Practical Design to Eurocode 2

Beams

• Bending / Flexure
• Shear
• Detailing
Anchorage & Laps
Members & particular rules
Beams

Flexure
Section Design: Bending

• Flexural design is generally the same as BS8110 in

principle
• Modified for high strength concrete
• EC2 presents the principles only
• Design manuals will provide the standard solutions for
basic design cases.
Rectangular Concrete Stress
Block (3.1.7, Figure 3.5)
cu3 fcd

Fc
Ac x x

As Fs
s

fck  50 MPa 50 < fck  90 MPa

 0.8 = 0.8 – (fck – 50)/400

 1.0 = 1,0 – (fck – 50)/200

fcd = cc fck /c

= 0.85 fck /1.5
Analysis of a singly reinforced beam
Cl 3.1.7 EN 1992-1-1
Design equations can be derived as follows:
b

For grades of concrete up to C50/60, εcu= 0.0035,  = 1 and  = 0.8.

fcd = 0.85fck/1.5,
fyd = fyk/1.15 = 0.87 fyk
Fc = (0.85 fck / 1.5) b (0.8 x) = 0.453 fck b x
Fst = 0.87As fyk

For horizontal equilibrium Fc= Fst

0.453 fck b x = 0.87As fyk
Guess As Solve for x z = d - 0.4 x M = Fc z
 Maximum neutral axis depth
b

 
Redistributed Bending Moment
  k1  k 2 x u d EC2 Equ 5.10a
Elastic Bending Moment

xu = Neutral axis depth after redistribution

  0.4  x u d
xu
EC2 NA gives k1 = 0.4 and k2 = 1.0   - 0.4
d
M
K 
bd 2 f ck
Value of K for maximum value of M
with no compression steel and
when x is at its maximum value.
If K > K’ Compression steel required
Analysis of a Singly Reinforced
Beam3.1.7 EN 1992-1-1
Design equations can be derived as follows:
b

For grades of concrete up to C50/60, εcu= 0.0035,  = 1 and  = 0.8.

fcd = 0.85fck/1.5,
fyd = fyk/1.15
Fc = (0.85 fck / 1.5) b (0.8 x) = 0.453 fck b x
Fst = 0.87As fyk
Take moments about the centre of the tension force
M = 0.453 fck b x z …1
Section analysis

Now z = d - 0.4 x

 x = 2.5(d - z)

& M = 0.453 fck b 2.5(d - z) z

= 1.1333 (fck b z d - fck b z2)

Let K = M / (fck b d 2)
K can be considered as the normalised bending resistance

M  fckbdz fckbz 2 
2
 1.1333  2
- 
fckbd  fckbd fckbd 2 

 0 = 1.1333 [(z/d)2 – (z/d)] + K

0 = (z/d)2 – (z/d) + 0.88235K

 0 = (z/d)2 – (z/d) + 0.88235K

Solving the quadratic equation:

z/d = [1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2

z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2

Rearranging

z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 – K / 1.134)0.5]

This compares to BS 8110

z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 – K / 0.9)0.5]

The lever arm for an applied moment is now known

Higher Concrete Strengths
fck ≤ 50MPa z  d[1  (1 3,529K )]/2

fck = 60MPa z  d[1  (1 3,715K )]/2

fck = 70MPa z  d[1  (1 3,922K )]/2

fck = 80MPa z  d[1  (1 4,152K )]/2

fck = 90MPa z  d[1  (1 4,412K )]/2

Take moments about the centre of the compression force
M = 0.87As fyk z
Rearranging
As = M /(0.87 fyk z)
The required area of reinforcement can now be:
• calculated using these expressions
• obtained from Tables (eg Table 5 of How to beams and ConciseTable 15.5 )
• obtained from graphs (eg from the ‘Green Book’)

However, it is often considered good practice to limit the depth of the

neutral axis to avoid ‘over-reinforcement’ (ie to ensure a ductile failure).
This is not an EC2 requirement and is not accepted by all engineers. A
limiting value for K can be calculated (denoted K’) as follows.
Design aids for flexure
Concise: Table 15.5
   k1 + k2 xu/d
where
k1 = 0.4
k2 = 0.6 + 0.0014/ cu2 = 0.6 + 0.0014/0.0035 = 1
xu = depth to NA after redistribution
 = Redistribution ratio
 xu = d ( - 0.4)
Substituting for x in eqn 1 above and rearranging:
M’ = b d2 fck (0.6  – 0.18  2 - 0.21)
 K’ = M’ /(b d2 fck) = (0.6  – 0.18  2 - 0.21)
From BS 8110 K’ = (0.55  – 0.18  2 – 0.19) rearranged

