He retired with a golden handshake. golden
4. On average gross incomes have risen this year. gross
5. Their holding company is based in Monaco. holding
6. Our hostess moved slowly down the corridor. hostess
7. This aircraft has Rolls Royce engines. Rolls Royce
8. Many executives dare not own up that they used
to be fans of the Rolling Stones Rolling Stones.
9. This detergent came out best in the polls. polls
10. We shall have to postpone the meeting. postpone
11. Add your postcode to the address, please. postcode
12. Solar energy is slow in gaining ground. solar
13. He is the sole owner of this company. sole owner
95
C6 The consonant sound ‘th’ / ɵ / thirsty weather
This weather makes me thirsty.
In itself this consonant sound is not difficult to make. Put the tip of your tongue between your teeth.
Blow air out and keep your tongue in position.
A
Thin Supplies are running thin.
Thick Read the thick print carefully.
Thing There isn’t a thing we can do.
Third It was the third company to go bust.
1. I’m afraid I’m not too good at arithmetic. arithmetic

2. This room is ten feet in breadth. breadth
3. Water was found at a depth of 40 feet. depth
4. We want applicants to be good at mathematics. mathematics
5. This river is navigable for most of its length. Length
6. This is my ninth transatlantic flight. ninth
7. What will be the theme of this discussion? theme
8. I wonder if his theory works out in practice. theory
9. We’ll have to examine it thoroughly. thoroughly
10. We sell fabrics of various widths. widths
The voiced counterpart is / ð /. It is used in words such as the, this, that, they, although.
B
This What do you mean by this?
The I’m asking you for the second time.
They What do they know about it?
That Can you tell me that?
1. I’m busy. Don’t bother me. bother

2. The northern part of the country is poorest. northern
3. We had a smooth crossing on the ferry. smooth
4. Migration shows a trend in a southerly direction. southerly
5. Let’s hope we’re having good weather. weather
6. I wonder whether he’ll manage. whether
96
D Appendix 1: The pronunciation of a number of words of which a letter is not pronounced.
The words are not offered in a sentence.
b
bomb debts debtor
doubts doubtful
subtle thumb
ch
yacht
h
heir honest honour
hour exhaust to exhaust
exhibit to exhibit
c
victuallers
l
calm folk on behalf of
p
corps the diplomatic corps receipt
psychology psychiatry
t
mortgage
97
D Appendix 2:
The pronunciation of a number of geographical names in England and the United States.
English names:
London
The Thames
Norfolk
Suffolk
Gloucester
Leicester
Worcester
Warwick
Derby
Berkshire
Derbyshire
Hertfordshire
Salisbury
Edinburgh
Reading
Shrewsbury
American names:
States:
Arkansas
Connecticut
Idaho
Illinois
Iowa
Massachusetts
Michigan
Missouri
Ohio
Utah
Vermont
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Cities:
Houston
Lincoln
Milwaukee
New Orleans
Phoenix
Seattle
St Louis
98
99
APPENDICES
100
Traps
TOO-TO-TWO
too = (before adjectives and adverbs ) This is too hard for me to understand.
too = also He said he would be there too.
to = preposition Next year he will go to university

This present is from me to you.
to = used with the verb to form the infinitive He stayed up to see the movie.
two = 2
THEN-THAN
then = is used when talking about time Then he said: “Please, stay with me.”
Let me finish my drink, then we’ll go.
than = is used when doing the comparison Tom is taller than John.
It costs less than I expected.
THEIR-THERE-THEY’RE
their = possessive pronoun It is their own responsibility.
there = adverb Is there any milk?

You can see she’s here and not there.
they’re = They are They’re are always available for me.
YOUR -YOU’RE
your – possesive pronoun Was this your idea?

you’re = you are You’re late.
IT’S-ITS
its = possesive pronoun What is its color?

it’s = it is/it has It's green
It’s been getting warmer.
WHO’S- WHOSE
whose = possesive pronoun Whose socks are these?

who’s- who is /who has Who’s that guy?
Who’s been eating my porridge?
101
TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE
1.1 Active voice

