TECHNICAL arta AND “i GUIDES US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, NO. 11 STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETE Published by ASCE Press‘ABSTRACT “This manual, Standard Prectce for Shot, crovdes Information and guidance onthe soeecTon, prporoning, and application of shatrete ts wrerded for use by engineers tne feces Sa tacked wi fhe planning, desig, eanivadt preperation, ant constuo- tion managomant phases ofa shoteto projec. A catty asourance chapter Ip hauGed Athi delale necessary technical ects dung the constucton phese. Subjects dx {usted ncude shoteele and appleatons, matarlals, equpment ane crew, preDonstuc- fon tesing ane even, plassmont, qual corr ard quay assuranes. brary of Congress Cataloging n-Publication Data ‘Standard practic or shoteete. Pr ein (Technical engineering and design guides as adepted fom the U.S. Army ot Engineers: 90.11) ISBN O-7eet 00887 4, Gunite. 2 Conerete construction. American Sosily of Oni Engineers. I. Sees. ‘Tails.s75 1988 oer eai.tsa4—deo0 ‘oP he cette ees te pata peace Ener gona lormeen ener revered ey Si nis or genera ronal Sage Ths bematon should ro be ted wince fst secring Competent aie wih ‘eabedt to i suai fx ery gener! or specie apeaton. “The corer of he pusleaton arena ronded to be and shoul ol be contd tobe a sancard ol he American Socty of Cea Engnears (ASCE) and ye no tended IGies ae lence mpurchaespetcnoo, ava, eguitone aero ter fegel document. Ne eterence made itis publication to any specie method, roduc, press or senion consis orimplee an encoremen,rosobmendavan, ot warany there! OY e “ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, conceming the sccurecy, complotenses, eutaoityo® uty of any intarmaton, pra, rod eroaceneGucuees te pletion an esses no fbiy ‘Anyone ullzing this information aseumes al ablty arising ftom such vse, indus lng but not ited to wringement of any patent or patents Photocopies. Auerzaton to photocopy matt nara or pearl use ender Supearees ntfalng win te ar ue oltre of he Copa Ate grant ASCE to liraries and ther users registered wth the Copyright Clearance Center (COC) ‘Transaglonal Reporting Senos, provices tht tho base feo o $2.00 per arcs plus $2 por page copies is pad drewty to CoC, 222 Rosewaed Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The esas AGE Cocke 0-74-0e9- 86 $200 S28 "Heuer fe pecal Benson or bik copying shoud be aadrssea fo Pernistone & Copyrant Best, Copyright© 1698 oy ne Arian Society of Cv Engineers, Deane of U.S: Aimy Corp of Engroar materia. Signs eso {rary ot Conree Caton Card No: 551427 ISBN O7ena 5066-7 antactred nthe Unted States of Ameria Printed on recycled paner, 85% recovered lier and 15% post-consumer waste, recyled paperTABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction 1-1 Purpose 12 Aeplicily 13 References 1-4 Glossary 15 Background 16 Acti and Documentation 17 Point of Contact Chapter 2. Types of Shoterete and Applications 21 Why Shoterete 22 Applications 23 Sholerete Processes 24 Fiber Reinforced Shoterete 25 SilicaFume Sholerete 26 — Polymer-Modified Shoterele 27 Accelerated Shoterete Chapter 3. Materials, Proportioning, and Properties 3-1 Cementitious Materials 32 Aggregate 33 Water 3-4 Chemical Admixiures regs oc Oe SP reece aaa asa 3-6 Fiber Reinforcement 37 Proportioning Shotcrele 38 Properties of Shotrete Chapter 4. Equipment and Crew 41 General Equipment 42 DryMix Process 43 WetMix Process 44" Aaniliary Equipment 45 Special Equipment 46 Crew Composition Chapter 5. Preconstruction Testing and Evaluation 5A General 5.2 Nozzleman Certification 5.3 Mixture Proportioning Evaluation 5:4 Preconsiruction Demonstration and Testing 55 Alternate Considerations oaounow 15 15 7 20 20 23 23 23 23Chapter 6, Placement | 6:1 Preparations I 2 Batching and Mixing 63. Shoterele Application Techniques | 64 — Rebound 1 65. Finishing | &6 Curing and Protection | 67 Repair of Surface Defects |) Chapter 7. Quality Control | 7-1 General Considerations | 7-2 Preproduction Phase 73 Production Phase j 7-4 Comective Actions | Chapter 8. Quality Assurance 81 General Considerations 82 Prepreduction Phase 83 Production Phase Appendices ‘Appendix A References Appendix B Glossary of Terms | ‘Appendix C Shoterete Applications —Corps of Engineers Projects ‘Appendix 0 Mixture Proporfioning Somple Submittal 29 30 31 35 36 36 37 39 39 42 43 43DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY US. army Corps of Engheers WASHINGTON, B.C, 20314-1000 AFFENTION oF. Mr. Stafford E. Thornton President, American Society of Civil Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10027 Dear Mr. Thornton: I am pleased to furnish the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) a-copy of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Manual, EM 1110-2-2005, Standard Practice for Shotcrete. The Corps uses this manual to provide information on the selection, proportioning, and application of shotcrete as a construction material. I understand that ASCE plans to publish this manual for public distribution. I believe this will benefit the civil engineering community by improving transfer of technology between the Corps and other engineering professionals. Sincere], fl, Dlitinn, Arthur E, Williams Lieutenant General, U. S. Army CommandingINTRODUCTON. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1. PURPOSE. This manual provides information and guidance on the selection, proportioning, and application of shotcrel. Its intended for use by engineers and techni- cal stofftosked with he planning; design, coniact prepa ration, and construction management phases of a shoterete project. A quality assurance chapler is. in- cluded which details necessary technical activities dur ing the construction phase. Subjects discussed include shoterele and applications, materials, equipment and ‘ctew, preconstruction testing and evaluation, placement, quality control, and quality assurance. This manual does not provide guidelines for structural analysis of shotcrete. ‘opplications. Refer to EM 1110-2:2000 for additional general guidance on concrete. 1-2, APPLICABILITY. TRIS elements, major subordinate commands, districts, labo: ratories, and field operating activities (FOA) having civil works responsibilities. 1 REFERENCES. ‘Appendix A consists of list of cited references thot appear in the body of the text as well as a selected bibliography pertaining to the use of shoterele. The reader is encouraged to study applicable refer. ences fo supplement the guidance provided by this manval. In particular, the reader is encouraged to refer to American Concrete Insitute (ACI) Committee Report 506R-90, "Guide to Shoterete” (paragraph A- 1, ACI (1991d)}, and other ACI 506 documents (paragraph A-1, ACI (1991e), paragraph A-2, ACI (199T¢ and 1991) 1-4, GLOSSARY. ‘Appendix B consisis of definitions of terms com- monly used in shotcrete j. BACKGROUND. A. Special Equipment and Techniques. Equipment for pneumatically applying a fine aggregate ‘cement mixture was first introduced in 1910. Since that time, many improvements have been made in the equip- ment and in the specialized techniques required for ‘pplication of pneumatically opplied mortar or con crete. The wide acceptance of sholerete for slope and surface protection, swimming pool construction, tunnel lining, specicl architectural features, ond renovating ing structures has resuited in the availabiliy of variely of manufactured pneumatic placement equipment B. Shotcrete Denotes Various Mixtures. Shoterete has been referred to by such terms as Gunite, formerly a tradename for pneumatically applied moriar ‘or concrete, sprayed concrete, spraycrele, airblown mortar ond concrete, gunned concrete, and others. In ‘pplicable we all HOUSACE7OCE sine reas “gunite” has been used to denote small- ‘aggregate shotcrete and mortor mixtures, ond "shotcrete” to denote large-oggregate mixures, The preferred term today for all gunned material is shotcrete, regardless of the oggregate size ©, Specialty Shoteretes. While most shotcrete placed is the traditional dry-mix end webmix shotcrete, the use of specially shotcretes has become ‘common. The addition of accelerators, fibers, and silica fume con provide shotcret with signticanly enhanced performance. D. Varied Applications. Typical applications for Corps of Engineers (Corps) projects further discussed in Chopter 2 include slope protection and stabilization, temporary excavation protection, tunnel support, and various siructural and remedial applications, Appendix C provides a listing of some Corps projects that have used sholerete for various applications. 