Some engineers advocate taking x/d < 0.45, and K’ < 0.168
Beams with Compression
Reinforcement

There is now an extra force Fsc = 0.87As2 fyk

The area of tension reinforcement can now be

considered in two parts, the first part to balance the
compressive force in the concrete, the second part is to
balance the force in the compression steel. The area of
reinforcement required is therefore:

As = K’ fck b d 2 /(0.87 fyk z) + As2

where z is calculated using K’ instead of K

As2 can be calculated by taking moments about the centre of the tension
force:
M = K’ fck b d 2 + 0.87 fyk As2 (d - d2)

Rearranging
As2 = (K - K’) fck b d 2 / (0.87 fyk (d - d2))
Design Flowchart
The following flowchart outlines the design procedure for rectangular
beams with concrete classes up to C50/60 and grade 500 reinforcement

Carry out analysis to determine design moments (M)

Determine K and K’ from:

 K’
M
K & K '  0.6  0.18 2  0.21 1.00 0.208
b d fck
2

0.95 0.195
Note:  =1.0 means no redistribution and  = 0.8 means 20% moment redistribution.
0.90 0.182
0.85 0.168
Yes No 0.80 0.153
Is K ≤ K’ ?
0.75 0.137

0.70 0.120
No compression steel Compression steel needed
needed – singly reinforced - doubly reinforced

It is often recommended in the UK that K’ is limited to 0.168 to ensure ductile failure

Flow Chart for Singly-reinforced
Beam
d
Calculate lever arm z from: z  1  1  3.53K   0.95d *
2
* A limit of 0.95d is considered good practice, it is not a requirement of Eurocode 2.

M
Calculate tension steel required from: As 
fyd z

Check minimum reinforcement requirements:

0.26 fctm bt d
As,min   0.0013 bt d
fyk

Check max reinforcement provided As,max  0.04Ac (Cl. 9.2.1.1)

Check min spacing between bars > Øbar > 20 > Agg + 5
Check max spacing between bars
Flow Chart for Doubly-
Reinforced Beam

Calculate lever arm z from:

d

z  1  1  3.53K '
2


Calculate excess moment from: M '  bd 2fck K  K '

Calculate compression steel required from:

M'
As2 
fyd d  d 2 

Calculate tension steel required from: K ' fck bd 2

As   As2
fyd z

Check max reinforcement provided As,max  0.04Ac (Cl. 9.2.1.1)

Check min spacing between bars > Øbar > 20 > Agg + 5
Flexure Worked Example
Worked Example 1
Design the section below to resist a sagging moment of 370 kNm assuming
15% moment redistribution (i.e.  = 0.85).
Take fck = 30 MPa and fyk = 500 MPa.

d
Initially assume 32 mm  for tension reinforcement with 25 mm nominal cover
to the link (allow 10 mm for link) and 20mm  for compression reinforcement
with 25 mm nominal cover to link.
Nominal side cover is 35 mm.

d = h – cnom - Ølink - 0.5Ø

= 500 – 25 - 10 – 16
= 449 mm
449
d2 = cnom + Ølink + 0.5Ø
= 25 + 10 + 10
= 45 mm
K '  0.168
 K’
M 1.00 0.208
K 
bd 2f ck 0.95 0.195
0.90 0.182
6
370  10
 0.85 0.168
300  4492  30 0.80 0.153
 0.204  K ' 0.75 0.137

 provide compression steel 0.70 0.120

z 
2

1  1  3.53K ' 
d


449
2
1  1  3.53  0.168 

 368 mm
 M '  bd 2fck K  K ' 
 300  449 2  30  (0.204  0.168 )  10 6
 65.3 kNm
M'
As 2 
fyd d  d 2 
65.3 x 10 6

435  (449 – 45)
 372 mm 2
M M'
As   As 2
fyd z
(370  65.3)  10 6
  372
435  364
368
 2293 mm 2
Provide 2 H20 for compression steel = 628mm2 (372 mm2 req’d)
and 3 H32 tension steel = 2412mm2 (2296 mm2 req’d)
By inspection does not exceed maximum area or maximum spacing of
reinforcement rules
Check minimum spacing, assuming H10 links
Space between bars = (300 – 35 x 2 - 10 x 2 - 32 x 3)/2
= 57 mm > 32 mm …OK
 Simplified Factors for Flexure
(1)
Factors for NA depth (=nd) and lever arm (=zd) for concrete grade  50 MPa

