Parts of Speech

1. Noun (kata benda)

Noun Definition:

A noun is a word or phrase that represent a person, a place, a thing or activity, or a quality or
idea.

Noun Examples:

Jeffrey, Korea, pen, New Year, dog, cat, elephant, garden, school, work, music, town, Manila,
teacher, farmer, Bob, Sean, Michael, police officer, France, coffee, football, danger, happiness…

Noun example sentences:

  The teacher told the children to stop chattering in class.
 John is good at French but weak at History.

2. Verb (kata kerja)

Verb Definition:

A verb is a word or group of words that describes an action, experience or expresses a state of
being.

Examples:

Walk, is, seem, realize, run, see, swim, stand, go, have, get, promise, invite, listen, sing, sit,
laughed, walk…

Verb example sentences:

 Don’t try to run before you can walk.

 Did you kiss anybody?
 Leave me alone!

3. Pronoun (kata ganti)

Pronoun Definition:

A pronoun is used instead of a noun or noun phrase in a sentence. A pronoun may take place of
the name of a person, place or thing.

 Personal Pronoun (I, you, they, she)

 Demonstrative Pronoun (this, those)
 Interrogative Pronoun (who, what, which)
 Relative Pronoun (who, which, that)
 Indefinite Pronoun (anything, none)
 Reflexive Pronoun dan Intensive Pronoun (myself, yourself)
 Reciprocal Pronoun (each other, one another)

Examples:

I, me, we, you, he, she, yours, himself, its, my, that, this, those, us, who, whom

Pronoun example sentences:

 Richard isn’t at work this week; he‘s gone on holiday.

 Don’t tell her the truth.
  She tried it herself.
 You can’t blame him for everything.
 The woman who called yesterday wants to buy the house.

4. Adjective (kata sifat)

Adjective Definition:

An adjective describes a noun or a pronoun.

Examples:

Beautiful, seven, cute, second, tall, blue, angry, brave, careful, healthy, little, old, generous, red,
smart, two, small, tall, some, good, big, useful, interesting…

Brown dog, red car, tall boy, fat cat, big garden.

Adjective example sentences:

 The flowers have a nice smell.

 The chatter made the room noisy.
 The pickles are salty.

5. Adverb (kata keterangan)

Adverb Definition:

An adverb describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence.

Examples:

Neatly, in the market, every day, tomorrow, very, badly, fully, carefully, hardly, nearly, hungrily,
never, quickly, silently, well, really, almost…

Adverb example sentences:

 She carefully preserved all his letters.

 We usually go to restaurant on Sundays.
 He never turned up.
 David is clearly unhappy to be here.

6. Conjunction (kata hubung)

Conjunction Definition:
A conjunction connects words, phrases or clauses in a sentence.

Examples:

And, however, still, but, or, so, after, since, before, either, neither, because, unless…

Conjunction example sentences:

 I want to get home before it rains.

 I will go shopping, or I will go camping.
 Once you learn it, you never forget.
 I will eat either carrots or peas for dinner.

7. Preposition (kata depan)

Preposition Definition:

A preposition is used before a noun, pronoun, or gerund to show place, time, direction,… in a
sentence.

Examples:

In, on, at, about, apropos, according to, after, along, above, except, from, near, of, before,
since, between, upon, with, to, after, toward…

Preposition example sentences:

 I always wear these shoes with this dress.

 You should receive a reply within seven days.
  I saw that news in the newspapers.
 Divide it among the children in class.
 The hotel is over the bridge.
 1. Simple Present Tense
Rumus Subject + Verb 1 (present form)

Kata Sinyal always, every, never, normally, often, sometimes, usually, seldom

Kalimat Positif He always works very hard in the company

Kalimat Negatif He does not work very hard in the company.

Does he work very hard in the company?

Kalimat Tanya
Yes, he does. / No, he does not.

Simple present tense adalah bentuk tense yang paling umum digunakan. Bentuk ini biasanya
digunakan untuk menunjukan fakta, kebiasaan, dan kejadian yang terjadi pada saat ini.