1-6. ACTIVITIES AND DOCUMENTATION. Involvement in shoterete activities ranges from preliminary planning studies through the engineeringSTANDARD PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETE cond design phases, preparation of contract documents, fo construction management. During these activities the engineer or other professional must perform investiga fions, prepare documents, ond review design require- ments. These activities often result in the production of the following documents: 1. Shoterete Investigation Report 2. Technical Specifications, 3. Engineering Considerations and Instructions for Field Personnel, A. Shotcrete Investigation Report. The information listed is to be included in a shokcrele inves: figotion report and prepared either as « separate report of part of a design memorandum, as a preparatory step to the production of technicol specifications. The formal- ization of such @ ropor! depends on the size and com- plexity of the shoterete project 1, Shoterete quantity to be used and quality required 2, Climatic and service conditions to which the hoterete will be subjected. 3. Types of sholcrele processes and delivery ‘equipment to be used. 4, Types, kinds, and sources of cementitious ma terials to be specified, including special requirements 5, Potential aggregate sources, quality, and con- stituents. 6. Groding of aggregate to be specified 7, Types and kinds of admixtures to be spect fied, including test requirements B. Technical Specifications. Civil Works Guide Specification CW 03361 provides a basis for preparation of « specification for shotcret. ineering Considerations and In- struction for Field Personnel. In accordance with EM 11102-2000, the designer should provide explana- tion of the intent of the sholerete application, special fecautions, crijical ilems to moniter, and any other information that may be beneficial tothe field staf 1-7. POINT OF CONTACT. Questions or discussion conceming this manual should be directed through Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ATTN: CECW-EG.TYPES OF SHOTCRETE AND APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 2 TYPES OF SHOTCRETE AND APPLICATIONS 2. » WHY SHOTCRETE. ‘A. Importance of Proper Application. Properly opplied shoterete is a structurally sound and durable consirucion material which exhibits excellent bonding characteristics o existing concrete, rock, steel, ‘ond many other moterals can have high strength, low ‘absorplion, goad resistance to weathering, and resis tance to some forms of chemical atock, Many of the physical properties of sound shoterete cre comparable ‘or superior o those of convenlioncl concrete or mortar having the some composition. Improperly applied shoterete may create conditions mich worse than the untreated condition. B, Advantages of Shotcrete. Shotcrele is used in lieu of conventional concrete, in most instances, for reasons of cost or convenience. Sholcrete is advan- tageous in situations when formwork is cost prohibitive cr impractical and where forms can be reduced or ted,-aecess-to-the--work-area-is-diffieultthin— layers or variable thicknesses ore required, or normal casting techniques cannot be employed. Additional sav. ings are possible because sholerete requires only a small, portable plant for manufacture and placement Shotcreting operations can often be accomplished in areas of limited access to make repairs to structures. ©. Strength of Bonding. The excellent bond: ing of shoteete to other materials is often an important design consideration. The force of the impact of this pneumatically propelled material on the surface causes ‘compaction of the shotcrete paste matrix into the fine surface iregularitis ond resulis in good adhesion to the surface. Within limits, the material is capable of support ing itself in verical or overhead applications. 2-2, APPLICATIONS. The selection of shoterete for a particular applica: tion should be based on knowledge, experience, and a careful study of required and achievable material perfor: monce. The success ofthe shoterete for that application is contingent upon proper planning and supervision, plus the sill and continuous attention provided by the shoterete applicator. The following paragraphs discuss the use of shoterete in several of the more common ‘appliéations. A number of shotcrete applications by the Corps of Engineers are listed in Appendix C. ‘A. Repair. Shoterste can be vsed to repair the damaged surface of concrete, wood, or steel struc- tures provided there is access to the surface needing repair. The following examples indicate a few ways in which shoterete can be used in repairs: (1) Bridges. Shotcrete repcir can be used for bridge deck rehabilitation, but it has generally been ‘uneconomical for major fullthickness repairs. It is very useful, however, for beam repairs of variable depths, caps, columns, abutments, wingwals, and underdecks from the standpoint of technique and cost. {2} Buildings: -In building repairs, shoterete is commonly used for repair offre and earthquake dam ye and deterioration, strengthening wallls, and encas- ing sructoral steel for fireproofing, The repair of srectral members such as beams, columns, and connections is common for structures damaged by an earthquake, {3} Marine structures. Damage to marine struc: tures can result from deterioration ofthe concrete and of the reinforcement, Damaging conditions are corrosion ofthe seel, freezing and thawing action, impact load: ing, structural disiress, physical abrasion from the action of waves, sand, gravel, and floating ice, and chemical aiiock due to sulfates. These problems can occur in most marine siructures such as bridge decks, piles, pile caps, booms, piers, navigation locks, quide walls, dams, pow. erhouses, ond discharge tunnels In many cases, shotcrete can be used fo repair the deteriorated surfaces of those structures, (4) Spillway surfaces. Surfaces subject to high- velocity flows may be damaged by cavitation erosion or‘abrasion erosion. Shoterete repairs are advantageous: because of the relatively short outage necessary to com- plete the repairs. B. Underground Excavations. For the most part, shoterete is used in underground excavations in Tock; but on occasion, it has been successfully used in the advancement of tunnels through altered, cohesion- less, and loose soils. Typical underground shotcrete applications range from supplementing or replacing ‘conventional support materials such as lagging and steel sets, sealing rock surfaces, channeling water flows, and installing temporary support and permanent linings. C. Slope and Surface Protection. Shoicrete is often Used for temporary protection of exposed rock sutfaces that will deteriorate when exposed to air. Shoteete is lso used to permanently cover slopes or cots that may erode in time or otherwise deteriorate. Slope protection should be properly drained to prevent damage from excessive uplift pressure. Application of shotcrele to the surface oflandfils and other waste areas is beneficial to prevent surface water inflation D. New Structures. Shoicrete is not neces- sarily the fastest