1.20

1.00
lever arm

0.80
Factor

0.60

0.40

NA depth

0.20

0.00
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17
n 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.46
z 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.82

M/bd 2fck
Simplified Factors for Flexure
(2)
Factors for NA depth (=nd) and lever arm (=zd) for concrete grade 70 MPa
1.20

1.00 lever arm

0.80
Factor

0.60

0.40

NA depth
0.20

0.00
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17
n 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
z 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88

M/bd 2fck
Shear in Beams

• Shear design is different from BS8110

• Shear strength should be limited to the value for
C50/60
• The shear effects in links and longitudinal steel have to
be considered explicitly
Definitions
• Resistance of member without shear reinforcement –
VRd,c
• Resistance of member governed by the yielding of
shear reinforcement - VRd,s
• Resistance of member governed by the crushing of
compression struts - VRd,max

Applied shear force - VEd

Members Requiring Shear
Reinforcement (6.2.3.(1))

compression chord compression chord

Fcd V(cot  - cot

 ½z N M
d  z = 0.9d
V ½z V
Ftd
s tension chord
shear reinforcement

 angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis

 angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis

z inner lever arm. In the shear analysis of reinforced concrete

without axial force, the approximate value z = 0,9d may normally
be used.
Strut Inclination Method

 b z  1 fcd Asw
VRd,max  cw w VRd, s  z f ywd cot 
cot   tan  s
21.8 <  < 45
Shear
6.2.3 EN 1992-1-1
We can use the following expressions from the code to calculate shear
reinforcement for a beam (Assumes shear reinforcement is always
provided in a beam)
fck vRd, cot  = 2.5 vRd, cot  = 1.0
VRd,s = Asw z fywd cot  /s …1
20 2.54 3.68
VRd,max = 0.5 z bw fcd sin 2 …2
25 3.10 4.50
where 0.6 (1- fck/250) 28 3.43 4.97
When cot = 2.5 (= 21.8°) 30 3.64 5.28
VRd = 0.138 bw z fck (1 - fck/250) 32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
Or in terms of stress:
40 4.63 6.72
vRd = 0.138 fck (1 - fck/250)
45 5.08 7.38
Rearranging equation 2 in terms of stress: 50 5.51 8.00
 = 0.5 sin-1[vRd /(0.20 fck(1 - fck/250))]
Shear Design: Links
Variable strut method allows a shallower strut angle –
hence activating more links.
As strut angle reduces concrete stress increases

V s V

z d z d


x x

Angle = 45° V carried on 3 links Angle = 21.8° V carried on 6 links

Shear Resistance of Sections with
Shear Reinforcement
V s V

z d z d


x 1  cot   2,5 x

Basic equations
shear reinforcement control
VRd,s = Asw z fywd cot  /s Exp (6.8)
concrete strut control
VRd,max = z bw 1 fcd /(cotθ + tanθ) = 0,5 z bw  fcd sin 2
Exp (6.9)
where   = 0,6(1-fck/250) Exp (6.6N)
fck vRd, cot θ = 2.5 vRd, cot θ = 1.0

20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.5
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
Shear Resistance with Shear
Reinforcement
Procedure for design with variable strut
1. Determine maximum applied shear force at support, VEd
2. Determine VRd,max with cot = 2.5
3. If VRd,max > VEd cot = 2.5, go to step 6 and calculate required shear
reinforcement
4. If VRd,max < VEd calculate required strut angle:
 = 0.5 sin-1[(vEd/(0.20fck(1-fck/250))]

5. If cot is less than 1 re-size element, otherwise

6. Calculate amount of shear reinforcement required

Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot ) = VEd /(0.78 d fyk cot )

7. Check min shear reinforcement, Asw/s ≥ bw ρw,min and max spacing,

sl,max = 0.75d ρw,min = (0.08 √fck)/fyk cl 9.2.2
Shear - Variable strut method
Concise Fig 15.1 a)
Shear - Variable strut method
Concise Fig 15.1 b)
Short Shear Spans with Direct
Strut Action (6.2.3)

d d

av av

• Where av  2d the applied shear force, VEd, for a point load

(eg, corbel, pile cap etc) may be reduced by a factor av/2d
where 0.5  av  2d provided:
− The longitudinal reinforcement is fully anchored at the support.
− Only that shear reinforcement provided within the central 0.75av is
included in the resistance.

