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    11 - FIT - Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Prestressed Ground Anchorages

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    Vladimir Correa Oporto

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    ce er Oe KHS NETIC corrosion protection (Oe eon a RNUTICC RTI I) ested ony Ty BR oneCMtolenel aS) State of the art report Corrosion and corrosion protection of prestressed ground anchorages RAN iba ME COREA TR EON OnCINE yaigsh th esis v Thomas Telford London FIP COMMISSION ON PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION Charman: P. Mat, Switeeiand Telia Secretary: W. E. Murphy S.Inomata, Japan W. Podolny, USA. RW. levi, New Zealand 3.4, Sarang, Hungary PJ. Jags, india HD. Staite, GDR P. Bote, France D.Jungwirh, FRG TIN, Subba Bao, India Cheng Qinggu, China ZL Koch, Australia 2 Torvinen, Finland B,D. Cox, South Attica A Lindbiad, Sweden KILI. Tih, France M. Ducommun, Canada Lindgren, Norway Vi, tly S-P. Fadon, Spin G.$"Litejohn, UK 1B Votes, Cuschoslovakia 1 Fogaras, Hungary P/Mobr, Beamer Wool, FRO Jey, Ges, The Netherlands L Mucho, FRG L. Groenvek, The Netherlands Paterson, Seen WORKING GROUP ON CORROSION AND CORROSION PROTECTION OF PRESTRESSED ‘GROUND ANCHORAGES (Chairman G;S. Litto, UK, Members CCewteli- cui, tay PJ. Nicholson, USA M. Dacommun, Canada H. Onermayer, FRG P. Dupeuble, France R.Parry-Davies, South Aca D.J-Howel, Hong Kong G.Petrasovits, Hungary Y. Ina Japan DLE. Weatherby, USA R. Walrwia, New Zealand P. Wills, Aastala P.J. Krupet, South Affica Woe, FRG P. Mat, Switeand I Zali, Cezchosovakia Polished by Thomas Tellord Lid, Tord Hous, PO Box 10), 26-4 OW Street, London ECP 1JH, England Fit poised 1986 ‘Beh Library Cataloguing in Pubeaton Date Reeve (Sceto on Least raion iio Sees (6 eden Intron ee Pin, 96 A ahi edtig wantin rere. Exe fr i cprng so pt i pun may eerie tro ina ea stn 0 ‘noms nyo by any mee tons cara Pesci ng is iow! pb win frm ef {Brusca Merge Tolitd a PO Bo 36-36 Set Lanes SCP LL Alou th Fon Inaronal Psat oe set ene tha ny aati mye necro Sieyoe ‘poy oy tin (alg iy sep) ld ea ope ye alent, eee sao ‘et by Bl nd in Li spon Pred dnd by Eo Pre (1985) Li Louhorogh FOREWORD Following the publication of Recommendations for the design and construction of prestressed ground anchors in May 1982 (FIP Report 2/1, FIP, Cement and ‘Concrete Association, Wexham Springs, 1982), the Working Group, nevly chaired by Professor G. S. Littlejohn, has prepared the present Report. ‘An international survey has been made of reported casts of tendon corrosion. ‘Compared with earlier reviews, there was a much greater willingness to. pro information on problems which had occurred, Despite this, the number of eases of corrosion reported is very small compared with the enormous number of anchorages which have been installed. ‘The low incidence of corrosion problems does not justify complacency. This Report is an excellent base upon which to improve the understanding of the potential danger of corrosion and to take elective countermeasures for the protection of prestressed ground anchorages. Properly designed and constructed ground anchorages will then continue to be reliable structural elements for the {emporary or permanent securing of structures, slopes or cavities. 1 wish fo express my thanks to the Chairman’ and members of the Working Group for preparing this useful Report, P. Matt Chairmen FIP Commission on Practical Construction ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: ‘The Chairman of the Working Group, G. S. Littlejohn, wishes to thank all the ‘members of the working group who assisted in the preparation of this Report by their constructive contributions in writing and in discussion ‘CONTENTS. 1. Imeoduion 2 Prestesing ste tendon ‘3. Mechanisms of corrosion 34. General 32. Galvanic setion 33. Micro-cels 34 Ditrential aration els : 35. Diflerentialconcenteation cells 4. Types of corrosion 41. General 42. Goneralied attack. 43. Localized attack : 44, Bacterial attack 45, Stes corosion/hydrogen embrittlement 46, Corrosion fatigue : 47, Suay curent corrosion 48, Fring coresion 5. Grow aggresiyy 51 Aggressive towards metals 52 Asgesivty towards cementitious grout orconerete 53. Corrosion of tein hyde cement 54, Agaresive circumstances for anchorages 6, Corrosion performance of ground anchorages 1. Corson protection 74, General recommendations. 72 Properties fa protective system, 73, Principle of protection Protecting systems 81. General 82, Fre lenth o tendon 83, Bond fenath of tendon BA, Anchor head Appenix 1, Cathode protection Appeniix 2. Greases Appendix 3. Specified properties of plastics References 18 ” 8 En ” 1 is Report summarizes the mechanisms and types of corrosion to which «ground anchorage comprising 1 presuesing slat tendon can be wibeted, Ground fggreivity towards metals and cementitious mata | discused together ‘with the corrosion of steal ia hydraulic cement. The ockdenoe of tendon corrosion based on Topored case histories i tabulated. and INTRODUCTION conclusions are given, Asa result of these observations {1 corrosion protection plosophy Is propored, Together with fre clases of protection. The ehooe of the degree of protection isthe responsibilty of the designe, ad ekampes ‘ef tendon protection currently femployed in practice ate ilistated inthe account that fallow 2. PRESTRESSING STEEL TENDON In current practice, tendons fr ground anchorages are chowea from the range of high-ens stesl sed a Dresiressd concrete. These stele are manoactred Sind proceso in various ways all of which Inuenoe the properties of the materia, inclading suscep to corrosion. For example, Burden and. Rothwell confi tha plain carbon 'colddrawn end. patented Steis are es susceptible to. hpdrogen embellerent than the quenched and tempered plain carbon stele ot the hig tenath allo sels ‘As a. consequence of the variety of steels, no standard ‘propartis can be provided but generally Speaking, tars have charactersuc tensle suengths of 500-1400 Njnmé for diameters of 12—A0mm, col drawn wites have strengths of 1470-1860 N/nin® for Gamers of 2mm, and sevn-wire strands or ‘ran strands have strengths of 1670-2000 jm for diameters of 75-18mm. Detaled guidance on the {ypes and properis of prestressng seal gion in erence 2 3. MECHANISMS OF CORROSION M,_ Goneral ss mgt tals in oman we a seid ‘extraction from thee oxide, 4 proves requiring an Inga of energy. The refined metals ae, tetefore, ia fess stable stato than the form in which they oor satually and wil, under appropriate conditions, tend {o revert (o onde, i covtode, Unless a constraint it present to inhibit corrosion, the metal will react with fxygen and water to form oxide andlor hydronis, The type of corrosion produced will depend. upon ‘environmental