1. Present simple 3. Present perfect
I call I have called
You call You have called
He/she/it calls He/she/it has called
We call We have called
You call You have called
They call They have called
2. Past simple 4. Past perfect
I called I had called
You called You had called
He/she/it called He/she/it had called
We called We had called
You called You had called
They called They had called
5. Future 6. Future perfect
I will call I will have called
You will call You will have called
He/she/it will call He/she/it will have called
We will call We will have called
You will call You will have called
They will call They will have called
7. Past Future 8.Past future perfect
I would call I would have called
You would call You would have called
He/she/it would call He/she /it would have called
We would call We would have called
You would call You would have called
They would call They would have called
9. Present continuous 10. Past continuous

I am calling I was calling
You are calling You were calling
He/she/it is calling He/she/it was calling
We are calling We were calling
You are calling You were calling
They are calling They were calling
102
TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE (continued)
1 Present simple I call call + s

tense He calls
2 Past simple tense I called Call + ed (2)
3 Present perfect I have Have/has +
tense called past
He has participle
called (3)
4 Past perfect tense He had Had + past
called participle (3)
5 Future tense I will call Will +
infinitive (1)
6 Future perfect I will have Will have +
called past
participle
7 Past future I would call Would +
infinitive
8 Past future I would Would have
perfect have called + infinitive
9 Present I am calling Am, is, are
continuous +infinitive +
ing
1 Past continuous I was Was/were +
0 calling infinitive +
ing
103
TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE
1. Present tense 3. Present perfect tense
I am called I have been called

You are called You have been called
He is called He has been called
She is called
She has been called
It is called It has been called
We are called We have been called
You are called You have been called
They are called They have been called
2. Past tense 4. Past perfect tense
I was called I had been called

You were called You had been called
He was called He had been called
She was called She had been called
It was called It had been called
We were called We had been called
You were called You had been called
They were called They had been called
5. Future tense 6. Future perfect tense
I will be called I will have been called

You will be called You will have been called
He will be called He will have been called
She will be called She will have been called
It will be called It will have been called
We will be called We will have been called
You will be called You will have been called
They will be called They will have been called
7. Past future tense 8. Past future perfect tense
I would be called I would have been called

You would be called You would have been called
He would have been called
He would be called She would have been called
She would be called It would have been called
It would be called We would have been called
We would be called You would have been called
You would be called They would have been called
They would be called
104
TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE (continued)
To BE as auxilliary for the passive

Present simple. – am, is , are
Past simple – was, were
Present perfect – has, have been
Past perfect - had been
Future – will be
Future perfect -will have been

Past future tense –would be
Past future perfect tense - would have been
9. Present continuous 10. Past continuous
I am being called I was being called