Note: see PD6687-1:2010 Cl 2.14 for more information

Curtailment of longitudinal tension reinforcement
‘Shift’ Rule for Shear
Horizontal component of
diagonal shear force
M/z - V cot/2 = (V/sin) . cos = V cot

V/sin
 Applied Applied
z
shear V moment M
M/z + V cot/2 = (M + Vz cot/2)/z

al  M = Vz cot/2
dM/dx = V

 M = Vx  x = z cot/2 = al
“Shift Rule”
• For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with al = d
• For members with shear reinforcement: Conservatively al = 1.125d

Envelope of (MEd /z +NEd)

lbd
Acting tensile force lbd

Resisting tensile force lbd

Ftd
al

al
lbd
Ftd
lbd lbd

lbd lbd
Summary

• Flexural principles similar

• Shear approach different – should result in less shear
reinforcement
• We will look at the SLS and detailing rules later
Shear Example

Design of shear reinforcement using

Eurocode 2
Design Flow Chart for Shear

Determine vEd where:

vEd = design shear stress [vEd = VEd/(bwz) = VEd/(bw 0.9d)]

Determine the concrete strut capacity vRd when cot  = 2.5

vRd = 0.138fck(1-fck/250)

No Determine  from:
Is vRd > vEd?
 = 0.5 sin-1[(vEd/(0.20fck(1-fck/250))]
Yes (cot  = 2.5)

Calculate area of shear reinforcement:

Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )

Check maximum spacing of shear reinforcement :

s,max = 0.75 d
For vertical shear reinforcement
Find the minimum area of shear reinforcement required to resist the design
shear force using EC2.
Assume that:
fck = 30 MPa and fck vRd, cot  = 2.5 vRd, cot  = 1.0
20 2.54 3.68
fyd = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa
25 3.10 4.5
28 3.43 4.97
Shear stress: 30 3.64 5.28
vEd = VEd/(bw 0.9d) 32 3.84 5.58

= 312.5 x 103/(140 x 0.9 x 500) 35 4.15 6.02

40 4.63 6.72
= 4.96 MPa
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
vRd = 3.64 MPa
vRd < vEd
 cot  < 2.5  Calculate 
Calculate 
 v Ed 
  0.5 sin 1  
 0 . 20 fck (1  f ck / 250 ) 
 4.96 
  0.5 sin 1  
 0.20 x 30 1 - 30 / 250 
 35.0
 cot   1.43
Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot  )
Asw/s = 4.96 x 140 /(435 x 1.43)
Asw/s = 1.12 mm
Try H10 links with 2 legs.
Asw = 157 mm2
s < 157 /1.12 = 140 mm
 provide H10 links at 125 mm spacing
Beam Example 1

Gk = 75 kN/m, Qk = 50 kN/m , assume no redistribution and use

equation 6.10 to calculate ULS loads.

8m

Cover = 40mm to each face

fck = 30
1000
Determine the flexural and shear
reinforcement required
450 (try 10mm links and 32mm main steel)
Beam Example 1 – Bending
ULS load per m = (75 x 1.35 + 50 x 1.5) = 176.25
Mult = 176.25 x 82/8
= 1410 kNm
d = 1000 - 40 - 10 – 32/2

= 934
M 1410  106
K   0.120
bd fck 450  934  30
2 2

K’ = 0.208
K < K’  No compression reinforcement required
d

z  1  1  3.53K 
2

934
2
 
1  1  3.53 x 0.120  822  0.95d
M 1410 x 106
As    3943 mm2
fyd z 435 x 822

Provide 5 H32 (4021 mm2)

Beam Example 1 – Shear
Shear force, VEd = 176.25 x 8/2 = 705 kN
Shear stress:
vEd = VEd/(bw 0.9d) = 705 x 103/(450 x 0.9 x 934)
= 1.68 MPa
fck vRd, cot  vRd, cot 
vRd = 3.64 MPa = 2.5 = 1.0
20 2.54 3.68
vRd > vEd
25 3.10 4.5
 cot  = 2.5 28 3.43 4.97
Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot ) 30 3.64 5.28