factors and wil ano be dependent upon the type of electrochemical cell formed. The formation of electrochemical calls discuted in Sections 33-35, 32, Galvani ation TE evo metal ae in electrical contact with an fone solution, an electrochemical cell wil beset up de to the difrence in the respective metal potetials The sore noble metal wil function a8 the eathode, thus Simulating the other metal to act asthe anode and, Under some conditions, to corrode. The cureate dereoped in sich cele depend ‘on sastocemia inluenees on the corzesion process octrring and 03 cavronmeatal conditions. The smaller the anodie ates the more severe the attack, av metal lost & diet ‘elated to corrosion ‘current and time. Inground Anchorage, galvanic cls can be st dp by the contact af ifeent types of meta ured in the constuction of the anchoragh and, where thece is 3 possiblity of the formation of such cel, special precautions shou be taken to eminate the corosion hzatd 33. Micro-celis Bimetaliccorosion is concerned with the formation of cals between dering metals, whereas micro-els fan_dewelop on single pieces of metal or alloy in Appropriate envzoaments Such formation the result of inbemogeacies inthe metal surtace exued bythe bsenco of varying composition, espesally in aoys nd, hence, diferent acrode potenti 3A. Differential aeration ls "These els are of particular importance in relation to the development of corrosion inground anchorapes, and can oscar where the tendon pases fom ground of ‘one pore structure to thal of anothen eg. when Snchorages” passthrough ground that has been Dantialy disturbed end then fnto undisturbed ground, or through gravel and then into cay. Dilerental eration cells are formed when metals experience an ionie environment, in which diferent concentrations of dissolved oxygen’ ue. present Pars of the metal surrounded by a high’ oxygea concentration form cathodic areas, whereas parts in the. low oxygen oncentaion form anodic areas To achieve Signieant corrosion rate, an appreciable amount of ‘oygen has to be present so that attack is usally found to occur in places dose to the boundary of the oxygenated, calode areas AS. Differential concentration cells “Apart fom oxygen, diflrential els can form where the metal is in an’ environment of varying “ome sHeength, eg variations in pH ean produce difeenta! concentration cells, because pit ea measure the hydrogen on concentation or hyroryl ion concentration. Thee eels are usally macro-cell and Senin the amounis of oxygen that are prowet wll ‘ecermine what the corotion rat wl be, should be noted that pit values alone are not reliable indicators of the aggressiviyof the ground singe chemical composition, nature of the environment ‘nd resistivity ae also important (ee Section 1) 4. TYPES OF CORROSION 41. General ‘Typer of corrosion can be categorized into three broad) areas, geaeraleed attack, Tocalled attack and cracking due either to hydrogen “embritement or ‘ress corrosion: These types of atack ar lutte in Fie 1 42. Geveraized stack ‘This results in. approximate uniform attack of « metal where discrete anodic and athodi sites or ares do not exist, This means that anode and cathode areas fare equal, that anodic and eathodie polarization are also-equa! and both procestes equally conttl the corrosion rae. I is posible forthe corrosion prodict ‘0 forma continuous fn and retard farter attack 43. Localize auack In broad terms, if separate corrosion calls are pretent on the metal surface then localized corrosion san “oovar, The. separate corosion alt canbe ‘Gatingustea Dy vanetions in the sletrode potential ‘over the metal surface. The corrosion becomes more localized as the ratio of cathodic to anodic aes inerese, with one of the electrical reactions having overall contol of the’ corrosion rate, which is Unpredictable in practice. Localized attack is enerally associated with the presence ofa protective oxide fim ‘on the metal or alloy, and a mechiniem of ptng or xevie ‘corosion will ocear in the. presence of Sagreaive Tons such ar chloride. An’ importent consequence of pitting is that the localized attack may be very sever, yo te ftal metal weight lose is small (Ger Fig. 2, leis generally acepted that piting can be desined in elation to pit geometry and although the feract distinction betwen pitting “and localized ‘corrosion is somewhat arbitrary, i has bosn suggested that this tanstion occurs when te rato of average it width to depth is 4 or les? although a ratio of 1 is the most widely accepted definition of apt 44, Bacterial stack ‘The most common form of bacterial attack results fom the metabolic. processes of sulphat bacteria” (SRB) "ublizing sulphate in conditions Suitable anaerobic conditions are found in spaces Slated rom atmespheie oxygen, pariculay in suiphate-tearing clay or organic sls below the water lable. SRB are most active at pil values of 62-78" im tod actin 8 doveson al te Ihydrogen. Ifthe ell ir located in. near-anaerobic condition, the hydrogen ir slowly” depolarced by fesidval Oxjgen dissolved in the ground. water The ‘waste product of SRB metabolam ts ruptide fons, Iwhich Feat with the metal allowing dsolution of the {nodic repion of the corrosion ell to give etal Silphides, eg mackinawite, A soft deposi of black ion sulphides resulls when iron is corse in Watevioged clay, as citint from hard black magnetite epost anothe corosion product in oxygen-deient ‘condition. I the corosion cells located in more open-extured soll than clay, which permits ingress of atmospheric ‘oxygen to the boundaries ofthe anaerobic regoa, ori the ground water is contaminated. wih iat, the ssiphor cjele can be completed by the metabolism of © 4H on Se = wen GS hs Pe. Pag cron ‘ulphuroxiisng bacteria (SOB) which can produce Sulphuric acid a a waste product, which ia tum can Gistolve metal and concrete Bacterial tack ean either be localize, e-piting, oF more genesaied and must depends upon. the mature of the ol, depth of fenbedmeat and the presence of any protective coating ‘or exid ln on the metal srtace, 45, Stress corsion/hydroge embritiement ‘Stress corosion cracking (SCC) ie produced by the conjoint action of internal or external sate tease Sires and localize corrosion. SCC i most commonly encountered with alloys where a pasvalng oxide fim |S present in connection with the presence of certain Specie corrosion media, ep. exrbon stesl sirond alkali or nitrate solutions and austenite sinks tel in the prsence of chloride ions. The mechanism of SCC is! ot filly understood, bai localized action of orrosion produces marrow pit where the pit botion is anodic and undergoing acve metal disoluton but hes the sides are passivated This awe the tensile stress present fo become highly concentrated at the 8p ofthe pit, Le the bottom, resulting in the production offre metal