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The apexes of the chevron point back toward the origin of the fracture
Factors affecting the toughness and ductility of a material are: the stress system, notch
sensitivity, size, design, workmanship, and enviornment effects.
Also of concern are material variables, including chemical composition, grain size,
cleanliness, anisotrophy, processing problem, and embrittlement phenomena
Influence of a stress raiser, or concentrator, is much greater for a brittle material than for a
ductile material
Aluminium and Silicon when used as deoxidizer to promote fine grain size also improve
toughness.
Silicon in excess of that required for fine grain size lower the toughness
Careful control of the oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorous contents is also important to
prevent loss of toughness
Toughness is raised by refining the grain size of steel – ferrite or prior austenite grain size
In general, steel exhibits the highest when the test sample is oriented parallel to the hot-
working direction.
Toughness is lowest when specimen is oriented in the short transverse (through-thickness)
Due to unfavorable carbide morphology, upper bainite generally has poor toughness. Lower
bainite exhibits better toughness as the isothermal transformation temperature decreases.