method of placing concrete on all jobs, but where thin sections and large areas are involved, shotcreting can be used effectively lo save time. The following paragraphs describe some of the applications inyolved with construction of new structures. STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETE A. Dry-Mix Shoterete. The cementitious ma- terial and aggregate are thoroughly mixed and either bagged in a dry condition, or mixed and delivered iredly to the gun. The mixture is normally fed to sneumatically operated gun which delivers a continuous low of melerial through the delivery hose to the nozzle. The interior of he nozzle is fited with a water ring which uniformly injects water into the mixture os it is being discharged from the nozzle and propelled agains! the receiving surface. B. Wet-Mix Shoterete. The cementitious ma- terial, aggregate, water, and admixtures are thoroughly imixed as would be done for conventional concrete. the mixed material is fed to the delivery equipment, such as ‘a concrete pump, which propels the mixture through the delivery hose by postive displacement or by compressed tir. Additional air is added atthe nozzle to increase the nozale discharge velocity . Comparison of Dry-Mix and Wet-Mix Processes. Shotcrete suitable for most requirements can be produced by either the dry-mix or wetmix pro- cess, However, differences in the equipment cost, main- tenance requirements, operational fectures, plocement characteristics, ond product quality may make one or the other more attractive for @ particular application. A ‘comparative summary of he advantages and disadvan tages of the processes is given in Table 2-1 k ij { | I (1) Pools and tanks. Shoterete has been used extensively to construct concrete swimming pools. More recently, lorge aquariums have been construcied using shoterete. {2] Shoterete floors and walls. Shotcrete floors in tanks and pools on well compacted subbase or on undisturbed earth have generally given excellent ser- vice. Vertical and overhead construction for walls, slabs, columns, and other structural members has been fre- quenlly shotereted, {8) Shoterete domes. . Construction techniques using inflatable airforming systems have made the con- struction of shotcrete shells or domes practical. These large structures have been used for residential housing, warehousing, bridge, and culvert applications. 2-3, SHOTCRETE PROCESSES. Shotcrete can be opplied by two distne! applicar tion techniques, the dry-mix process and the watmix process. {1) Bond strengths of new sholerete to existing Faas ate generally highor with drymix shlcele than with wetmix shotcrete. Both shotcrete mixtures of- ten provide significanty higher bond strenghhs to exist jing materials “han does conventional concrete. (2) Typically, dry:mix shoterete is applied ot a much slower rate than wetmixshotcrele. Dynix shoterete is often opplied at a role of 1 oF 2 cubic yards per hour compared to wetmix sholerete applied ot a role of up to 7 of 8 cubic yards per hour. Depending on the application, the inplace production rate may be signif canily lower because of obstacles, rebound, and olher features which may cause delays. (3) Rebound is the shotcrete material that “bounces” off he shooting surface. Rebound for conven- tional dry-mix shotcrete, in the best of conditions, can be ‘expected 10 be at leas! 20 percent of the total material passed through the nozzle. Wetmix sholerele rebounds somewhat less than dry-mix sholerete. 4) The use of ainentraining admixtures [AEA in shoterle is practical only in watmix shoterele, When bolched properly, AEA forms an airvoid system suitable for providing fro resistance to webmix shoterele. TheTYPES OF SHOTCRETE AND APPUCATIONS TABLE 2-1. Comparison of Features of Dry-Mix ond We-Mix Shotcrote Processes Dryrmix process (1) Mixing water instantaneously controlled ot the nozzle by operator fo meet variable field conditions Longer hose lengths possible, if necessary Limited to accelerators os the only practical admixture Use of oirentraining admixture not beneficial Resistance to freezing and thawing is poor Intermittent use easily accommodated within prescribed time limits Exceptional sengih performance possible Lower production rates Higher rebound Equipment maintenance cosls tend to be lower Higher bond strengths formation of an airvoid system in dry-mix sholerete is not possible. However, drymmix sholerete, when properly Proporioned and applied, will have 0 compressive strength exceeding approximately 7,000 pounds. per square inch (psi). It has performed well in moderate exposures to freezing and thawing 2-4, FIBER-REINFORCED SHOTCRETE. A. Unteinforced shoicrete, like unreinforcod conventional concrete, is a britle meterial that experi- feces cracking and displacement when subjected to tensile stresses or strains. The addition of fibers to the shoterete mixture adds ductility tothe materi! as well as energy absorption capacity and impact resistance. The composite material is capable of sustaining poslerack loadings and often displays increased ultimate strength, particularly tensile strength. Fibers used in sholcrele are available in three general forms: steal fibers, gloss fe bers, and other synthetic fibers. Notural fier, a fourth form, i nc commonly used in shotrete and wil ot be discus Wermix process (2) Mixing water controlled ot plant and measured ot fime of batching Normal pumping distances necessary Compatible with oll ordinary admixtures, Special dispensers for addition of accelerators are necessary Air entrainment possible. Acceptable resistance to freezing and thawing Best suited for continuous opplication of shoterete lower srengihs, similar to conventional concrete Higher prédueton rates lower rebound Equipment maintenance costs tend to be higher Lower bond strengihs, yet often higher than conventional concrete B. The use of steel fibers has evolved rapidly since its inception in the late 1950's. The present generation steel fibers are greatly superior to the earlier fibers. Early mixing and handling problems which ham- pered uniform distribution of fibers in o mixture have been minimized by the manufacture of fibers with low- ‘aspect ratios (ratio of length to diameter), surlace defor. mations, and improved shape. . The use of glassfiber-einforced shotcrete (GFRS) is an adoptation of the technology of using chopped glass fibers and a resin binder. The equipment ‘and process to apply glassiber shoterete is not a con- ventional shoterete operation, but requires o special gun ‘and delivery system. This process termed “sprayup" is used extensively in the construction of lightweight panels for building cladding and special architectural features ‘and is usually applied in a plant preduction situation. A common onsite application is the construction of simu- lated rock structures for animal exhibits at zo0s. The fibers ore made from a special zirconium clkal- resistont {AR} glass to resist deterioration in the highly alkaline porlandcement environment. Guidelines forthe use of glassfiber sproyup are provided by the Prestressed Concrete Insitute (PCI) (1981) D. Other synthetic fibers are composed of ny: lon, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, and rayon. The predominant fiber used for shotcrete has been of polypropylene produced in o collated fibrilloted form The primary benefit of synthetic fiber additions to shoterele is to decrease width of shrinkage cracks in the material. E. Typical applications for fiber-reinforced shotcrete are for tunnel linings, surface coatings on rock ‘and soi, slopes, structures, embankments, or other struc tures that may be subject to high deformations or where crack control is needed. 