Asw/s = 1.68 x 450 /(435 x 2.5) 32 3.84 5.58

35 4.15 6.02
Asw/s = 0.70 mm
40 4.63 6.72
Try H8 links with 3 legs.
45 5.08 7.38
Asw = 151 mm2 50 5.51 8.00
s < 151 /0.70 = 215 mm
 provide H8 links at 200 mm spacing
Workshop Problem
Workshop Problem

Gk = 10 kN/m, Qk = 6.5 kN/m (Use eq. 6.10)

8m

Cover = 35 mm to each face

fck = 30MPa
450
Check the beam in flexure and shear

300
Solution - Flexure
ULS load per m = (10 x 1.35 + 6.5 x 1.5) = 23.25
Mult = 23.25 x 82/8
= 186 kNm
d = 450 - 35 - 10 – 32/2

= 389
M 186  106
K 2
 2
 0.137
bd fck 300  389  30
K’ = 0.208
K < K’  No compression reinforcement required
d
z 1  1  3.53K   389 1  1  3.53 x 0.137   334  0.95d
2 2
M 186 x 106
As    1280 mm2
fyd z 435 x 334

Provide 3 H25 (1470 mm2)

Solution - Shear
Shear force, VEd = 23.25 x 8 /2 = 93 kN
Shear stress:
vEd = VEd/(bw 0.9d) = 93 x 103/(300 x 0.9 x 389)
= 0.89 MPa
vRd (when
vRd = 3.64 MPa fck cot  = 2.5)
vRd > vEd 20 2.54

 cot  = 2.5 25 3.10

28 3.43
Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )
30 3.64
Asw/s = 0.89 x 300 /(435 x 2.5)
32 3.84
Asw/s = 0.24 mm 35 4.15
Try H8 links with 2 legs. 40 4.63

Asw = 101 mm2 45 5.08

50 5.51
s < 101 /0.24 = 420 mm
Maximum spacing = 0.75 d = 0.75 x 389 = 292 mm
 provide H8 links at 275 mm spacing
Detailing
www.ukcares.co.uk
www.uk-bar.org

UK CARES (Certification - Product & Companies)

1. Reinforcing bar and coil

2. Reinforcing fabric
3. Steel wire for direct use of for further
processing
4. Cut and bent reinforcement
5. Welding and prefabrication of reinforcing
steel
Identification of bars
Class A

Class B

Class C
Reinforced Concrete Detailing
to Eurocode 2
Section 8 - General Rules
Anchorage
Laps
Large Bars

Section 9 - Particular Rules

Beams
Slabs
Columns
Walls
Foundations
Discontinuity Regions
Tying Systems

Cover – Fire

Specification and Workmanship

Section 8 - General Rules
Spacing of bars
EC2: Cl. 8.2 Concise: 11.2

• Clear horizontal and vertical distance  , (dg +5mm) or 20mm

• For separate horizontal layers the bars in each layer should be

located vertically above each other. There should be room to allow
access for vibrators and good compaction of concrete.
Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars
EC2: Cl. 8.3 Concise: 11.3
Minimum mandrel size, m
• To avoid damage to bar is
Bar dia  16mm Mandrel size 4 x bar diameter
Bar dia > 16mm Mandrel size 7 x bar diameter
The bar should extend at least 5 diameters beyond a bend
Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars
EC2: Cl. 8.3 Concise: 11.3
Minimum mandrel size, m

Bearing stress
inside bends
• To avoid failure of the concrete inside the bend of the bar:
 m,min  Fbt ((1/ab) +1/(2 )) / fcd
Fbt ultimate force in a bar at the start of a bend
ab for a given bar is half the centre-to-centre distance between bars.
For a bar adjacent to the face of the member, ab should be taken as
the cover plus  /2

Mandrel size need not be checked to avoid concrete failure if :

– anchorage does not require more than 5 past end of bend
– bar is not the closest to edge face and there is a cross bar  inside bend
– mandrel size is at least equal to the recommended minimum value
Anchorage of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 8.4
Ultimate bond stress
EC2: Cl. 8.4.2 Concise: 11.5
The design value of the ultimate bond stress, fbd = 2.25 12fctd
where fctd should be limited to C60/75
1 =1 for ‘good’ and 0.7 for ‘poor’ bond conditions
2 = 1 for   32, otherwise (132- )/100
Direction of concreting Direction of concreting

 250

a) 45º    90º c) h > 250 mm

Direction of concreting
Direction of concreting

 300
300
h h

b) h  250 mm d) h > 600 mm

unhatched zone – ‘good’ bond conditions
hatched zone - ‘poor’ bond conditions
Basic required anchorage length
EC2: Cl. 8.4.3 Concise: 11.4.3

lb,rqd = (/ 4) (sd / fbd)

where sd is the design stress of the bar at the position

from where the anchorage is measured.