You were being called
You are being called He was being called
He is being called She was being called
She is being called It was being called
It is being called We were being called
We are being called You were being called
You are being called They were being called
They are being called
105
CONFUSABLES
Aan
tijd/geld besteden aan spend time/money on
betalen aan/lenen aan pay/lend to
tekort/gebrek aan shortage/lack of
denken aan think of
gewend aan used to
aan een rivier/de muur on a river/the wall
rijk aan mineralen rich in minerals
voldoen aan comply with a request
zich houden aan stick/keep to
herinneren aan iets remind of
lijden aan suffer from
Als
Hij werkte als kelner He worked as a waiter.
Hij gedroeg zich als de baas He behaved like the boss.
Bij
bij aankomst on arrival
bij vergissing by mistake
bestellen bij order from
een order plaatsen bij to place an order with
een rekening bij een bank an account with/at a bank
werken bij een bedrijf work for a company
bij nader inzien on further consideration
Boven/onder
boven de zeespiegel (hoger dan) above sea level
boven de tafel (rechtboven) over the table
bovenaan de bladzijde at the top of the page
Hij is boven de viertig. He is over forty.
Tien graden boven nul Ten degrees above zero
boven verwachting beyond expectation
onder de tafel (recht onder) under the table
onder de zeespiegel ( lager dan) below sea level
onder de kostprijs below cost price
onder nul below zero
onder voorwaarde dat on condition that
onder vrienden among friends
onder het eten during the meal
Behalve/naast
elke dag behalve zondag (sluit uit) every day except Sunday
Behalve/naast Engels spreekt ze Besides English she speaks French.
Frans. (sluit in)
Ze zat naast me. (plaats) She was sitting next to/beside me.
106
Binnen
binnen het kantoor (plaats) inside the office
binnen een uur ( tijd) within an hour
Door
door London rijden (plaats) drive through London
door het slechte weer (wegens) due to the bad weather
Dit is door hem geschreven. This was written by him.
In
invoeren in een land import into the country
vertalen in het Engels translate into English
veranderen in change into
goed in Engels, getallen good at English, figures
in brand/ in staking on fire/strike
in dit stadium at this stage
Met
met winst/met verlies verkopen sell at a profit/at a loss
betalen met een creditcard pay by credit card
met 5% korting less 5% discount/at 5% discount
prijzen met 2% verhogen raise prices by 2%
met de post by post
met Kerstmis/Pasen at Christmas/Easter
met de trein/auto/bus by train/car/bus
met opzet on purpose
met korting at a discount
met andere woorden in other words
verloofd/hetrouwd met engaged/married to
met/op vakantie on holiday
met een snelheid van at a speed of
feliciteren met congratulate on
praten met talk to
bedoelen met mean by
met pootlood geschreven written in pencil
zich bezighouden met be engaged in
Naar
luisteren naar listen to
kijken naar look at
zoeken (naar) look for
naar mijn mening in my opinion
vertrekken naar leave for
solliciteren naar apply to
streven naar aim at
ruiken/smaken naar smell/ taste of
informeren naar inquire after
vraag naar demand for
107
Om
om 8 uur at 8 o’clock
lachen om laugh at
vragen om ask for
beroemd/bekend/berucht om famous/known/notorious for
om de twee weken every two weeks
Op
op een kantoor at the office
op de tafel on the table
op een foto in a picture
verliefd op in love with
boos op angry with
op tijd (afgesproken tijd) on time
op tijd (vroeg genoeg) in time
op straat in the street (Am. on the street)
op deze manier in this way
stemmen op vote for
wachten op wait for
trots op proud of
op maandag on Monday
op verzoek on request
op ons verzoek at our request
an abbonement op a subscription to
op een vergadering at a meeting
op het platteland in the country
aankomen op het station arrive at the station
op lange/korte termijn in the long/short term
een op de tien one in ten/one out of ten
een antwoord op een brief reply to a letter
recht hebben op be entitled to
hopen op hope for
reageren op react to
storten op een bankrekening to pay into a bank account
geld op de bank hebben have money in the bank
Over
over drie dagen in the three days
(on)tevreden zijn over (dis)satisfied with
het eens zijn over agree with/about
over/via Dover travel via Dover
over het algemeen in general
winst over dit jaar profit for this year
10% over het bedrag 10% on an amount
Het is kwart over vijf. It’s a quarter past five.
Tegen
tegen 3 uur by three o’clock
tegen betaling van on payment of
beschermen tegen protect from
108
tegen/voor een prijs van at a price of
Tot
tot zondag (plaats) till/until Sunday
tot de rivier (tijd) as far as the river
van ... tot ... from ... to ...
tot onze tevredenheid to our satisfaction
tot nu toe so far, up to now
zich wenden tot apply to
Uit
Hij komt uit Amsterdam. (afkomstig uit) He’s from Amsterdam.
bestaan uit consist of
blijken uit appear from
uit ervaring from experience
uit voorraad leveren deliver from stock
Dit artikel is uit voorraad This article is out of stock.
importeren uit import from
uit het hoofd leren to learn by heart
uit het hoofd kennen to know by hear/from memory
Van
van Dover naar Londen (vanaf) from Dover to London
een brief van de klant (afkomstig van) a letter from a customer
de poten van de tafel (deel van) the legs of the table
zeven van de veertig seven out of forty
Hij is Amerikaan van geboorte. He is American by birth.
leven van een pensien live on a pension
een werk van Shakespeare a work by Shakespeare
afhangen van depend on
beschuldigen van accuse of
profiteren van profit from
verdenken van suspect of
gemaakt van (one material) made of
gemaakt van (more materials) made from
lenen/kopen van borrow/buy from
Voor
voor het gebouw (plaats) in front of the building
Ik was hier voor jou (tijd) I was here before you.
Het is voor jou (bestemming) It us for you
kwart voor een (tijdsaanduiding) a quarter to one
allergisch/gevoelig voor allergic/sensitive to
bang voor afraid of
zorgen voor to look after/to take care of
één voor één one by one
karakteristiek/typisch voor characteristic/typical of
een alternative for an alternative to
voor zaken reizen to travel on business
belangstelling heben voor be interested in
109
THE ALPHABET.
A [eɪ]
B [biː]
C [siː]
D [diː]
E [iː]
F [ef]
G [dʒiː]
H [eɪtʃ]
I [aɪ]
J [dʒeɪ]
K [keɪ]
L [el]
M [em]
N [en]
O [əʊ]
P [piː]
Q [kjuː]
R [aː]
S [es]
T [tiː]
U [juː]
V [viː]
W [dʌbljuː]
X [eks]
Y [waɪ]
Z [zed]
110
HOMOPHONES
A homophone is one of two or more words which sound the same but which have different meanings.
aye/eye/I ate/eight allowed/aloud