2-5. SILICA-FUME SHOTCRETE. A. Silica fume is a very fine nonerystalline poz zolonic material composed mostly of silica. Silica fume is used in concrete and shotcree lo increase sirength, ,, and enhance cohesion and ad: hesion. Specific advantages of silica fume in shotcrete are the improved bond strength of sholcrete fo substrate Surfaces, the improved cohesion of the shokrete, and the resuting ability to apply thicker layers ofshotcrete in a single pass to vertical and overhead surfaces. The material is more resistant to “washout,” where fresh shotcrete is subject tothe’ ection of flowing water, and rebound is significantly reduced. Shotcrete containing ‘lice fume may have improved resistance Yo ogaressive chemicals. B. In general, silicafume shoterete produces unhordened and hardened moterial properties which, fomong other uses, make it suiteble as o subsite for polymermodified shoterete and accelerated shotcrete ‘opplications, Use of slicafume shotcrete should be con- sidered for many applications that presenily use conver: ional shotcrete because of its bond and strength performance. €..Silicafume sholerote has been widely used in tunnel constuction often combined with fibers to ‘control shrinkage cracking. Because of inherent improve- ments in permeability, silic-fume shoterete has been used to cap landfills and other waste areas to be sealed from surface water infiltration. Performance. in high strenglh applications is more ecsily accomplished with silicerfume shoterete. STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETE 2-6. POLYMER-MODIFIED SHOTCRETE. 'A. Polymers are incorporated into shoterete in two ways. In one method, the entire binder is composed of polymer material. This is no longer a hydraulic cement product but @ polymer shotcrete, The more com- nenusee plese adn of payne ron to the hydrauliccament mixture, as with o partial re- placement of the mixing water, oF as total replacement, which disperses throughout the mixture forming a con- tina0vs polymer matrix. This i termed polymerporlland. cement shotcrete. B. The emulsified polymer for use in shoterete hos usuclly been sfyrene butadiene. Acrylic polymer latexes and epoxy resins are less frequently used prod- vuls for portlandcement systems. The advantage of lymer-modified systems are that the polymers improve flexural ond tensile srenghs, improve bond, and reduce absorption because of lower permeabilities. 2-7. ACCELERATED SHOTCRETE. A. Accelerating admixtures are used extensively in shotcrete. Highly effective accelerators have been developed for rapid setting of shoterete. Often consid- fred "superaccelerators,” these ore commonly used ‘with dryrmix shoterete. With the increasing use of silica fume, the use of accelerators may decline somewhat. In the pas), these accelerctors were exclusively powdered materials added to dry-mix shotcrete materials. Now both powdered ond liquid admixtures are used in both drymix and welmix shoterete. The use of these accelera- tors with a wetmix process requires that the accelerator be added of the nozzle rather than batched with the ‘other materials. Applications include tunnel support and ln- ings, seawall, potions of dams, roof eonshuction, slope protection, and water-etention structures such as canals, thick concrete sections applied vertically or overhead, rapid repairs, and leoks seoled with flashset shotcree. ‘Accelerated shotcrele is particularly beneficial in tunnel support because it allows rapid section buildup, early sirength development, and seals water leakage. For ‘applications in the splash zone of marine structures, on accelerating admixture may be used to prevent freshly placed shotcrete from being washed away by the incom ing tide or by wave action.MATERIALS, PROPORTIONING, AND PROPERTIES CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS, PROPORTIONING, AND PROPERTIES The moterials, mixture proportions, and proper fies of sholerete are similar in many respec to conver tional concrete. Much of the guidance of EM. 1110-2-2000 for conventional conerete applies to shotcrete as well. 3-1. CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS. A. Portland Cement. (1) Cement requirements for shoterete are similar to those for conventional concrete. Portland cement must meet the requirements of CRO-C 201 {All CRD-C designe- tions are to Handbook for Concrete ond Cement, 1949, US. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Par. enthetical references are ASTM equivalents,)/American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C 150), Type {or Il Where the shoterete will be exposed to soil or woler high in soluble sulfates, Type Il or V should be used as described in EM 1110.2-2000. Blended cement musi meet the requirements of CRD-C 203 (ASTM C 595), Type IP or IS, and moderate sulfate resistance may be specified by adding the suffix MS to the type designe. ion. Where structural requirements-require high early strength, Type Ill meeting the requirements of CRD-C 201 [ASTM C 150} cement should be considered. (2} Lowolkali cement must be specified when the egales used ore regarded os chemically reactive va the alkalies in the cement (see EM 11 10-2-2000}. {3} Airenitaining cement has been used with the ‘wetmix process and has achieved varied results, wi the air content generally much lower than in conven- fional concrete. Generally, the use of air-entraining ce- ment is not recommended, since inpplace cir contenls are cfected by external factors such as air pressure, hose lengths, and equipment type. AEA’s allow flexibility to compensate for these factors B. Pozzolan. When added to a portland-ce- ment matrix, pozzolan reacis with the coleium hydroxide ond water o produce more calcium silicate gel. Conse- quently, shotctetes with pozzolan may exhibit improved longterm strength performance ond lower permeability Pozzolan is sometimes added to watmix shoterete to ‘enhance workabily, improve pumpabiliy, increase resistance to sulfate attack, and reduce expansion caused by the alkalisilica reaction. The use of fly ash facilitates pumping sholerete long distances. Portland cement re placement with pozzolan should be corefully consid ered, since early age sirength development is delayed. Pozzolars should conform to RDC 255 (ASTMC 618). Natural pozzolans and fly ash are not typically used: with deymix shoterete. However, silica fume is often used in drymix shotcrele and does not delay strength development ©. Silica Fume. (1) Silica fume is an extremely fine, amorphous pozzolanic molerial which is a wasle product of the silicon, ferosicon, or other silicon alloy production in submerged-re electric furnaces. The silica fume con ~~ danses from ihe exhaust gases forming extremely minute spherical particles. The materials over 85 percent silica dioxide, is epproximately 100 times finer than portland ‘cement, and has a specific gravity ranging from 2.1 to 26. {2) Silcesfume additions create several favorable conditions in sholerete. Because of the pozzolanic no- lure of slic fume, is addiion results in improved strength cond durcbiliy. Because of the ils extreme fineness, silica fume pastcles fill he microscopic voids between cement particles furher reducing permeability and increasing the density of the shoterete. Sholcrete mixtures with cafume additions display increased adhesion ond {91 Since silica fume isso fine, the material can- not be effectively handled in its dry, natural form. Con- sequenily, silica fume is commercially available in several processed forms. In one for, silica fume is densified to 30 to 40 pounds per cubic foot (pel loose bulk density. Further modifications include the addition of powdered waterreducing admixtures (WRA] to produce a formu: lated product. Silica fume is also available in a pelletized form. Significant mixing action Is necessary to completely break down and dissolve the pellets. Slutied silica fume is produced by mixing nearly equal weighs of silica fume and water. Slurries are also further modi- fied to include