surfaes at which farther diwoution can focue, Propagation oczurs under the conoit action producing racking citer along grain boundaries finegranular) oc on sip. planes within the sta latice (ansgranuay), eventually causing a suffcient ‘eduction in erosesection fr faire to cota by plastic fracture, Uhl inate that ighstrongth ste with kd strengths greater than 141mm’, or @ Rockwell © hardness value grote than 40, ae saseepbl to SCC: aulphides ee presen Phelpe™ har sated that the equivalent Rockwell C threshold is reduced to 22. ‘Hydrogen embilement involves the migration of atomic hydrogen info the” metal Tate, where ‘molecules are formed, bulding up internal presure 1a (he metal. The atomic hydrogen may have been formed by corrosion of the metal itself or by corrosion of the bser meal in dies contact with the former, The hydrogen may also have entered the meta during some manuacturing proces, eg. pickling ‘Cracking ofthe msal can then either be as «direct consequence of the tense sees developed by the hydrogen isl or where a certain erica ena sree is extemallyapplcl, the later being sometimes called hydropen cracking. Hydrogen embritiement i worsened in steel by the presence ‘of bismuth, lead, Sulphur, ellrium,sleniugn or arsenis, the later being the most dangerous, sins this inhibits the rection of hydrogen atoms to molecules, Atomic hydrogen may enter the metal over an tended perio, and hydrogen embitementTalures have been reported yeas after installation, 46. Corrson fine “This isthe reslt ofthe conjoint action of corrosion and cylic stress. In contrat to. SCC, conrsion fatigue occurs inmost aqueous media and. is not ‘onnected with special combinations of aggressive fon land metal "The mechanisms sem to involve 30 exposite of oxidediee cold-worked metal that ‘becomes anodic and corredes, trangrendlar cracks aradually developing under the eee tesng. 47, Suay eurreat coe Sway diet currents are preset in ground as a result of eloteal leak, or lure to provide postive and permanent electrical earthing Sta) currents case forrsion at locations where” creat leaves “the Sinutue and enters the ground or water eerste. ‘Structares that may" be llc are all those associated with elected rail oF ‘amway systems, Structures ia which there i 8 very large amount of ‘wading, og nuclear vessels and ia es stuctures a ‘which concrete and sts act composite, with the sea water acting as_elecrolys, eg lsbore plalorns, ‘ays and fating docks, Highensie sel used in tendons is more sense o seay citrent corrosion than normal stead fertain precautions are necessary in these strstares ‘wm Ut ype of corroxion may take place, "The guiding principles are that the structures should be desgned to. prevent the development of stray currents by stitable-inwlation. Sheer" provides ‘engral introduction (0 stray current cortsion and FIP" reports onthe. isos of stay. sotcicl currents on the durablty of prestesed concrete 48,_Fretng corrosion Freting is a surface wear phenomenon occuring between two contacting” suehees having ovlltng relative motion of small amplitode Freting corrosion 1S a form of fteing, in which. chemial reaction predominate. Freting can occur with less than 10~!mm of relative sip between sorlces, andthe major factors Mes Uetng action ate normal presure between Surfaces, sip amplitude, ticdon, environmen, mating matesals and nomber of "applisd eyes The ‘mechanism "of feting that eventually” relia locales racks is presently not Enown With certain. 5. GROUND AGGRESSIVITY ‘SA, Agarssivity tomards met ‘Although water conten, tgpresive ion content, eg. chloride and sulphate ons, and. permeability of he {ground al iaNuence corrosion, ie ove accepted that Some generalized measure of redox potential and soil ‘eastity can be applied fo the assesment of poteatia ‘ol corrosivene to embedded metals” Table I gives guidance for sols of single composition ‘Special precautions may be needed where the anchorage passes through sata of difering composi to avord evelopment. of diferetial embedment cll ASTM report STP. 161°" on underground. corrosion giver Ufo data. on the” processes and. measurements Involved. In the absengs of such date, ground and ound water samples should te taken for detaled hema! analysis to judge agresivily. Ble Caron f alread ies fray oe eet foe soe sel hl ken or Sed cml aes eo 52. Aggrssivty towards cementhious grout or 524." General Recommendations regarding grout durability. are based on those already publsed for concrete, and are snot developed from dsta on grouts The more Important conditions are now descbed 522. Sulphaesearng ground and growed water ‘Aqueots solutions of sulphates aitack the set coment in concrete or grout, the chemical reacone occuring depending upos the kindof rulptate present and the nature of the cement. The rale of attack. depends eatly on the permeability of the conerete of Ero. ‘The factors influencing aac area follows (@) amount and nature ofthe sulphate present (0) level of the water tale and its seasonal vtiation {e) form of construction (@) type and quality ofthe conerete or rout. sulphate conditions cannot be. prevented from feaching the structure, the only dtence agaist attack lcs in the control of the fourth facton i canaot be ‘emphasized too strongly tat dense concrete or grott flow permeability should be used. Reference to national codat is recommended for suidance on the requirements for coneote exposed to Sulphate atack with pariularrepard to the (pe of ment, minimum cement content and maxima ‘ater/ement rato 5.23. Aci-berin ground and ground water ‘Experience seems to" indcae thal, despte_ the vulnetabity of eaeateous cements to. attack fom acids, for most uses below ground level ltl erosion of ‘well-made concrete takes place whon the pil is above 5S and the water Is slagnant. Where’ the pH. is between $5 and 35, a dene grout should be supplied and. the use of pulverized! ash (pla) or ground granulated blast Turnace slag. may be. benefcal Valves of pit below 33 are unusal.and, wales in stagnant water, aleratve grouts to those based on ‘ordinary Portidnd cement should be considered 53. Corrosion of stein hydrate cement Tt ie genealy accepted that” one method of prctenting corrosion ito ensure that the ats! Surrounded by an alkaline environment in the. pHl ange 1-13. “Hydrated cement provides an vironment in this pH tangs, the normal vale being 126, at which sta is protected in the absence of !ugressve anions. At this pH, 2 passive fl forms on the sleet which reduces" the rate of any. futher corrosion to minimal levels. Thus cement grout or ‘concrete cover provides chemical as wel a puyscl protection to the steel However, dat 10 the lose of Drotctve alatniky round the steal of the prsence {t aggressre anions, notably chloride, im the grout fr concrete, of a combination of both