• For bent bars lb,rqd should be measured along the

centreline of the bar

EC2 Figure 8.1

Concise Fig 11.1
Design Anchorage Length, lbd
EC2: Cl. 8.4.4 Concise: 11.4.2

lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb,rqd  lb,min

However: (α2 α3 α5)  0.7

lb,min > max(0.3lb,rqd ; 10, 100mm)

Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2

Table requires values for:

Cd Value depends on cover and bar spacing, see Figure 8.3
K Factor depends on position of confinement reinforcement,
see Figure 8.4
λ = (∑Ast – ∑ Ast,min)/ As Where Ast is area of transverse reinf.
Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors
EC2: Figure 8.3 Concise: Figure 11.3

EC2: Figure 8.4

Table 8.2 - Other shapes
EC2: Figure 8.1 Concise: Figure 11.1
Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2 Concise: 11.4.2
Anchorage of links
EC2: Cl. 8.5 Concise: Fig 11.2
 Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7
Design Lap Length, l0 (8.7.3)
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3 Concise: 11.6.2
l0 = α1 α2 α3 α5 α6 lb,rqd  l0,min

α1 α2 α3 α5 are as defined for anchorage length

α6 = (1/25)0,5 but between 1.0 and 1.5

where 1 is the % of reinforcement lapped within 0.65l0 from the
centre of the lap

Percentage of lapped bars < 25% 33% 50% >50%

relative to the total cross-
section area
α6 1 1.15 1.4 1.5
Note: Intermediate values may be determined by interpolation.

l0,min  max{0.3 α6 lb,rqd; 15; 200}

Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3, Fig 8.8
 Worked example

Anchorage and lap lengths

Anchorage Worked Example
Calculate the tension anchorage for an H16 bar in the
bottom of a slab:
a) Straight bars
b) Other shape bars (Fig 8.1 b, c and d)

Concrete strength class is C25/30

Nominal cover is 25mm

Assume maximum design stress in the bar

Bond stress, fbd
fbd = 2.25 η1 η2 fctd EC2 Equ. 8.2
η1 = 1.0 ‘Good’ bond conditions
η2 = 1.0 bar size ≤ 32
fctd = αct fctk,0,05/γc EC2 cl 3.1.6(2), Equ 3.16
αct = 1.0 γc = 1.5
fctk,0,05 = 0.7 x 0.3 fck2/3 EC2 Table 3.1
= 0.21 x 252/3
= 1.795 MPa
fctd = αct fctk,0,05/γc = 1.795/1.5 = 1.197
fbd = 2.25 x 1.197 = 2.693 MPa
Basic anchorage length, lb,req

lb.req = (Ø/4) ( σsd/fbd) EC2 Equ 8.3

Max stress in the bar, σsd = fyk/γs = 500/1.15
= 435MPa.

lb.req = (Ø/4) ( 435/2.693)

= 40.36 Ø
For concrete class C25/30
Design anchorage length, lbd
lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb.req ≥ lb,min
lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 (40.36Ø) For concrete class C25/30
Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2 Concise: 11.4.2
Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors
EC2: Figure 8.3 Concise: Figure 11.3

EC2: Figure 8.4

Design anchorage length, lbd
lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb.req ≥ lb,min
lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 (40.36Ø) For concrete class C25/30
a) Tension anchorage – straight bar
α1 = 1.0
α3 = 1.0 conservative value with K= 0
α4 = 1.0 N/A
α5 = 1.0 conservative value
α2 = 1.0 – 0.15 (Cd – Ø)/Ø
α2 = 1.0 – 0.15 (25 – 16)/16 = 0.916
lbd = 0.916 x 40.36Ø = 36.97Ø = 592mm
Design anchorage length, lbd
lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb.req ≥ lb,min
lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 (40.36Ø) For concrete class C25/30
b) Tension anchorage – Other shape bars
α1 = 1.0 Cd = 25 is ≤ 3 Ø = 3 x 16 = 48
α3 = 1.0 conservative value with K= 0
α4 = 1.0 N/A
α5 = 1.0 conservative value
α2 = 1.0 – 0.15 (Cd – 3Ø)/Ø ≤ 1.0
α2 = 1.0 – 0.15 (25 – 48)/16 = 1.25 ≤ 1.0
lbd = 1.0 x 40.36Ø = 40.36Ø = 646mm
Worked example - summary