2. Present Continuous Tense

Rumus Subject + am/is/are + Verb -ing (continuous form)

Kata Sinyal at the moment, just now, now, right now, Listen!, Look!
Kalimat Positif Look! He is talking with his classmates.

Kalimat Negatif He is not playing computer games now.

Is he playing computer games at the moment?

Kalimat Tanya
Yes, he is. / No, he is not.

Present continuous tense biasanya digunakan untuk membicarakan aksi yang sedang
berlangsung saat pembicaraan sedang berlangsung atau bisa juga digunakan untuk rencana di
masa depan.

3. Present Perfect Tense

Rumus Subject + has/have+ Verb III (past participle form)

Kata Sinyal already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

Kalimat Positif He has already finished his homework.

Kalimat Negatif He has not been to Australia so far.

Has he completed the arrangement for the coming event up to now?

Kalimat Tanya
Yes, he has. / No, he has not.

Present perfect tense menekankan pada hasil. Tense ini menunjukkan aksi yang masih sedang
berlangsung atau baru saja selesai.

4. Simple Past Tense

Rumus Subject + Verb II (past form)

Kata Sinyal yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1996, last Thursday, this morning

Kalimat Positif Last year, he always worked until night.

Kalimat Negatif He did not go to school this morning.

Kalimat Tanya Did he pay the bill yesterday? Yes, he did. / No, he did not.

Simple past tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi di masa
lampau.

5. Past Continuous Tense

Rumus Subject + WAS/WERE + Verb -ing (continuous form)

Kata Sinyal when, while, as long as, at this time yesterday

Kalimat Positif He was speaking when I entered in room.

Kalimat Negatif He was not doing his homework at this time yesterday.

Was he writing the letter to his parents when I was out last Tuesday?
Kalimat Tanya
Yes, he was. / No, he was not.

Past continuous tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi sedang terjadi pada
waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Biasanya ada dua kejadian di masa lampau dan satu kejadian
menginterupsi kejadian yang lain. Kejadian yang sedang diinterupsi tersebut yang
menggunakan past continuous tense.

6. Past Perfect Tense

Rumus Subject + HAD + Verb III (past participle form)

Kata Sinyal before yesterday, till three days ago, already, until that day

Kalimat Positif He had finished his designs before he went to work yesterday.

Kalimat Negatif He had not been a high school student until last year.

Had he entered the company before he achieved his master degree in 1990?
Kalimat Tanya
Yes, he had. / No, he had not.

Past perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan sebuah kejadian yang terjadi sebelum waktu
tertentu di masa lampau dan lebih menekankan pada fakta daripada durasi.

7. Simple Future Tense

Rumus Subject + “WILL/ BE GOING TO” + Verb (present form)

Kata Sinyal in a year, next …, tomorrow, next week, five days later

Kalimat Positif He is going to be journalist after he graduate next year.

He will not play computer games anymore because he understand how harmful they
Kalimat Negatif
are.

Kalimat Tanya Will he go to the cinema tomorrow with us?

 Yes, he will. / No, he will not.

Simple Future tense mengindikasikan suatu aksi di masa yang akan datang dan tidak dapat
dipengaruhi. Dapat juga digunakan untuk pembuatan keputusan di masa depan yang spontan
atau asumsi yang berhubungan dengan masa yang akan datang. “Will” dan “be going to”
merupakan 2 indikator umum pada tenses ini.

8. Future Continuous Tense

Rumus Subject + “WILL/BE GOING TO” + “BE” + Verb (continuous form)

Kata Sinyal tomorrow morning, in one year

Kalimat Positif He will be delivering the speech to undergraduates at 3 p.m tomorrow afternoon.

Kalimat Negatif He will not be doing the task in the office this afternoon because he is sick.

Will he be playing football next morning in the playground?

Kalimat Tanya
Yes, he will./ No, he will not.

Future continuous tense menunjukkan aksi yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa yang
akan datang dan aksi yang pasti akan terjadi dalam waktu dekat.