theae ators Seamus) 6 ae i which coraon coy in the tel tendon er anchor bead components. ‘Alkalinity in grout or concrete can be lost by reaction with ace. puser in the atmoenhere, Le carbon dioride and sulphur diode, and/or leaching by water fom the sure, Grout and concrete are pomeable and can allow ingress of the atmosphere; fe adie gate reat with the alka, usually calcum, sodium and potassium hydroxides, and neutralize thera ‘by forming carbonates and sulpheies a the same tine reducing the pH. If the eavbonaied ont. travels Sullciently into the grout or eonrete to intreop with the tendon oF reiforoanent, protection wll be lst And, if both oxygen and moisture ate available, the Steal wil probably corrode. It normal to acept, a the Jong term a depres of alkalinity Tons according {0 the penmeability and porosity ofthe grout or concrete, and fo ensure that th depth of cover tothe tendon of frente 1 the orcs i saieny eater than that of the carbonation (normaly few milimete) so that the tel wll remain in an alkaline Sstzonient for the service eof the ABChOFNES ‘Cracks in the grout, formed as result of tense loading svinkage or eter factors, can also allo the Ingres ofthe etmosphere and aggresive anlons, and provide point fom which the carbonation front can Sevelop, the crack penetrates to the ste, proveesion an be lst especially as there isa tendency, at least, Under tense Toading, for debonding of the stel to ‘osu to am extent om ether side of the eas (Fg 3) ‘This wil "disrupt the insmediate contact of the eel with the alkali grout environment and 0 destroy protection in the eiity ofthe debonding “The extent af subveguentcorronion willbe determined by a number of factor, which include the ‘width of crac, loading conditions either constant of Mvetuating, degree of exposure. and. atmosphere pollution. In some circumstances, the cracks wll be losed "bythe" products of eitbonation reactions, Ingress of debsis or a combination of both thse inuenees, so retcting further oxygen and moisture soces and minimizing further corrosion. But where ‘racks are not closed inthis manner and/or are subject, to movement resulting from uctuaing load conditions, oxygen and moisture will sll have access {o the unprotected ste surface, and corrosion can be expected (0 progress at arate which cannot be predicted. ‘With epard to corosion of tel in concrete and its relation to caching! cortosion fe Ukely to sar ft ‘whore a bar intersects & crack In the short tem, eg tivo yearn there is a sigalicaat influence of erect ‘with on te amount of corrosion found neat a crack, Inthe tong tenm, eg. ten years, however, based on observations of OOS-1Smin cache, the elect ot ‘ieences in these widthe of erack'on the" amount 3 Cintins ne to shored rinfoig ba (fr ate a of corrosion reduces dramatically. Nevertheless, the Smaller the crack the lower the corrosion isk and ‘where cement grout or concete Is used {0 form 8 protective arr in permanent anchorages the use of Grackinhibiting tenforcement “may be’ desirable ‘Although there is Title eld evidence to indicate what track widths. are acceptable ip a ementiogs Profective tari, an upper limiting crack width of Om is proposed for gldance (ee alo Section 73), based on the work of Houston etal Ryell and Richardson" "Sohesd!® Bey?" Neue!” and Onell ‘The passivity provided by the alkaline conditions can aso be desrayed by the presence of ehlorde fons, ‘ren though high level of tlkaliny rns the ‘rout ‘The chloride ion. can locally depassate the ‘etal end promote active metal dieolstion, Chlorides ‘eect with the calciom sluminates and fies fy the grout” to form calcium chlorosluminaes and horofrites, compounds which ae sll and prevent {he chloride reacting They ony remain stable while in chemical equlibrium with a small mount of chloride In the aqueous phase of the grout Its the eboride in Solution that ise to promote corrosion of the sta [At Tow levee of chlorge fon in the aqueous phase, ‘corrosion will be minimal, but as the concetration Increases, the coke of corrosion will be sigiieantly jester. Thus, the amouat of clorige inthe grout and, fi tum, the amouat of fice chloride in the aqisoas pase, which spurl fanetion of the cement content, Wil inuenee ‘the ssk "of tel corrosion It it ‘Recommended chit the tolal chloride contet of the {rout derived from all sours should not exceed 017, By weight of cement for 3 sresed tendon Tn marine conditions, subtle material changes occur ‘between hyated cement and sea wate, Thve changes reed to be idenifed because some changes may be fem and. some. bese Tt appears that low permeability concrete can become watertight in sea Water. The cause hus not been determined, but one explanation is the blocking of pore spaces by the ‘rystalzation oF precipitation of chemi! products created by the interaction ‘of seawater ions and hydrated. coment, The free corrosion potential on an embedded steal tendon may als fall and stabilize at @ Sey low value after a shot period of 6-18 month in submerged conditions. This i probably caused by cxygen starvation inthe fort of low on ition ve S4._Ageresive circumstance for anchorages ‘Good durability of ground. anchorage is vital in ensuing thet structural eeetivenest and performanoe over the long term, Io this respect, protstion of the fendon against “corrosion “is osetia) and. an Understanding of ‘possible corrosion hazards it paral vale wen cooing protective sens. The Inain hazards arse as a elt of ground agarestvity, land the foregoing recommendations imply that the following, or similar, creumstance will demand consideration of eorerion prtestion (@) anchorages in situations exposed 10 sea water, ‘which contains chlorides and sulphates (&) anchorage ia saturated clays mith low oxygen content and high sulphate content (©) anchorages In evaporite rocks that Chlorides is. salt ake deposits (@) anchorages in'soils in the vicinity of chemical {tors that have corrosive ellen, or which ate sbjat to a coctosive atmosphere (@) anchorages passing through Aetating eon waters () anchorags passing through part-aturated soils (@) aachorages ‘passing ‘through stata offering Shas nh aif ceil sempstin an (W) anchorages subject to eye Tending resulting in ‘yi stress changes within the tendon, In summary, exposure (© combinations of oxygen and chlorides, anaerobic conditions inthe presence of Sulpates or severely fluctuating and high sess Ives all enhance “the ate of corrosion, Cal, these ‘Greumstanees ate not comprebeasive and they may ‘iso vary in agpresiviy. Asa guide, however, Table 1 (Sections) attempt to elaiy around sagressity Wwith respec! to metals Tn regard. to attack on ‘ementtious products naonal standards can be used to diate mi design for diferent sulphate Snceatratons in the ground "The potential tte percolation of ground water atets “the ie of any anchorage, © Accordingly. Snchorages in hardrock of low permestiity should be Tegarded as being in vicually now-agaresve ‘condos Where agerssity is related to decsions on the degree of protction “required for temporary ‘nchorags, it suggested that, where praca he ‘roson history of buried metals in the vicnty of he proposed works should be established. This can Sometimes serve a5 2 sell gude to the degree of olson regute, provided care is taken to sasore {iat the contin, eg dure or undsttbed rou, are simi Consideration should also be given tothe eft of the contraction on ground water seepage, epeilly it this i Hkly to vet water through sta con agressive chemin, round with 6 CORROSION PERFORMANCE OF GROUND ANCHORAGES Some perspective may te given tothe subject by the fact that millions of highly stesed tendons have bees insalled ‘around the world and, to date, the FP ‘Working Group on Ground Achorages bas collected 35 case histories of failure by tendon corrosion, one of ‘which ted to the collapse of the compete structure) ‘round-anchorage ‘system, ‘but “under” crcumstanoes Telsted “(0 istalation "proseduree “and coreson Doecton, which Would note acceptable by Todays Handards, Of the 35 cases, 24 related to permanent anchorages (protected and unproteced) and 11 more temporary with no designed protetion other than cement grout over forthe fted. length abd, on. ocasons, ‘ecoupling sheath over the ie eng Generally speaking, corrosion fulres are_not well documented and ae seldom investigated methodically (0 diagnose the root cause, “Table 2 summarizes the key data accamulated from practice based on reported cas histories of tendon orrsion, notably Porte,” Herbst" Nucnberge™ Weatherby “and personal comunieations. The following observations and comments are presented, 1. Corrosion is invariably Ioclled and no tendon ‘ype appears to have a spel immunity in that nine Incidents involved. bur, 19 involved. wie and. eight involved strand, the period of service before false ranging from # few Wests to many pears for cach tendon type. Pallres ater fow weeks have Been de fo sues corrosion eraciing of hydrogen embrittlement, and it bas ‘been established em ‘various studies ‘that quencbed and’ tempered plain carbon steels and bighstength alloy stele ae mo susceptible to. hydrogen embrilement than’ other “These stels should be used with extreme caution sound anchorage applications where environment ‘Conditions ae agrestis, 2 Ia tema of duration of service, pine failures ‘occurred within six months, ton flues in the period six months to two years, and the remaining 18 fares ver 2 years and up to'31 years. The figures would ‘ot be aliefed if the middle period were reduced to ‘618 months It tetefore appears appropiate to retain ‘the current limit of two years forthe service period of Temporary anchorages 1 With cepard to file Toction, 19 incidents have coctirred at or witha Tm of the anchor head, 21 incidents-inthe fee length and two Incidents in the fed Teng 4 Both red anchor problems were caused. by inadequate grouting ofthe tendon bond length, which in one case exposed 3m of tendon. to aggresive ‘round water containing sulphides and blondes. In {his particular case, failure of thee rock anchorages fying back an abuiment occured afer five years in serrce, and led to the eolape ofa pipeline bride in Switzrand (case 3, Table), The following points are revonded (no Borehole was sunk at the abutment; the rock head was deduced from a borehole 5m away (© driling was subcoatracios poorly supervised and {ll Togs were not produced (© no water or pr-gruting tests were cated out in ‘idvane of tendon istalaion (i) grout injection procedures di not provide a grout flow cetum, te. a fixed quantity of grout was replaced suient only fr the teadon bond. A simple water or pregrouting test would have highlighted the problem in. advance. In dition, et least oe protective sheath should have een appiod ‘over the tendon Bond length. Failures inthe free length are recorded under ‘vara of individual and combined creumstances sch (@) tendon overstresting caused by ground movement to tendon cracking, sometines augmented by piting corrosion or corenon fatigue (b) inadequate or no cement grout cover in. the preseace of cilotides eg. industal waste fils ‘rganie materia (©) breakdown of bitumen corer due to lack of durability (@) inappropriate choice of protetive materia, eg, chemical grout containing agate fons and bygrosconie mastic (ue of tendon stored of site for long period in ‘an unprotected sae 6 Fallures at, or adjacent to, the stchor fad are ie to various eauses ranging fom the absence of rotection (evn for only a few wesks ih agarose Environment) to izadoquae cover dv to incomplete filing tatty, or 4 slumping of the protective flee luring service In one example in Hong Kong (eae 32, Table 2), where’ the dey ‘between sting and. concrete ‘appa ofthe anchor bead was I-8 mont, a loss of wire diameter of up to 27% was measared. Where the elay was 16-36 months, the maximem lose monitored was 27 arn ip min he exposure of he por Bead to the atmosphere, which often subjects this component {o eater rik of corrosion than the embedded fee and fino lengths i surprising tha te quallty ofthe Ssnchor head protection is not generally 10 4 higher Standard than the temaier oft anchorage In fact, {he opposite appears to be tue. ‘Although rather unusual, there i also one case of ‘oversesing of sel wires due to poor design and bad ligament ofthe tendon st the anchor head. In modern pracice, eppliaton of national standards covering Synamic and stale Toad efcenses of anchor bead assemblies should eliminate this problem. “The fat that 19 furs osoured within 18 months ‘ot instalation confims that, where the envionment ie Aggressive, the cortosion. protection for the anchor head should be appli as soon a8 praceable afer routing, whatever the service Ui. Where a dela likely, consideration “shouldbe given to. temporary protection inthe form of plato. pains presae- Inpregnated tape or some ype of cover. “TFrom. all the cae histories reviewed, it is apparent that corosion incidents ‘are somewhat Fandom in tcrms of caus, with the posible exception of cole of tea 8, The clear lesson is that great attotion must be paid design and constuction “delat Junctions Freween the fled length, fee leagth and anchor ead are particularly vulnerable ab ae Joints and coupler. 