H16 Bars – Concrete class C25/30 – 25 Nominal cover

Tension anchorage – straight bar lbd = 36.97Ø = 592mm
Tension anchorage – Other shape bars lbd = 40.36Ø = 646mm
lbd is measured along the centreline of the bar

Compression anchorage (α1 = α2 = α3 = α4 = α5 = 1.0)

lbd = 40.36Ø = 646mm

Anchorage for ‘Poor’ bond conditions = ‘Good’/0.7

Lap length = anchorage length x α6
Anchorage & lap lengths
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
 Anchorage /lap lengths for slabs
Manual for the design of concrete structures to Eurocode 2
Table 5.25: Typical values of anchorage and lap lengths for slabs
Bond Length in bar diameters
conditions fck /fcu fck /fcu fck /fcu fck /fcu
25/30 28/35 30/37 32/40
Full tension and ‘good’ 40 37 36 34
compression anchorage ‘poor’ 58 53 51 49
length, lbd
Full tension and ‘good’ 46 43 42 39
compression lap length, l0 ‘poor’ 66 61 59 56
Note: The following is assumed:
- bar size is not greater than 32mm. If >32 then the anchorage and lap lengths should be
increased by a factor (132 - bar size)/100
- normal cover exists
- no confinement by transverse pressure
- no confinement by transverse reinforcement
- not more than 33% of the bars are lapped at one place
Lap lengths provided (for nominal bars, etc.) should not be less than 15 times the bar size
or 200mm, whichever is greater.
Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.2 Concise: Cl 11.6

Laps between bars should normally be staggered and not located in regions
of high stress, the arrangement of lapped bars should comply with the
following (see Figure 8.7 on next slide):
• The clear distance between lapped bars should not be greater than
4φ or 50 mm otherwise the lap length should be increased by a length
equal to the clear space where it exceeds 4Ø or 50 mm
• The longitudinal distance between two adjacent (staggered?) laps
should not be less than 0,3 times the lap length, l0;
• In case of adjacent laps, the clear distance between adjacent bars
should not be less than 2Ø or 20 mm.
When the provisions comply with the above, the permissible percentage of
lapped bars in tension may be 100% where the bars are all in one layer.
Where the bars are in several layers the percentage should be reduced to
50%.
All bars in compression and secondary (distribution) reinforcement may be
lapped in one section.
Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.2, Fig 8.7 Concise: Cl 11.6.2
Transverse Reinforcement at Laps
Bars in tension Concise: Cl 11.6.4
EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9 Rules apply if bar diameter ≥ 20mm
• Where the diameter, , of the lapped bars  20 mm, the transverse
reinforcement should have a total area, Ast  1,0As of one spliced bar. It
should be placed perpendicular to the direction of the lapped
reinforcement and between that and the surface of the concrete.

• If more than 50% of the reinforcement is lapped at one point and the
distance between adjacent laps at a section is  10  transverse bars should
be formed by links or U bars anchored into the body of the section.
• The transverse reinforcement provided as above should be positioned at
the outer sections of the lap as shown below.

Ast /2
Ast /2
l 0 /3
l 0 /3
150 mm F
Fs s

Figure 8.9 – bars in tension l0

Transverse Reinforcement at Laps
Bars in compression Concise: Cl 11.6.4
EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9

In addition to the rules for bars in tension one bar of the transverse
reinforcement should be placed outside each end of the lap length.

Figure 8.9 – bars in compression

 SECTION 9

Detailing of members and particular rules

Beams (9.2)
• As,min = 0,26 (fctm/fyk)btd but  0,0013btd

• As,max = 0,04 Ac
• Section at supports should be designed for a
hogging moment  0,25 max. span moment
• Any design compression reinforcement () should be
held by transverse reinforcement with spacing 15 
Beams (9.2)
• Tension reinforcement in a flanged beam at
supports should be spread over the effective width
(see 5.3.2.1)
Curtailment (9.2.1.3)

(1) Sufficient reinforcement should be provided at all sections to resist the

envelope of the acting tensile force, including the effect of inclined cracks
in webs and flanges.