altar/alter arc/ark be/bee
bail/bale bald/bawled band/banned
bare/bear baron/barren base/bass
baste/based beach/beech bean/been
beat/beet berries/buries berth/birth
buy/by/bye billed/build blew/blue
boar/bore board/bored border/boarder
bough/bow boy/buoy brake/break
bread/bred brewed/brood canon/cannon
ceiling/sealing cell/sell cellar/seller
cent/scent/sent cereal/serial cheap/cheep
chews/choose Chile/chilli/chilly chord/cord
chute/shoot cite/sight/site clause/claws
coarse/course colonel/kernel conquer/conker
coward/cowered currant/current cymbal/symbol
days/daze dear/deer desert/dessert
dew/due/do die/dye doe/dough
dual/duel earn/urn ewe/yew/you
facts/fax faint/feint fair/fare
faze/phase find/fined flea/flee
flew/flu flour/flower for/fore/four
foul/fowl frees/freeze/frieze fur/fir
genes/jeans grate/great groan/grown
guessed/guest guilt/gilt hay/hey
hair/hare heal/heel hear/here
heard/herd higher/hire him/hymn
hoes/hose holy/wholly horse/hoarse
hour/our idle/idol in/inn
knead/need knight/night knit/nit
knot/not laps/lapse lays/laze
lead/led leak/leek lessen/lesson
lightening/lightning loan/lone made/maid
mail/male maize/maze manner/manor
meat/meet medal/meddle mind/mined
miner/minor missed/mist moose/mousse
morning/mourning muscles/mussels no/know
nose/knows none/nun ode/owed
one/won overdo/overdue paced/paste
pain/pane pair/pare/pear passed/past
pause/paws peace/piece peak/peek
place/plaice plain/plane pleas/please
plum/plumb poor/pore/pour pray/prey
profit/prophet queue/cue rain/reign
rap/wrap read/reed red/read
111
real/reel right/write role/roll
root/route sail/sale scene/seen
sea/see sew/so shoe/shoo
side/sighed size/sighs slay/sleigh
soar/sore sole/soul some/sum
stair/stare stake/steak steal/steel
storey/story suite/sweet swayed/suede
tea/tee tail/tale taught/taut
team/teem tease/teas/tees tern/turn
their/they’re/there threw/through throne/thrown
tied/tide to/too/two toed/toad/towed/told
undo/undue (AmE) vale/veil vane/vain/vein
wade/weighed wail/whale waste/waist
wait/weight ware/wear/where way/whey/weigh
weather/whether weak/week which/witch
whine/wine whirred/word warn/worn
wood/would
112
MODAL VERBS
1) They are a group of auxiliary verbs (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must
and ought to) that are used before other verbs and in question tags and short answers.
Example: “You can swim, can’t you?” “Yes, I can.”
2) They have two main kinds of meaning:
a) Certainty (certain, probable, possible or impossible)
Examples: You must be tired.

Emma should be home by now.
We might go to Russia in June.
It can’t be true.
b) Obligation and freedom: used when telling or advising people (not) to do things, and
when talking about freedom or ability to do things (in instructions, requests, suggestions and
invitations)
Examples: Students must register today.