8, Corrosion rates vary enormously according to anchorage environment snd working mode, Further, there sno eaten method for identying. corrosive cORROSION A. General recommendations ‘he object of designing agaist corrosion is to case thatthe probably of unacceptable corrosion ‘ccurrng smal during the cconomte design Hie of the anchorage The fst problem i thereon, 10 define ‘nczepabe corrosion. in terms of tendon supply, manuieuring. delecs such as fongltudioal depressions in wire or bar tht So fot. impair the species physical properts are ‘area acrpted, providing thst these detects are less than 4%, of the omioal diameter of the tendon fomponents or up to" tmm maximum depth of Sepresion, whichever” fs the les, Masimun ‘pression depth shuld be determined fom static ‘hrm of depths on tendon samples In the case of Stand, tis feconmendaion apples to individual ‘ures within the sted. Theve Manufacturing defects Should te bore in mind in any detaled asessment of ‘oorreded tendon. ‘Af of rust on the tendon is not necessarily tatu and may improve the bond. Telos showing signs of iting or tramwere defects should not be tied for femporary oF permanent ground anchorages lder any eirumstance. In spite of these proposals the manufacturer should give adequate potecton to Preveot cortonion and. damage before delivery. ‘The ontactor should take preeation® during ste sorage fo ensure no more than light rusting of the tendon before placment. An aceplable fm of rst can be removed by wiping with # cloth Tn the event of @ spt on the turface condition. of tendo, mmetallurpeal examination and/or tending Tague {ets shouldbe arsed out to comure that there has teen no deterioration in the speed quality oF the Enon “The second problem is 19 balance the sty of ‘people and property i the event of anchorage flue Suamst the cost. ol providing protection. Since Unprotected ground anctorayes of see wil probaly ‘otrode in ime, te also eceeaty to decide whether tberrate of corrosion merits the expens of protection. Covosion “ates vary enommowsy according. to tnchorage environment and working mode, Further, dere Ib 0 cain ay of ientiyng corrosie Siramstancs ‘wih slientpresson to predict, forroson rate, Consequenly, asa general Tus, Permanent anchorages shoul be" prot, but The Gisign solution may range from double. protection, implying. two" phytical bares, to. corrosion, ia fagreuive permenbe sails, to simple grout covert the Spel case of fow-capacty rock bolt sed solely at ‘SGondatyrelafrernent (Fe 9) For highespact) anchorages installed in. low CORROSION PROTECTION circumstances with sufcient prection to predict “Therefore, a8 a general rue, permanent anchorages (and temporary ones in aggresive conditions) should be protected. In cueent practice the design soltion ranges ffom double proton, implying two physical tres, 0 simple grout cover PROTECTION permeability rock, many designers today would inst Gn atleast one pyseal bar to pote the fndon Stains corosion (eagle proteston, Nevers, Sstsactoryperornor ha tren observed where a atkalie environment i the only protection spint ian example, cight 250¢ anchorages at Home Dam in Austalis were inspected ate 19 year of ‘Srvc by excavation trough the val ofthe galley The ed tendons, each comping. 24 12mm i strands were ll found to be pristine coditon, ven In the cave where a cavity cron the fol extent of he duct secon tnd tome 200mm long was inereed it this fact, the athorty has now decided 19 Tne wa anchcages witha reteabl end can tw monored “Temporary anchorages should normally be expected to lst two peus and this pried is proposed =the lit for tnporay anchors buy scans In very aggresive coiiony o whate there is 0K focal damage or corrosion by pling tnprotsted Snchorsges may last ony afew west, The antipted Working it ofthe anchoree ncodiag an alowance Tor any vnforeble delay in expose to corrosive ‘ondton, shoud be considered, Varying dogies of Protection are posable but unless Thre fs 8 Poaive Semonstraton fat anchorages are no a rst wha thar working Me protesion graded according fo the sevaity of he protlem shoud be provided In pea, for corcsion ‘estan the anchorages ts Protected oveal at paral potion of the tendon mmay onl indies more severe corrosion onthe Unpriect part Thus the leant protested sone of @ (wound. sochorage deiner the. csr of protection Provide eg ingle of double “The choise of ar of protection isthe rexponsiiley cof the deniger anual the Cents Engineer) and Sloe depends_on sc lacors a. conequence of {nior, Sgressity of the environment and con of protecon In ths repr it woud he bene othe easy ithe cat of conosion protection ete ‘ected bythe dene, asin Tale 3 By salon, ale proton imps hat one cal bart to eorfoson i provided Such sens etd event trowghow the wold: Dosis Protection imles that two erties ate proved, fore the purpos ofthe outer sxond barr if Protect the low Sse opal darngetrng tendon Minding and plascmest Ara coneuence, te out tect tay be topurdod so safc, Thr ploopty ‘ir evoled a setent jets in coun hat he UK an Hong Kong ut some oter counties Jo not ‘egatd double protection st neciay. Ass rs ere ‘CORKOSION OF GROUND ANCHORAGES a h SE in ax3 I Ha FEL HURELSRA Fe TRE LE 1 aH Hil fi [ih ilu a ee fl tients haan lilt Thad i ih 1NURE EHH |i | fll | fine | is i uli fe |B H i ih ih Ath jee feo iu \ hi h i i i) i op 4 i Hale at i i litt | § easing ““ioeey | femmg iq 4| se vs Ages ds |: ‘CASE HsTORIES iene | wg 3) os tfc teed a ‘oy Spe sep wea amas mcs] Be] personne et eames “T'S | wpmenovopn, Gxt. — “apace | —~ _aenaany "““onewy | aimmap ion ci CASE HISTORIES tte mary i FesRGG a (BUT i my | |e ' it lig Al ' tad : ar ' id lalad |dilal! i eG au le Lia it Hip bi A Pol aa | oi Heli: | alin oh ial ig ae ce Th i oth PH i i Fite. [Ey noi Wo TRa ld . ff i i 5 i zfs i i i aa |i \ es |e é |e g CORROSION OF GROUND ANCHORAGES * ral, i ili ibih ie ay 5 al ale i A AG al i a nll i L 5 iu Boje bl god cg lateeh [20] [lit HE sn |i ' ie Uk ! Hp) |ED ul lia iy r i Hon dat ii Ie hh wl ile a Hh lb il jak Las iH |e e |e 1 * | | ee = ie = | | | are wide vatity of protective systems employed in utent practi 12 Propertis ofa protective system ‘A protective system should have the following propetis: (a) an eflectve lie atleast equal to that required of the anchorages (©) it should not adversely affect the environment or co tine, ie proce anchor Jengih, where restesabiity of the tendon is equized of, until afer the anchorage has. been {ocked off permaneaty, where restrsabiity Is not required (@ It should comprise materials that are, mutually compatible with respect to. deformability, perm Snenee and” avondance of corrosive cieat (© isbould alow for onco-only treatment because, ‘with few exceptions, protetive systems can be Tlther replaced nor inanttned (fie should not fa ding sting to proof load, ‘cpecaly at junctions between components of The protective ster (@ Ht should be tough enough to withstand handling ddring manufactre, transport and instalation i the ground (it should. permit inspection before installation, where. practe ‘es Pople of precio oro nae Reston | Ghv al peon emule “emake | OO ‘Peomaest | Pemance wih ince sare w ‘reson | seers tan tis 7, Pricipls of protedon "To