walecreducing admixtures. (4) Slicafume additions to wetmix shoterete must be made in conjunction withthe addition of normal and highzange WRA’s. Silicafume additions without WRA’s would necessitate large water additions to maintain a ‘suitable workability level. The additional water increases the wolercement ratio and negates the benefits of the slice fume addition. On the other hand, WRA's ore not recommended for silicafume additions to dry-mix thoterete since the total mixture is in contact with water for only the time when the mixture exits the nozzle and impacts the shooting surface. The use of WRAY into dry- mix shotcrete would cause the compacted shotcrefe to. tlough end sog on the surface as the admidure takes effect (5) For wetmix shotcrete, any of the packaging processes are applicable. If the silica fume is not pro- packaged with a WRA, such an admixture must be Batched. Drymix sholcrete is best proportioned using dry processed products of silica fume. 3-2. AGGREGATE. A.” Aggregate should comply with the quality aqoirerents-ofF-CRD-G-133-(ASTM_C.33}- Table 3:1 shows ceceptable grading limits. Grading No. 1 should be used if a mortar mixture is desired. Gradings No. 2 cand 3 contain coarse aggregate; the latter is similor to €@ conventional 19,0:mm {3/dinch) nominal maximum Size aggregate, except for a reduction in the larger sizes to minimize rebound. Aggregete failing to com- ply with these gradings may be used if preconstruction fests demonstrate that it gives good results. However, 0 rm grading is essenlial, Coarse and fine aggre- STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETE gate should be batched separaialy to avoid segregar fon B. Fine aggregate for finish or flash coats and in cther special applications may be finer than Grading No. 1. Finer fine. ‘aggregates, however, ‘gener. ally produce shoteretes having greater drying shrink: ‘age, while coarser sands result in more rebound, . Lightweightaggregate shotcrete is most prac- fica forthe dry:mix process. Since moisture and aggre- gots contact is initiated at the nozzle, the severe workability reductions common in conventional light weight concrete production do not occur 3-3. WATER. Mixing Water. Potable water should be used. this is not avcilable, the proposed water source should be tested according lo CRD-C 400. B. Curing Water. No special requirements cre necessary for curing water applied fo shoterele (ASTM 1978}. Wolter for curing of ochitecturalshoterete should be free from elements that will cause stoining, 3-4. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES. A. Use of Admixtures. Because of shotcrele auipmont limitations, the use of admixtures in shotcrete is nat the same as in conventional concrete. Admixtures should be tested in the field prior o use on large jobs fo ensure that the desired properties are achioved. Chemi- cal admixtures used in shoterote should comply with the ‘appropriate requirements given in CRD-C 625 (ASTM C1141), ACI 212.3R (paragraph A-1, ACI (19910), *Chemicol Admixtures for Conerete,” contains detailed information on general use in concrete TABLE 3-1. Grading Limits for Aggregate Percent by Mass Passing Individual Sieves, Sieve size (1) (Grading No. 1 (2) Grading No. 2 (3) Grading No. 3 (4) 3/Ainch - = 100 1/2inch = 100 80-95 3/Banch 100 90-100 70-90 0.19 inch (No. 4} 95-100 70-85 50-70 10.093 inch (No. 8) 80-100 50-70 35-55 (0.046 inch (No. 16) 50-85 35-55 20-40 0.024 inch (No. 30} 25-60 20-35 10-30 0.012 inch (No. 50) 10-30 8-20 S17 0,006 inch [No. 100) 210 2-10 210MATERIALS, PROPORTIONING, AND PROPERTIES B, Air-Entraining Admixture (AEA). the use of AEA’s in shoterete is practical only in webmix shoterete, Due to the loss of air during the gunning process of the wetmix shotcrete, the AEA should be batched so that the measured air contents in the plastic mix prior to pumping are twice the desired hardened shoterete air content. The mixing process eequired to form the oir bubbles does not occur in the drymnix process, hence a suitable airvoid system is not gener ated using the admixture. Air entrainment has slightly reduced rebound ©. Water-Reducing and Retarding Admix- tures. WRA’s meeting the requirements of CRD-C 87 (ASTM C 494) are readily adapted to the watmix pro- ess but are not used in dry-mix sholerete due to the ineffectiveness of the admixture when adding the admix ture and water at the nozzle. Retarding odmixtures are seldom used in shotcrete, except for near horizontal surfaces where subsequent finishing of the shotcrete surface is required, D, Accelerators. {1) Accelerators are essential in some shotcrete: ‘pplications, such as tunnel suppor, where rapid sec- tion buildup ond rapid strength development are neces- sary. Early accelerators were powders consisting of soluble aluminates, carbonates, ond silicates. Modern accelerators, both powdered and liquid, fall into.a wi cscortment of chemical makeups. Accelerators have dif- ————ferent-effects-depending-on-their chemistry; the-chemis try of the cement, and the dosage rate of the cdimixiure, Some of the commercial accelerators contain calcium chloride. Many are caustic, particularly the powdered matericls, athough not as caustic os in the past (2} Tests should be made to establish the compat- ibility of he paricular accelerator with the cement pro- posed for use on the project and to determine the ‘amount of such accelerator required. Many accelerators reduce 28day strengihs by 25 to 40 percent, depend- ing upon the compatibility of the accelerator and ce- ment. Where the aggregate is reactive, the alkali content of the admixture added to that ofthe cement should not exceed 0.6 percent by mass of the cement (3) Accelerators may reduce the frost resistance af the solo, Some may be very eausic end therefore ‘are o safely hazard: For these reasons and because of their cost, cccelerotors should only be used where nec- essary and then only in the minimum quantity necessary fo achieve the desired results (4) Calcium chloride, an accelerator, should never be used in an amount greater than 2 percent by mass of the cement, except where “flash set” is needed for stoppage of leaks. It should not be used in sulfate exposures, nor where the shoterete encases dissimilar metals (such as aluminum and steel) in contact with each ‘other. No admixtures containing calcium chloride should be used where the shotcrete isin contact with presiress- ing stel (5) Liquid accelerators are generally added at the nozzle for drymix or wetmix shoterele. Powdered ceceelerators are generally used only for drymix shoterele, added as a powder to the dry ingredienis. Accelerators used in wetmix shotcrete produce quick stiffening, then inital sot However, he final st usally cecurs much later than for drymix shotcrete. The time of set can be varied widely with these materials, including initial set in {ess than 1 minute, and final set in less than 4 minutes. ‘Some of these materials can also be used to create a “flash set" for special applications. E. Polymers. The addition of cartain latex ‘emulsions to @ conventional portland cement shotcrete has increased both tensile and flexural strength, im- proved bonding, arid decreased permeability. One ‘common vse of these meterials has boon in the repair of ‘concrete structures in marine environments and those subject to chemical attack. A latex with favorable prop- erties should be selected and the field personnel must be instucted in its behavior. F. Bonding Compounds. Bonding com- pounds.ate. generally. not recommended in shoterete ‘work, because the bond between shoterete and property prepared substrates is normally excellent. When impr erly used, bonding compounds can act as bond break: ers. Bonding agents should not be used in shoterete ‘work without an investigation into their effectiveness in each case. 3-5. REINFORCING STEEL. ‘A. Reinforcing