Can I go now?
You should take a break
Would you like to join us for a drink?
3) They do not report situations and events, but simply their probability, possibility etc.
Examples: I could read when I was four. (general ability)

I couldn’t read his handwriting. (general inability)
BUT I managed to open the tin with a screwdriver. (a particular occasion)
4) Their past forms are not generally used, but they are used for less definite meanings.
Examples: Can I go now? (direct request)

Could I go now? (less direct, more polite)
Can you open the window?
Could you open the window? (more polite, more tentative)
THE BASICS
-3rd person singular has no –s : It must be lunchtime (* It musts be lunchtime)

-Questions and negatives are made without ‘do’: Should she? (*Does she should?)
It cannot be true. (* It does not be true)
-After modals (except ought) infinitives without ‘to’/ bare infinitives are used: I can’t sing.
-Modals have no infinitives or participles: I want to be able to read. (*I want to can read)
-Modals have special past form made with a perfect infinitive: You should have told me. (criticising)
She must have missed it. (deduction)
113
ABILITY: CAN and COULD
COULD: past reference to general ability:

Example: When I was young I could run 10 km in under 40 minutes
(reference to a particular occasion: use ‘managed to’, ‘be able to’, ‘succeed in’)
CAN: future reference depending on present ability/ circumstances/ agreement/ decisions etc.
Example: I can come tomorrow evening if you like. (present decision)
(in other cases use: ‘be able to’)
PERMISSION: CAN, COULD, MAY and MIGHT
All four verbs can be used to ask for permission; can is the least polite/ formal; could is a little more
polite/ formal; may is like could and might is extremely polite and unusual. Adding possibly or Do you
think… makes a request even more polite
Examples: Can I have some more tea?
Could I take your car for the afternoon? (more polite, asking for sth. more important)
Could I possibly take…/ Do you think I could take….
May I use your phone?
Might I make a suggestion?
Giving or refusing permission: use can or may (not could or might)
Example: Could I start late tomorrow? Of course you can.
Asking about permission: use can asking about what is normally allowed, about rules and laws
Example: Can you park here on Sundays?
Past permission: use be allowed to for permission on one occasion
Example: Last night they were allowed to stay up late to watch the football.
BUT When I was a child I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.
OBLIGATION: MUST and HAVE (GOT) TO
Both verbs express necessity and obligation, but must is used especially to talk about wishes/ feelings
of the speaker/ hearer, whereas have (got) to is used especially for obligation from somewhere else.
Must is common in regulations.
Examples: I must/ have to apply for a visa this week.
Must you/ Do you have to play that dreadful music?
I must have my hair cut; it is too long.

My wife says I have got to have my hair cut.
All drivers must have adequate insurance.
In negative sentences the meanings of must not and do not have to are quite different.
Examples: In soccer, players must not touch the ball with their hands. (not allowed)
In rugby, players can pick up the ball, but they do not have to. (not necessary)
OBLIGATION: SHOULD and OUGHT TO
Should is for suggestions, advice and opinions and is less strong than must (sensible vs the law); it
makes orders and instructions more polite. Ought to is like should, though perhaps less common.
Example: Applications should be/ ought to be sent before 20 June.
114
CERTAINTY: MUST, CAN’T, WILL, SHOULD
Must and can’t: used if we are certain about something from deduction, not from direct experience.
Will and will not are similar in meaning when something is normal/ typical or expected.
Examples: She must be at home – her car is outside and the lights are on.
She cannot be at home; her car is gone and there are no lights on.
There is somebody coming up the stairs. That will be Mary.
The negative of must is cannot/ can’t.
Should/ Ought to: used when we are not certain, but think there are good reasons to think that
something is true or not.
Examples: He left an hour ago. He should be home by now.
Ask Jessica – she ought to know.
PROBABILITY AND POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT, CAN and COULD
May for probability, might and could express smaller probability.