full the tecommendationt of Section 7.2. protective systems usually aim to exclude a! mii fuscous atmosphere around. the metal by totaly fcosing it within an impervious covering or sbeath "There a variety of protetve comings or covering ‘The principle of protection are the same forall pats ofthe anchorage, but dilrent detailed Weatments are focesary for the tendon bond ength tendon ee length and anchor bead | Protestve mearares include one or more coatings! applied. during matulacture of the tendon aad) ‘Seraly attached to i, and also mateial introduced 5 Tus within the coating. Grout injected in situ to bond the tendon tothe ground does not consiat a part of protection system, because the grout quail End “intepity cannot be astured, although the Dassivtingslkalinty of cement’ grout cover i ecognized in certain cireunstances (Section 7.1), Injected Maid material should ideally remain Goce, to consitate physial barr that does hot erck OF ebond, Fluid” materis that become’ belle on Nardening. crack im service as the structure sue iereatial stains. Typically, when tendons in cement (routs are rowed, cracks’ within the tendon bond fength tend to oeeut at about 30-100:mm apart and of ‘wits up fo" fmm of more (ee Graber and Meyer") The rate of tendon corrosion can be reduced by dcresing the ease width to D1 mm inthe alkaline ‘rvionment of @ comeat grout, BY contrast eacked fern does not provide protestion, since the sean ‘ner. Crack width in ements might be controlled and reduced by incorporation of spiral sel capes. of resies within the prow (o reduce ezack spacing. Bat there is curvendy” a. lack of field evidence 10 ‘bstantiate the design concept in practice ‘Noncirdening fd mates, uch ay grease, ave linitaons as corresion protection media. Reasons iclude (@) Mids are susceptible to deyng out this is usually accompanied by vinkage “and a change ia Shemiea! properties (&) Mids arable to leakage even sight damage is fname’ by their containment sheaths (6 Mulds having vietualy no shear strength are easy dieplced and removed from the metal they are ‘meant to protet (@ even in idea! conditions their long-term chemical Stability, eg. susceptibility to oxidation, is not ‘know With contdenc, ‘Those aspects require that aon-hardening materi ae themscltes priced or contained by 4 mona ‘roo robust form of stenting, which mus Half be ‘Aitough nom erdeing sisi a grease fli an eseaial role in cortosion protection systems, in that they ata il to enue the atmosphere from the surace of steel tendon, cate Toe. coset electrochemical eavironmeat and rede ton in he fre length, they thould not bo ogardd. ts '8 ormanent physical barae 10 corrosion, Therefore, & {ayer of grease not considered acoptable at one of {he physcal baer eqated in the Geooupld fee length of «double coroston protection sytem, Grease opie ¢ poteive bart Ina eee Anchor ead, sited the grease can Be replaced oF replenished, a The use of thcker metal sections fr the tendon, with a steal afea in. plge of phytic! barre shes no ellctve protection, as corrosion ie rarely ‘uniform and extends most rapidly and preferentially at localized pits or sure inepulartee The presence of sch corsson pits cannot be restifed by Crushing ot covering ‘Once iting has occured ia hgh-tensile steel, such steel is supose and should be Teeted for ground snchorage. ‘Cathodic protection may be considered suitable for snchorage protection. There are, however, some factors ‘associated ‘with this method tht usually make i Unatratve in this content (see Append ‘Noncorrodable metals may be ased for anchorage components, subject to verjing thir elcochersal tehaviour relative to the other component and seat corrosion charctesties in appropriate environments Similarly, er-metalli ies ay be Used for tendons, subject fo investigation of their efleve ile ina Stressed “condition wen exposed to. potentially fagrssivo environments that may ier fom those Aggressive Cosel 8. PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS 81, General Recommendations concerning some commonly used promeciv oysters (or anchorage components are en fn Sections &2-8 Designers shold choowe ystems "ppropsat o thee assessment of seve conditions 82. reo length of tendon 824. ‘Methods of protection Protection is achieved "generally ither by the Injection of setting Duds to enclose the tendon or by reapplied coatings or by a. combination of both, depending on the cumstances, Typicl examples of pretestion forthe fee length ae ustaed in Figs © ‘in the fie length, the protective system must petit. reasonably unnhibied exteasion of the tendon Goring sessing, and thereafter, if the anchorage restesble 822, Injected us ‘Soldving fide, These are ineted into the tee length and. round th steal tendon where such simple protection is judged appropriate (Section 71) and the “nehorage i not resresabl, or, in combination ‘with sheath (ox Section 823) where a higher degree protection andjorresuessbilty Is teguted. Injection Should be by treme ffom the bottom of the hol splacing any atmosphere or water out of the hole CCenraizers ‘on the tendon and. fed anchor ste essential to ensure uniform cover of injected materials fn the annalus A minimum cement grout covet of {mm around the tendon ie recommended. where 90 protective sheath has been incorporated, ‘Cement ‘used ar corrosive protection should aot include last furnace sag and otherwise shouldbe ‘ected to eae that no sulphides ace presen, or ay fther loments aggressive 10 any of the “tendon Components The total suipate (803) and. chloride ‘contents ofthe grout should not exceed 4% (by weigh) of cement and 01% (by weight of ment, respectively. In tis regard, the mining water should’ not contain more than sOmg of chloride fons per le. Where admixtures are employed, ouch cima should not oniain in total more. than O13, (Oy weight) of chloides, sulphates or nitrate. CCemen-based gros ate. generally designed with ‘minimal bled: Where the cement grout i employed ab Sn internal stage of permanent protection, eg annulus iin insides shenth or capeut, the total bled during simple sedimentation should ‘not exesed 05% Cy ‘volume Whe grout with a greater bleed capac ‘émployed, provision for removal of bed water sbould be made unless load” tess confi "salactory performance, Viscoelastic fluids. For corrosion protection, viseo= clastic Mads are primarily bitmen tased. Checks nave tovbe made to ascertain that the bitumen solvents contain no ehorides or sulphides neither shoal they, ‘Cused in combination with a sheath or coating, alec tho propertie of the sath or coating by dsseation, Ghemcal stack nor because of the. tempeature Fequited to achieve Muiity for ijecon. The bitamens have. to temaln sufienly vsoous when cool 0 ‘ean in place in pervious ground, and itis prudent to provide a meant of checking