TITLE : BOMB CALORIMETER

ABSTRACT:
Bomb calorimeter is used to get the number for calori. Mass that consist of carbon and
hydrogen is held in a small steel equipment called bomb. Bomb is pressurized to an average
pressure that is between 15 to 25 bar. It is put in the cylinder that is filled with water. Reading
of temperature rise is taken every minute. When 10 reading been collected we can find values
about fuel by applying the general concept of first law of thermodynamic.

OBJECTIVE:
To find the value of gross calorific value and net calorific value dor solid fuel.

INTRODUCTION:
A calorimeter is a question utilized for calorimetry, or the way toward estimating the warmth of
concoction responses or physical changes and in addition warm limit. Differential filtering
calorimeters, isothermal small scale calorimeters, titration calorimeters and quickened rate
calorimeters are among the most well-known writes. A straightforward calorimeter just
comprises of a thermometer connected to a metal compartment loaded with water suspended
over a burning chamber. It is one of the estimation gadgets utilized as a part of the investigation
of thermodynamics, science, and organic chemistry.
There are two kinds of vitality changes that physicists are exceptionally inspired by which are
those that happen at consistent weight and those that happen at steady volume. Consistent
changes in weight vitality called enthalpy change which is the blend of properties and steady
volume variety is known as the inner vitality change. In this situation, we accept that the sum
going into bomb calorimeter is in steady volume.

BOMB CALORIMETER
Reaction that occur in the calorimeter to produce heat is :
CxHYOz (s)  +  (2X+Y/2-Z)/2 O2 (g)    X CO2 (g) + Y H2O (l)

Energy lost as heat is equal to energy gain as heat so therefore:

(Fuel mass) x (calorific value) = [(water mass) + (water equivalency for calorie meter, bomb and
mixer)] x (definite heat load) x (water temperature increment)………………{Equation 1}

By applying equation 1 at constant volume we obtain this graph

Temperature Rise:
Compute the net corrected temperature rise, ∆T, by substituting in the following equation:
∆T = (Tc-Ta) – r1(b-a) – r2(c-b)
Calibrating the Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter The constant volume combustion bomb has been
calibrated using a standard sample of benzoic acid according to the procedure below. The
calibration is based on a simple First Law analysis of the bomb. Once the bomb has been
calibrated, a similar analysis may be used to obtain the energy value of any test sample. For the
process of igniting the fuse and the test sample, and the resulting rise in water temperature,
the 1 st Law states that:
E2 – E1 = Energy In – Energy Out ∆E = Welect. - QB
Measuring the energy content of food using the Bomb Calorimeter.
THEORY:
The reason why 30 bar of pure oxygen is compressed into the bomb is that complete
combustion is needed. The whole amount of examined fuel is to be reacted with oxygen and
produces CO2. If fuel composes of hydrogen, it is necessary to drop 1-2 drop of water to make
sure that the combustion occurs in saturation condition which water cannot condenses. After
the combustion process, there is 2 phase of water that can be produced. If it is in liquid phase,
the obtained heating value is high heating value. In the contrary, if it is in vapor phase, the
obtained heating value is low heating value. The relationship between these two is QHHV =
QLHV+ hfgH2O(mH2O/ mf ).
The volume of the bomb calorimeter is constant, so the equation for heating value is Q HV = -
∆U. This equation is also applied with constant volume combustion (Benzene engine).If the
combustion occurs with constant pressure (Diesel engine), the equation is Q HV = - ∆H. The
heating value obtained from this experiment is high heating value at constant volume.

PROCEDURE:
1. A small mass of fuel (coal in this experiment) is being press with a special form of press
to form a pellet with the fuse wire passing through it.
2. Mass of the pellet is being taking.
3. The pellet is than located in the crucible
4. The crucible carrying the pellet is located in the bomb.
5. Fuse wire is tied to the terminal electric.
6. The top of the is screwed n.
7. ()xygen is then admitted slow'ly until the pressure is between 15 2.5 bar.
8. The bomb is located in the calorimeter and a measured quantity of water is poured into
the calorimeter.
9. 'l'he calorilneter is closed. The external connections to the circuit are made, and an
accurate thermometer of the fixed range is immersed to the proper depth in the water.
10. The water is stirred in a regular manner by a motor — driven stirrer. and temperature
observations are taken every minute.
11. At the end of the I ()th minute. the charge is fired and temperatures reading are taken
every 10 second during this period.
12. When the temperature readings begin to fall. the frequency of reading can be reduced
to every minute.
13. Water around the container is being pour out and volume being measure.
14. diagram temperature — time is being plot with the reading.
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS:
Mass of Fuel=0.51 x 10-3 kg
Pressure of the oxygen=25bar
Water volume= 2000ml
Mass of water= 2kg

TIME,(minutes) Temperature, (‘C)

1 25.71
2 25.71
3 25.71
4 25.71
5 25.71
6 25.71
7 25.71
8 25.71
9 25.71
10 25.71

Table 1: Temperature and time before starting test

TIME,(minutes) Temperature, (‘C)

1 25.71
2 25.77
3 25.78
4 25.79
5 25.80
6 25.80

Table 2: Temperature and Time after starting test

Graph 1: Representing Temperature against Time

 Chart Title
25.82

25.8

25.78

25.76

25.74

25.72

25.7

25.68

25.66
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Evaluating HCV of the fuel:

(0.051 x 10-3 ) HCV = [ 2 + 0.3983] (4.187 x 103 ) (25.80 – 25.71) HCV = 17.72 MJ/kg

Evaluating LCV of the fuel:

Net calorie value = Gross calorie value – 9mH x 2.453 MJ

LCV = HCV – 9mH x 2.453 MJ

LCV = 17.72 x 106 – 9 (0.06) (2.453 x 106 )

LCV = 16.40 MJ/kg

CONCLUSION:
Based on the experiment, the High Calorific Value (HCV) of solid fuel, coal is 17.72 MJ/kg while
the Low Calorific Value (LCV) of it is 16.40 MJ/kg.

REFERENCE:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter
 http://staff.um.edu.mt/mario.a.farrugia/Bomb%20Calorimeter%20Lab%20Sheet.pdf
 https://www.csun.edu/~jeloranta/CHEM355L/experiment1.pdf
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/96925137/Bomb-Calorimeter-Theory