Examples: Let’s hurry – the shop may still be open.
It might/ could rain later, but I don’t really think it will.
Can is not normally used to express probability.
May is not used in questions with this meaning.
Note: She may not be at home. (perhaps she isn’t)

She can’t be at home. (she is certainly not at home, I know)
Use can to talk about what is typically or normally possible

Example: Silver birch trees can grow up to 30m tall.
In arguing, saying that something is (not) true use may….but

Example: He may not like teaching, but he is very good at it.
Might and could can be used to criticise people for not doing/ not having done things
Examples: You might/ could help with the washing up!
You might have/ could have remembered my birthday!
WILLINGNESS; TYPICAL BEHAVIOUR: WILL and WOULD
Talking about willingness to do something, we can use will and would, where would is less direct and
makes a request more polite.
Examples: Will you come this way, please?
Would you come this way, please?
Talking about habits and typical behaviour we use will to talk about the present and would to talk
about the past.
Examples: The neighbours will always babysit if you have to go out.
Of course it is broken; you will keep playing with it.(stressed it sounds critical)
On Sundays all the family would come to our place for lunch.
115
MODALS WITH PERFECT INFINITIVES: MAY HAVE GONE, SHOULD HAVE TOLD, COULD HAVE MISSED etc.
These are used to refer to ‘unreal’ past situations

Examples: You should have told me earlier. (but you did not)
She may have gone home. (but possibly not)
Or they can be used to criticise people for not doing/ having done things
Examples: You could have helped me!
You might have let me know you were not coming.
Or they are used to talk about possible situations when we are not sure what (has) happened
Examples: I may have left my keys here this morning. Have you seen them?
Why isn’t he here? He could have missed the train, I suppose.
They are not home. The might have gone away for the weekend.
Or they may be used to talk about what we know or believe from logical deduction.
Example: Julie’s crying. Something bad must have happened.
HAD BETTER
Had better is used to give strong advice to people (including ourselves). It has present reference and
means ‘This is a good thing to do now.’
Examples: It’s six o’clock – I’d better put the chicken in the oven.
You’d better tidy your room before your father gets home.
Had better is not used in polite requests, but it is used for immediate advice, not when we want to say
what people should usually do.
Examples: Could you go out and buy something for supper? (not: You’d better go out…)
You’d better get an eye test. (not: People had better get eye tests regularly)
BE SUPPOSED TO
Be supposed to is used to talk about what is expected; what should happen or to talk about what is
believed.
Examples: You’re supposed to have a licence to watch TV.
John was supposed to come at 6.
Is that supposed to be funny?
USED TO
Used to is used to talk about past situations and past habits. It does not have a present form.
Example: I used to play tennis a lot. Now I play golf.
Used to can have the forms of an ordinary verb (questions and negatives with did), or the forms of a
modal verb. The forms with did are more common. The infinitive that follows always has to.
Example: Did you use to smoke?
We used not to go away on holiday.
Used to and would
Would is only used to talk about habits, things that people did repeatedly and in particular time frames
Examples: At weekends we used to go/ would go camping in the mountains.
BUT: I used to play the violin. (no time frame)
I used to have a Volkswagen. (not a habit)
116
GENERAL REMARKS ABOUT THE FORMATION OF THE TENSES
1. The full verb, infinitive of English main/ lexical verbs is TO WALK
2. A PERFECT TENSE of a verb is ALWAYS made by means of the auxiliary HAVE.
3. The auxiliary HAVE is ALWAYS followed by the perfect participle of a verb (e.g. I have walked)
4. The (modal) auxiliaries (modal auxiliaries express the attitude of the speaker towards what he/
she says): can, may, must, will, shall, have to, ought to and the past tenses of these verbs are
ALWAYS followed by the INFINITIVE.
5. The auxiliary of the progressive form is BE and is always immediately followed by the
present participle of the main/ lexical verb.
6. The (auxiliary) verbs always appear in a fixed order:

1. either modal auxiliary or auxiliary of the future tense
2. auxiliary of the perfect tense: HAVE
3. auxiliary of the progressive form: BE
4. main/ lexical verb
E.g.: I would have been waiting
7. The aspect “TENSE” (past or present) is always expressed by the first auxiliary, if there are any, or
by the main/ lexical verb. E.g.: “I can go” versus “I could go”;
“I go” versus “I went”.
8. The indication for “PERSON” (singular/ plural; 1st or 3rd person) is always expressed by the first
(auxiliary) verb. E.g.: I go - he goes
I have gone - he has gone
From these rules it consequently follows that the following constructions are grammatically incorrect
( indicated by *):
*I gone (7+8)
*I have went (3)
*I been have going (3, 5+6)
*I will can go (6.1)
*I will gone (4)
*I would went (4+7)
*I am read (2+5)
NB: The numbers in brackets indicate which rules have been violated.
117
Recommended sources for self study: BAM MIM
General:
* Dictionaries: English-English, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, OUP

