Engineering

Materials

LECTURE (2)
 Creep
• Occurs at elevated temperature, T > 0.4 Tmelt
• Deformation changes with time.

 strain, 
 INCREASING T

tertiary
0 t
primary secondary

elastic T < 0.4

0 4 Tm
time
0 Adapted from
Figs. 8.26 and 8.27,
Callister 6e.
 Constant load creep
curve
I II
Strrain ()) →

III
0 0 → Initial instantaneous strain
t →
 The distinguishability of the three stages strongly depends on T and 
Constant Stress creep curve

I II
Strainn () →

III

t →
Stages of creep

I  Creep rate decreases with time

 Effect of work hardening more than recovery

II  Stage
St off minimum
i i creep rate
t → constant
t t
 Work hardening and recovery balanced

III  Absent (/delayed very much) in constant stress tests

 Necking
N ki off specimen
i start
 specimen failure processes set in
 Effect of stress

Sttrain () →
Elastic strains
 →

Increasing stress
0 increases

 → 0
0   '
0
''
0 t →
 Effect of temperature

Sttrain () →
E↓ as T↑
 →

Increasing T
0 increases

0
 →
t →
 0  0'  0''

As decrease in E with temperature is usually small the 0 increase is also small

 Steady-state
y Creep
p Rate

where
h K and
d n are material
i l constants.
Steady-state
y Creep
p Rate
Rupture
p Life Time
3- FERROUS METALS
&
HEAT TREATMENT
Iron–Carbon Phase Diagram

Eutectic

Eutectoid
 Eutectoid
(0 76 wt%
(0.76 % C)
Pearlite = (α+ Fe3C) Eutectoid