bars for shoterete should meet the some specifications as for conventional concrete, Becouse ofthe placement method, the use of bars larger than No. 5 or heavy concentrations of steel are not proctical. Large bars make it difcuk to achieve od- equote buildup of good quality shoterete behind the bor and heavy concentrations of steel interfere with the placement of shoterele. In general, bar spacings of 6 10 12 inches are recommended for shotcrete reinforce- ment B._ttis often advantageous to specify os welded wire fabric, reinforcement either uncoated, galvanized, cr epoxy coated. Flat stock should usvally be specified in lieu of rolled fabric, Because of the rolled configura-10 tion, rolled welded wire fabric is difficult 10 place at specified locations. Wire spacing should be as wide os possible to allow shaterete to be built up behind. Spac- Ing of 6 inches is recommended, however wire spacing 1: low 05 2 inches has been used with 4 inches being more lypical €. In repair work, a thin shotcrete coating may not require reinforcement. When reinforcement is ex: posed in the old concrete, but not severely corroded, it tray be the only reinforcement necessary. In other cases, ‘additional reinforcement {bars or wire mesh) may be required 1 replace corroded steel o control temperature cracking, # not to satisfy structural considerations 3-6, FIBER REINFORCEMENT. A. Steel Fiber Reinforcement. Stel fibers have been used in sholerete to increase its ductly, foughness, impact resistance, and reduce crack propo- ‘gation. The fibers ore commercially available in lengths ranging from 1/2 10 3 inches. Typical fiber lengths for ‘hoterete range from 3/4 to 1-1/2 inches and are used inthe amount of | to 2 percentby volume ofthe shote The fibers have litle effect on compressive strength and produce only modest increases in flexural strength. However, they provide continued and, spection. Surfaces should be inspected for uniformity, woids tthe surlaces, varying hash condiion, hy conditions, seepage of water, cracking, and damaged sections.REFERENCES. APPENDIX A REFERENCES A-1, REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS. JER 1180-1-6. “Construction Quality Monagement.” 'EM 385-1-1. “Safety and Health Requirements Monual,” ‘EM 1110-2-2000. “Standard Practice for Concrete.” \CW-03361. “Shotcrete.” 2U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 1949, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 1949. Handbook for Conerete and Cement, with quar- terly supplements (all CRD-C designations), U.S. Amy Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. *American Concrete Institute 19914, American Concrete Institute, 1991. “Chemical Admix- tures for Concrete,” ACI Report No. 212.3R-89, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 2, Detroit, Ml ‘American Concrete Institute 1991b. American Concrete Insitvle. 1991. “Guide for Mea: suting, Mixing, Transporting, cnd Placing Concrete,” ACI Report 304R-89, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, —_ art 2, Deiroit, Ml ‘American Concrete Institute 199 1¢. American Concrete Insitute. 1991c. “Standard Pract for. Curing Concrete,” ACI Report No. 308R-86, ‘ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 2, Detroit, Ml *American Concrete Institute 191d. American Concrete Institute. 1991d. “Guide to Shotcrete,” ACI Report No. 506R90, ACI Manual of Conerete Practice, Part 5, Detroit, Ml. *American Concrete Institute 199 1e. American Concrete Institute. 1991e. “State-ofthe-Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Shoterete,” ACI Report ‘No,-506.1R-84;-(Reapproved -1989), ACI Manual -of Concrete Practice, Part 5, Detroit, MI. "Reference published by Deparment ofthe Army ond ovale rough USACE Command information Managemant Ofice sources. Al Corps of Engincors publications cre avilable on intatbary lor from tho Research Leary, US. Army Engineer Welerways Exper ‘ment Station, ATTN: CEWES:M IR, “3909 Holly Fery Rood, Vielsburg, MS 39180-8199, Sfeferones available through American Concrete Insite, PO Box 19150, Bett, Mi 48219. _tor Pulse American Society for Testing and Materials. 4ASTM € 33 (CRD-C 133). “Slandord Specification for Concrete Aggregates.” ABSTM C 42 (CRD-C 27), “Standard Test Method for ‘Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete.” 4ASTM C94 (CRD-C 31). "Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete.” 4ASTM C 136 (CRD-C 103). “Standard Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates.” “ASTM C 150 (CRD-C 201). "Standard Specification for Portland Cement.” 4ASTM C 231 (CRD-C 41). “Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pres ‘sure Method.” “ASTM C 494 (CRD-C 87). “Siondord Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete.” 4ASTM € 597 (CRD-C 51). "Siondard Test Method city Through Concrete." “ASTM C618 (CRD-C 255). “Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or Caleined Notural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixdure in Portland Cement Con- crete.” 4ASTM € 685 (CRD-C 98). “Standard Specification for Concrete Made by Volumeiric Batching and Continu- ‘ous Mixing.” 4ASTM © 803 (CRD-C 59). “Standard Test Method for Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete.” 4ASTM C 805 (CRD-C 22). "Stondard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete.” 4ASTM C 900 (CRD-C 78). “Sicndard Test Method for Pullout Strength of Hardened Concrete.” 4ASTMG 1018 (CRD-C 65). "Standard Test Method for Flexural Toughness and FirstCrack Strength of Fiber- Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With ThirdPoint load. ing)” Reoronce ovllatle trough Arsatican Society for Testing and Mate fils, 1916 Race Steot, Phladelahia, PA 17103,‘ASTM C 1141 (CRD-C 625). “Siondard Specific tion for Admixture for Shoterete.” A-2. RELATED PUBLICATIONS. *American Concrete Institute 1974. American Concrete Institute. 1974, “Use of Shotcrote for Underground Structural Support,” Publication SP-45, Detroit, Mi ‘American Concrete Institute 1980. ‘American Concrete Insftule. 1980. “Performance of Concrete in Marine Environment,” Publication SP-65, Detroit, Mi 2American Concrete Institute 19814. American Conerete Insitute. 19810. “Shoterete Appli- cations,” Concrete International: Design and Constuc- tion, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 23-109, Detroit, Ml 2American Concrete Institute 1981b. American Concrete Insitvie. 1981b. “Application and Use of Shoterate,” Compilation No. 6, Detroit, Ml. 2American Concrete Institute 19910. American Conerete Insilule. 199 10. “Specifications for Structural Conerete for Buildings,” ACI Report No. 3018-89, ACI Manual of Concrete Praciice, Part 3, Detroit, Ml sAmerican Concrete Institute 1991b. ‘American Concrete Insite, 1991b. "Standard Speci ‘cation for Bonding Plasiic Concrete to Hardened Con- crete with a Multi-Component Epoxy Adhesive,” of Concrete Practice, Part 5, Detroit, Ml 2American Concrete Institute 1991¢. ‘American Concrete Insttvie. 199 1c. “Specification for Materials, Proportioning, and Application of Shotcrete,” ‘ACI Report No. 506.2-90 (Revisions), Copyright 1972, 1982, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Patt 5, Detroit, Mi. 3American Concrete Institute 1991d. American Concrete Institute, 1991d. “Guide to Certifi- cation of Sholerete Nozzlemen,” ACI Report No. 506.3- 182, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Past 5, Detroit, Ml. 4American Society for Testing and Materials 1978. American Society for Testing and Moterials. 1978. “Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete Making Materials,” ASTM STP 1698, Philadel phia, PA. ‘American Society for Testing and Material 1992. American Society for Testing ond Materials. 