ISBN 01 9431510 X
Pronunciation:
Elements of pronunciation: C. Mortimer, Cambridge University Press
Contractions ISBN 0 521 21533 1
Stress Time ISBN 0 521 21147 6
Clusters ISBN 0 521 21625 7
Weak Forms ISBN 0 521 21627 3
Grammar:
1.Essential Grammar in Use: R. Murphy, Cambridge University Press
Book ISBN 0 521 55928 6
Supplementary Exercises ISBN 0 521 46997 X
2.English Grammar in Use: R. Murphy, Cambridge University Press

Book ISBN 0 521 43680 X
Supplementary Exercises ISBN 0 521 44954 5
3. Websites: www.dialang.org
www.englishpage.com
www.longman.com (=all kinds of references and links, incl. dictionary and grammar)
http://www.m-w.com/palm.htm (=online dictionary)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu
Recommended Background Reading:

* Time
* Newsweek
* The Economist
* The Guardian
Further Background Media:

* The Internet (e.g. www.economist.com)
* http:/www.bbc.co.uk
* TV: BBC1 + BBC2, Ceefax page 888 for subtitles/ CCN
118

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Table of Contents

Programme Exchange English 1 p.3

Survey of requirements and credits Exchange English 1 p.5

Writing Exercises p.8

Grammar Overview p.11

Educational Unit: Quarters 1 & 2

Credit Value: 4 (will be awarded at the end of Quarter 2)

Objectives: In order to be able to do business in an international context successfully

Teaching Methods: Seminars of 3 class hours

Prerequisites: TOEFL 550/ IELTS 6.0/ HAVO/ VWO

Indicative Content: Grammar, pronunciation, fluency

Responsible Lecturer: Bernadette Wijers (Room H1.15)

Wee In-Class Grammar (Reader) Pronunciation (PIP)

4 Check Exercises 12, 14 & Read Information on Work on units A7 and

6 Check exercises 18 ,19 Read Information on Work on units A1-B1

2 Check exercises 21-24 Read information on Work on units B4 and

3 Check exercises 4, 25-28 Read Information on Work on units C1 and

4 Check exercises 29 & 30 Read information on Work on units C3, C4

Christmas Break 2 weeks!

Practice Test & Review

Semester 1 = 4 credits (awarded at the end of Quarter 2)

-Diagnostic test (written): completed and scored

- Attendance and participation: sufficient

* sentence intonation and voice pitch,

deəzə səˈʧeɪʤ ɒn ɪkˈses ʋeɪt 1,1,1,½

2. Our cashier keeps a register of dubious debtors.

3. The emphasis of their activities is now on packaging.

4. Really good interpreters are hard to come by.

5. Our personnel officer will find accommodation for him.

6. Do not forget to mention its height in the specifications.

7. This was a unanimous decision.

8. Show me the other components.

9. This detergent came out best in the polls.

10. We want applicants to be good at mathematics.

 Summaries identify the source of original text.

Tips on Writing Summaries

Step One (Prewriting):

 Read the article quickly.

Step Two (Drafting):

 Restate the article's thesis simply and in your own words.

Step Three (Revising):

o The original text is cut to about one third.

When you have to sum up written texts follow these hints:

Some useful sentences:

Semester 1 will deal with the following aspects of grammar:

 Basic Sentence Types

1. —————x———————|———————— simple past tense

x = could be any point of time in the past

x = could be any point of time in the past

x = could be any point of time in the past

x = could be any point of time in the future

5. ——————————|———————x————— simple future tense

x = could be any point of time in the future

—————x———————|———————— simple past tense

x = could be any point of time in the past

Last month they decided to merge.

Examples of such time adverbs are:

Last … last week/ month/ year/ October etc.

2. Present Perfect Tense

x = could be any point of time in the past

They have been merged for 2 years.

Recently/ of late/ lately

Much has changed this year.