(2) For members with shear reinforcement the additional tensile force, ΔFtd,
should be calculated according to 6.2.3 (7). For members without shear
reinforcement ΔFtd may be estimated by shifting the moment curve a
distance al = d according to 6.2.2 (5). This "shift rule” may also be used
as an alternative for members with shear reinforcement, where:

al = z (cot θ - cot α)/2 = 0.5 z cot θ for vertical shear links

z= lever arm, θ = angle of compression strut

al = 1.125 d when cot θ = 2.5 and 0.45 d when cot θ = 1

 Curtailment of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3, Fig 9.2 Concise: 12.2.2

Envelope of (M Ed /z +N Ed)
lbd
Acting tensile force lbd

Resisting tensile force lbd

Ftd
al

al
lbd
Ftd
lbd lbd
“Shift rule”
lbd lbd

• For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with al = d

• For members with shear reinforcement: al = 0.5 z Cot 

But it is always conservative to use al = 1.125d
Anchorage of Bottom
Reinforcement at End Supports
(9.2.1.4)
Tensile Force Envelope
al

Shear shift rule

Simple support (indirect) Simple support (direct)

• As bottom steel at support  0.25 As provided in the span

• lbd is required from the line of contact of the support.

• Transverse pressure may only be taken into account with
a ‘direct’ support.
Simplified Detailing Rules for
Beams
Concise: Cl 12.2.4

How to….EC2
Detailing section
 Supporting Reinforcement at
‘Indirect’ Supports Concise: Cl 12.2.8
EC2: Cl. 9.2.5
B
A supporting beam with height h1
B supported beam with height h2 (h1  h2)
 h 2 /3
 h 2 /2

Plan view

• The supporting reinforcement is in

 h 1 /3
addition to that required for other A
reasons  h 1 /2

• The supporting links may be placed in a zone beyond

the intersection of beams
Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3
• Curtailment – as beams except for the “Shift” rule al = d
may be used
• Flexural Reinforcement – min and max areas as beam
• Secondary transverse steel not less than 20% main
reinforcement

• Reinforcement at Free Edges

Detailing Comparisons
Beams EC2 BS 8110
Main Bars in Tension Clause / Values Values
As,min 9.2.1.1 (1): 0.26 fctm/fykbd  0.0013 bh
0.0013 bd
As,max 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd 0.04 bh
Main Bars in Compression
As,min -- 0.002 bh
As,max 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd 0.04 bh
Spacing of Main Bars
smin 8.2 (2): dg + 5 mm or  or 20mm dg + 5 mm or 
Smax Table 7.3N Table 3.28
Links
Asw,min 9.2.2 (5): (0.08 b s fck)/fyk 0.4 b s/0.87 fyv
sl,max 9.2.2 (6): 0.75 d 0.75d
st,max 9.2.2 (8): 0.75 d  600 mm d or 150 mm from main bar
9.2.1.2 (3) or 15 from main bar
Detailing Comparisons
Slabs EC2 BS 8110
Main Bars in Tension Clause / Values Values
As,min 9.2.1.1 (1): 0.26 fctm/fykbd  0.0013 bh
0.0013 bd
As,max 0.04 bd 0.04 bh
Secondary Transverse Bars
As,min 9.3.1.1 (2): 0.2As for single way 0.002 bh
slabs
As,max 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd 0.04 bh
Spacing of Bars
smin 8.2 (2): dg + 5 mm or  or 20mm dg + 5 mm or 
9.3.1.1 (3): main 3h  400 mm
Smax secondary: 3.5h  450 mm 3d or 750 mm
places of maximum moment:
main: 2h  250 mm
secondary: 3h  400 mm
Detailing Comparisons
Punching Shear EC2 BS 8110
Links Clause / Values Values
Asw,min 9.4.3 (2): Link leg = 0.053 sr st Total = 0.4ud/0.87fyv
(fck)/fyk
Spacing of Links
Sr 9.4.3 (1): 0.75d 0.75d
St 9.4.3 (1): 1.5d
within 1st control perim.: 1.5d
outside 1st control perim.: 2d
Columns
Main Bars in Compression
As,min 9.5.2 (2): 0.10NEd/fyk  0.002bh 0.004 bh
As,max 9.5.2 (3): 0.04 bh 0.06 bh
Links
Min size 9.5.3 (1) 0.25 or 6 mm 0.25 or 6 mm
Scl,tmax 9.5.3 (3): min (12min; 0.6 b;240 mm) 12
9.5.3 (6): 150 mm from main bar 150 mm from main bar