1992. “Stan dard Specification for EpoxyResinBasin Bonding Sys- tems for Concrete,” Designation C-881-90, 1992 STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETE Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Philadelphia, PA; also published as CRD-C 595, Handbook for Concrete cond Cement (with quarterly supplements), U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Staion, Vieaburg, "Brekke, Einstein, and Mason 1976, Brekke, T. L., Einstein, H. H., and Mason, R. E. 1976 Wun). *State-ofthe-Art Review of Shotcrete,” Contract Report $76-4, U.S. Amy Engineer Waterways Experi ment Station, Vicksburg, MS. SCrom 1966. Crom, T. R. 1966. "DryMix Shoterete Practice," Shotereting, SP-14, pp. 15-32, American Concrete ln- sftule, Detroit, Mi "Crom 1981. Crom, T. R. 1981 Yan), "Dry-Mix Shotcrete Nozzling,* Concrete International: Design and Construction, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 80-98, American Concrete Insitute, Detot, Ml sFredricks, Saunders, and Broadfoot 1966. Fredricks, J. C., Saunders, N. R., and Broadfoot, J T 1966. "Recent Developments in Positive Displacement Shoterete Equipment," Shotcreting, SP-14, pp. 75-83, ‘American Concrete Insitue, Detroit, Ml 8Gopalaratnam, Shah, Batson, Criswell, Ramakrisknan, and Wecharatana 1991. Gopalarainam, V.5., Shah, S.P., Batson, G. B.,.Criswell, M.E,, Ramakrishnan, V., and Wecharatana, M. 1991 WubAug). “Fracture Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Con- crete,” ACI Materials Jounal, pp. 339-353, American [Ret Reper Ne: SOS.279 WRevsed 1986), ACrManval Concrete site, Deo, Mi *Hoffmeyer 1966. Hoffmeyer, T, A. 1966. "WetMix Shotcrete Practice," Shotereting, SP-14, pp. 59-74, American Concrete In- sfitute, Detroit, Ml. Holland 1987. Holland, T. C. 1987 (Mer). “Working with Silica Fume Concrete,” Concrefe Construction, Vol. 32, No. 3, Addison, IL. ‘Krantz 1984, Krantz, Gary W. 1984. “Selected Pneumatic Gunites for Use in Underground Mining: A Comparative Engi neering Analysis,” Bureau of Mines Information Circu- lor/1984, 64 pp., United States Department of interior, Washington, DC, ‘luther 1989. luther, Mark D. 1989. “Microsilica [Silica Fume) Con- crete Durabilty in Severe Environments,” Proceedings of the Structural Congress 1989, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, pp. 95-105. ‘Mahar, Parker, and Wuellner 1975. ‘Mahar, J. W., Parker, H. W., and Woellner, W. W.REFERENCES 1975 [Aug]. *Shoterele Practice in Underground Con- siruction,” Report No. FRAOR&D 75-90, U.S. Depart ment of Transportation, Washington, DC. 2MeDonald 191. ‘McDonald, James E. 1991 (Mai). “Properties of Silica Furie Concrete,” Technical Report’ REMR-CS-32, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. sMorgan 1988. Morgan, D. R. 1988 Jan). "Dry-Mix Silica Fume Shoterete in Western Canada,” Concrele International: Design ‘and Construction, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 24-32, Ameri can Concrete Insitute, Detroit, Mi sMorgan, McAskill, Richardson, and Zellers 1989. Morgan, D. R., McAskill, N., Richardson, B. W., and Zellers, R. C. 1989. "A Comparative Evaluation of Pla Polypropylene Fiber, Steel Fiber and Wire Mesh Rein forced Sholereles,” Transportation Research Record, No. 1226, Concrete and Concrete Construction, Trans. portation Research Board, National Research Coun, ‘Washington DC, pp. 78-87. ‘Reference eveilable from Notional Technical Information Service, ld, VA 22151 Prestressed Concrete Institute 1981. Prestressed Concrete institute. 1981 (lan-Feb). “Recom- mended Practice for Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrele Panels,” Journal of Prestressed Concrete Insite, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 25-93. SReading 1981. Reading, T. J. 1981 (lan). “Durability of Shoterele,” Con- «rete Intemational: Design and Construction Vol. 3,'No. 1, pp. 27-33, American Concrete Insitute, Detroit, Ml *Rutenbock 1974. Rutenbeck, Todd. 1974. "New Developments in InPlace Testing of Shoterete,” Use of Shoterete for Underground Structural Suppor, SP-45, pp. 246-262, American Con tele Institute, Detroit, Mi “Ryan 1973. Ryan, T.F. 1973. Gunite — A Handbook for Engineers, Cement and Concrete Association, London, England. 7Tynes and McCleese 1974, Tynes, W. O., and McCleese, W. F. 1974 lu). “lnves tigation of Shotcrete,” Technical Report C745, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. ‘Rsference ansible from 11 Grosvenor Crescent, London, SW0, TEE, Enlond,(GLOSSARY OF TERMS 9 APPENDIX B GLOSSARY OF TERMS Accelerator. Dry-Mix Shoterete. ‘A substance which, when added to concrete, mortar, or Preumatically conveyed shoterete in which most of the grout, increases the rate of hydration of a hydraulic mixing water is added at the nozzle. (See also Phev- omen shores thefine of sting or inresas the rle mate Fed] ‘of hardening or strengih development, or both eG ‘Admixture. Material distributor lator in certain of ‘Armaterilotber thon wale, aggregoe, hydraulic cx. Spey Catton oF re eee ment, or fiber reinforcement used 8 an ingredient of concrete of mortar and added to the concrete immed Finish Coat. ‘ely bolore or during fs mixing I hin coat ofshotrete applied preparatory to hand Air Ring. finishing. Perforated manifold in the nozzle of wetmix shotcrete Flash Coat. ‘equipment through which highppressure air is introduced A light coat of shoterete used to cover minor blemishes into the material flow. on a concrete surface applied from a distance greater ‘Aspect Ratio. than normal. ‘A term used to describe the geometry of an individual Ground Wire. fiber; itis the ratio of the length of «fiber to the Smellgauge highstength steel wire used fo establish equivalent diomotr; the equivalent diameter i hat cit- line ord grade asin shoterete work, leo called align ilo orea that is equol in area to the erosesectional ment wire or scied wine area of the fiber. G Bench Gunning. 1) Sheterete material delivery equipment used to re- rer building op thick sections “of verticat-wark, ceive materials and deliver them 10 the nozzle; the ae ic applied casinst the seven top surface ‘equipment offen consists of double chambers under of the shotcrete rather than directly against the verti- sur ipment with a single chamber is cal surface, the lop surface of the shoterete i Bi ee ed ere cone main. Pres i" tained at o 45-degree slope. (Also known as shelf zene seal d (2) A pressure cylinder used fo pneumatically propel gunning.) freshly mixed concrete. Blowpipe. Gun Finish, Airjet operoted by the nozzleman's helper in shotcrete {gunning to keep rebound or other loose material out of __Undisturbed final layer of shoterele os applied from the the work. nozzle, without hand finishing. i Gunite (former trademark). Build Up. : Gunning of shotcreie in successive layers to form o ‘Armethod of applying dry-mix shoterete; term sometimes : thicker mass. used for drymix shoterete Bulking. Gunman. increase’ in the bulk volume of © quantiy of sand ina Workman on a sholeeting crew who operates the delv- ‘moist condition over the volume of the same quantity dry _®FY e4vipment or completely inundated. Gunning. Cutting Sereed. The act of applying sholeree; ejection of material from ‘Sharpedged tool used to trim shotcrete to a finished the nozzle and impingement on the surface fo be gunned, cutie, {Sometimes called shooting. Delivery Hose. Gunning Pattern. Hose through which shoterete passes; also known as a Conical ouline ofthe material discharge stream in shotcrete material or conveying hose. ‘operation,cess Hamm Tip. A flared shotcrete nozzle having « lorger diameter ot midpoint than ether inlet or outlet; also called a premixing tip Nozzle. ‘A metal or rubber tip attached to ihe discharge end of ‘aheary, thickwall rubber hose from which a continuous stream of shotcrete is ejected onto the placement. Nozzle Velocity. The rate ct which shotcrete is ejected from the nozzle, usually stated in feet per second or meters per second. Nozzleman. The operator who manipulates the nozzle and controls placement ofthe