and topping up the bitumen levels as necessary during the lle of the anchorage (Greases ‘These shovld be compounded to provide corrosion prevention properties for siresed high- tensile sleet tendons, and manuetuers should be made fully aware of the fegulencnts and service Conditions to ensure an appropeate choice of grease. Lite guidance is curren avalable on the asesiment of the suitability of greases and, where. pore, locumentary evidence ‘should. be produced” of the ay ates “Al ‘ahah ees ‘i 5. Tra protect deca ie roid sc dnd gh spac ond dng) me yp pode nh te rd ar ad le prt i gh apt edn Bn) succesful ase ofthe greases in similar applications, ¢@- clear reactor vessels ‘Greases should not contain any substances that ‘ould provoke corrosion, eg ensured fity aids fnd water, and individual contents of slphies (often the total sulphur Is measured), nitrates and chlorides Should ngt exceed Spm. Ant-cortesion compounds Should be described. Greases should be stable against Water and oxygen and should not sepa tnd ol. Hydrophobic greases ae preferable. ‘Other important factors include bacter biological degradation retane, low molsture vapour teanambelon and high "lected resistivity (ee Appendix 2 Greases should be checkod to ensure that they are compatible with wenpping of sbeathing materials that fay be applied afer greasing. Greases should not Most barrier propertr of “coverings Pevolatum (petroleum ly) and. lanolin petroleum. sulphonate ‘compounds can be applied before covering. Caf Inspection i exsental, especially with strand fo ensure reasonable uniformity of greasing 823, Tendon coatings 4 ‘Genera Tendon coatings should alvays be api in factory conditions, either by the manufacture of he tendon or on. site wthin —speally constructed Workshops where air-dry and clan conditions can be tssured ‘Bltuminous and metalic points ‘These ae unrebale for strands becase of the difialtes involved. in providing a uniform coating and they are aso subject {ovdamage during handling They shouldbe used oaly to inhibit the corrosion ofstoted tendons before we, Bonded metalic coatings. These should be applied only ithe factory by the tendon steel mancfaturer Shoal metalie eoatings may only te used for temporary anchorages. Special care is required. to ensure that no” damage occurs. during handling Stherwize the costing is'no more rlsbe than pat, ‘There i insulent information onthe performance of ‘ther metalic coatings {0 enable recommendations 10 te made on their suitably atthe tne of preparation ofthis Report ‘Tapes Polypropylene or greasimpregnted fbi tapes can be wed elletvly for temporary anchorages. ‘Tapes should be applied by wrapping with minintin 30% las. ‘The wrapping process requires contact wit the tendon, which therefore, should be greased before Wrapping fo excide the slmoephere and: where the ‘wrapping wil later be surrounded by Sting Boi, to ‘etmit the tendon to move freely. Plasto sheaths, Contingous-ifsion impermeable polypropylene or polythene sheaths applied ia {uctory conditions are suitable for both temporary 20d manent anchorages, The minimum wal thickness Should be “Imm, “Pasics that are. susceptible to trviolet (UV) light may be used, provide hat carbon black of UY inhibitors are incorporsted te ‘est "degradation. Plastic. sheathing. us Bees employed in practice andthe only reservation placed nits se elates to poteaial exporure tore When ‘sorosion-promoting chlorides may be release. Such & Ihazard i extemely unlikely inground atchorage applications For information, Appendix 3 contains properties of plastics which have been spcied by the Goleta! Control Once, Hong Kone Sheaths are effective a2 coatings providing the {internal annular. space i filed during: manufectare With the appropiate resin, cements matctial or sree to etclude. the atimosphere. and erate the ‘sorrect electrochemical cavronment. Heatstrinkable tubing, ‘pre-coated. witha controled thickness af sealant, may be use, provided the sealant is lnnsed Of chlorides, sulphides and sulphates ad eoneine 2 Active coresion inhibitor eeating an alli slation the presence of water However, asthe eae with & single greased sheath, a heatsink tobe With reapplied sealant is not considered accepable 3 foatle protection. Where closefiting sheaths are wed in combination with grease or “sealant manufacturers recom ‘mendations should be sought about clearence for thet specie products to ensore thatthe tendon can extend without excestive ction during stressing, and pull-out tess should be carried out to soaien the effloney of load ‘transmission along the tendon. Where. tl Aids are used jn combination with a sheath vi Substantial clearance, as in some bat systems “thet Suitable means, suchas the provision of an ecional Sheath of tube 10 act as a bond breaker, must be ‘doped to ensure thatthe tendon ean extend fel. ‘Metal sheaths. Light corrugated eta sheaths are ‘sot sultable for protection, singe they “are easly Derforated by corrosion. Any metal sed has to be ompatible with the tendon, fo a6 not to induce ‘otrosion potentials between the difering metal, ‘Sheath joints. When bars are employe for tendons, ‘they cannot be transported in rolls and therefore joints ‘may be necessary. Joining. of sheaths or coatings should be such as to Teave the continuity ofthe Protective system along the whole length. of the tendons unipaie, with spect to both psa and ‘lectrochemieal barr ‘Sheath and coating joints should be achieved by overlapping atleast 20mm, together with sera! use of solvents appropriate for the sheuthing moti ‘Loose slfeving should be suicientlyToose tf cay lover the basic coating with adequate clearanee low inietion of etrition af the Rana soo ‘ovelap in this case shouldbe more than $0, eatshrinkabie tubing i accepable for joining sheaths, provided thatthe components are (othe samme quality approved. for tendon protection. Suppans ‘Advice on overlap length should be felowed, neenaly being minimum of 350mm for butt joins, Withee solnent. ‘All vos at joints within th sheath have tobe filed to exclude the atmosphere, Jointing aptems should Alo fo injeson of ceeitous meter or gies or other compatible sealing compounds” wih Simultaneous éiaplacement of ai, Exc iler should be extruded during tightening of satewed connects (2F during injections of the jolt voids between the lendons or sheath. Fig. T shows atypia! sheathed jolnt detail for s baz tendon, 83. Bond logth of tendon 531. General ‘The bond length requites the same degtee of rotestion asthe fe length. In aditon, the protecting ‘ements have all to be capable of tranamiting high fendon stress to the ground, This requires seenath and ‘deformabiiy characteristics that have to "be checked stuctraly, ‘The deformation of individual slements of the

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