shoterete; in he case of drynix shetcree, the nozzleman also conkols the water content of the shotcrete. Pneumatic Feed. Shoterete delivery equipment in which material is com veyed by a pressurized air stream Positive Displacement Concrete Pump. Wettmix shoterete delivery equipment in which the ma- terial is pushed through the material hose in asolid mass by a piston, auger, or other displacement typo equip- ment. Rebound. ‘Aggregate ond cement or wet shoterete which bounces ‘away from @ surface agains! which shoterete is being ee i ae Sand Lenses. A general term for areas in the shotcrete that ore either voids or pockels of aggregate that have segre- gated from the cement, sand lenses are oriente: planes parallel tothe layering of the shoterete, analo- ‘STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETE gous to rock pockels or honeycomb in conventional concrete. Sand Pocket. zone in concrete or mortar containing sand without cement Shelf Gunning. ‘When building up thick sections of vertical work, shoterete is applied against the advancing top surface of the shoterete rather than ditectly against the vertical surface; the top surface of the shoterete is maintained at a A5- degree slope. (Same as bench gunning.) Shooting. {See gunning.) Shoterete. Morlar or concrete pneumatically projected at high ve- locity onlo « surface; also known as airblown mortar, pneumatically cpplied mortar or concrete, sprayed mortar, or gunned concrete. (See also DryMix Shoterete, Pneumatic Feed, Positive Displacement Concrete Pump, cand WetMix Shoterete hing. Subsidence of shotctete, plaster, or the like, due gener ally fo excessive water in the mixture; also called sag- sing Water Ring. A device in the nozzle body of dry-mix shotcrele equip- ment through which water is added to the materials, Wel-Mix Shotcrete. Shoterete wherein all ingredients, including mixing water, ‘re mixed before introduction into the delivery hose; i may be pneumatically conveyed or moved by displace- ment, S2e also Pneumatic Feed and Positive Displace- ment Concrete Pump.)SHOTCRETE APPUCATIONS CORPS OF ENGINEERS PROJECTS 51 APPENDIX C SHOTCRETE APPLICATIONS CORPS OF ENGINEERS PROJECTS TABLE C-1. Shotcrete Applications, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Projects Application Type of shoterete Project Location Distict a) (2) (3) (4) (5) Tunnel lining Drysmix. litle Goose Dam Snake River, WA Walla Walla Tunnel lining Drymix with silica furne | Lower Monumental Dom | Snake River, WA Walla Walla Spillwoy ogee Wetmix Willow Creek Dam Heppner, OR Walla Walla Canal lining Wetmix and wetmix with | Mill Creek Loke Walla Walle, WA | Walla Wella steel fibers ‘Navigation lock coating | Wetmix with glass fibers | Lower Monumental Dom | Snake River, WA Walla Walia ‘and polymer Novigation lock Wetsmix Emsworth, Dashields Pittsburgh, PA Pittsburgh rehabilitation Monogahela lock No. 3 Tunnel lining Wetmix with steel fibers | Harlan Diversion Project | Harlan, KY Nashville Rock slope prot Dry-mix with accelerator | New Melones Dam Stanislaus River, CA | Sacramento Tunnel lining Dry-mix with accelerator | New Melones Dam Stanislaus River, CA | Sacramento Rock slope prot litle Dell Dam Del Creek, UT Sacramento Tunnel lining litle Dell Dam Del Creek, UT Sacramento Soped channal los Angeles River Channel | Los Angeles River, CA | Los Angeles R as(MIXTURE PROPORTIONING SAMPLE SUBMITTAL 3 APPENDIX D MIXTURE PROPORTIONING SAMPLE SUBMITTALba STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETE HARCON INCORPORATED P.0.BOX 2661 POCATELLO, ID. 83206-2661 SHOTCRETE MIX DESIGN (BY VOLUME) Project # DACW 68-91-C-0002 Shoterete Producer: Connell Sand & Gravel, Inc., Connell, Shoterefe Uses: Gallery Lining W/C ratio < 0.40, Entrained air = NA C.A.= 3/8" x #4 w/ ASTM C 33 combined gradation per 3B-' Bulk $.G.: SSD = 2.81 ‘Absorption = 2.2% Source = Connell Sand & Gravel F.A.= Concrete Sand / ASTM C 33 combined gradation per 3B-6.3 Source = Connell Sand & Gravel Bulk $.G.: SSD = 2.706 Absorption COMPUTATION. of 1 CY TRIAL MIX Revised 5/22/91 Ingredients Batch Weights 5.G. SSD Volume WATER @ W/C 0.36 258 CEMENT T I-11 LA 705 CoA. (3/8"xE4) 6400.24 FeAy 2450 0.79 SILICA FUME 56 0.08 VOLUME 27.006 Additives: None Water Source: Same as for structural concrete 91-02---3B-2.1----1MIXTURE PROPORTIONING SAMPLE SUBMITTAL TILBURY CEMENT COMPANY DATE060401 Connell Sand & Gravel ‘Slove Size Percent Passing ‘Speciation 3 100 100 4 8 9-100 8 7 80-100 6 7 5085 30 2 2560 60 5 10.30 100 5 240 200 2 Fu 288 ASTM ‘Séreon Size Porcont Passing ‘Specieston ‘er 100 85-100 ” 8 1030 #8 4 O40 a6 ° os "80% Sand 20% Screen Size Percent Passing Specieaton ve 109 100 se 100 90-100 7585 a 6 5075 6 5 ass 30 ou 2085 60 2 820 100 4 240 554 STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETE INTERMOUNTAIN MATERIALS TESTING, INC. 17448 Lemhi St., Boise, Idaho 83700 {208) 376-8208 1718 West A St, Pasco, Washington 99901 (608) 547-1131 Materiale Engineering and Testing = * ‘Construction Inspection ¢ —_—~Project Consultation REPORT Tor. Fausebt Hine Service pares 6-26-91 P.O, Box 968 FILE NUMBERS 91-53 Debourn, 1D 63849 SHEETS 6 or 6 INVOICES ‘reage79 PROJECT: Lower Monumental Dam Sandie Identification on Hay #9, 1994, your personnel delivered to our laboratory shot crete cores. Ie was reported that the test panels om hot on May Bey Toi, by your operator, Cunningham. The panels were reportedly shot Ae horizontal position, weing aix #1 (7.5 bag mix with 6x silica flume - At your request, we perforned conpressive strength tests in accordance with ASTM Caz. ‘The test results are as follews - fi Test Results pate hensth Compressive | Lab Number Tested age Diameter Strength PBr 911673 sui7-91 Be 6223 3920 2.73 s1sa7e e-17-91 Be. 6.283 3860 2.73 / 911873 e131 8 2823 6130 2.75 i 911074 e-is-91 0 B8 Ae6e5 6120 2.75 Raviewed by, a Buck-IXTURE PROPORTIONING SAMPLE SUBMITTAL 7 INTERMOUNTAIN MATERIALS TESTING, INC. 7448 Lomb St., Boise, Idaho 83700 08) 376.8203 1718 West A St, Pasco, Washington 99901 (Goo) 647.1121 Materiale Engineering and Testing = ‘Construction Inepection © Project. Consultation REPORT TOs Fausett Hine Services pares 26-93 P.0. Box 968 FILE NUMBERS 91-33 Osbourn, 1D 83849 SHEETS 4of6 rnvorces 1910879 PROJECT: — Lower Monumental Dam Sample Identification on May 29, 1991, your personnel delivered to our laboratory shot crete cores. Th was reported that the test panels were shot an Nay 2m, 3991, by your operator, Easley. The panels were reportedly shot at horiyontal position, using mix 41 (7.5 bag wix with 8X silica flume). At your request, we performed compressive strength tests in accordance with ASTM C42, The test results are az follow Test Results Date Length Compressive Lab Number Tested age Dianeter Strength PST 912034 6-17. 26 4.275, 3910 2.73 912855 6-17-93 R6 4.625 se60 2.73 911856 6-19-93 28 ere 6480 2.73 911087 6-19-93 4230 6700 2.73 - aioe &STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETE INTERMOUNTAIN MATERIALS TESTING, ING. iC. 7448 Lemhi St., Boise, Idaho 83708 1718 West A St, Pasco, Washington 90301 Gon seruiat Materials Engineering and Testing = Construction Inspection * Project Consultation REPORT TOs Fausett Hine Services DATES 6-p6-94 P.O. Rox 966 PILE NUMBER: 91-33 Osbourn, ID 83849 ‘SHEETs 2of 6 INvOIces 910279 PROJECT! Lower Monumental Dam Rample Identification On May 29, 1994, your personnel delivered to our iaboratory shot crete cores. It was reported that the test panels were shot on May 22, 4991, by your operator, Rainville, The panels were reportedly shot at horizontal position, using aix M1 (7.5 bag mix with 6x silica flume). Ab your request, we performed compressive strength tests in accordance with ASTM C42. ‘The test results are as foltows. Tent Results Date Conpressive Lav Number Tested Strength Par 911833, 6-03-94 4.68 4100 | 2.75 i | 911834 sros-91 314 4.08 4130 2.75 il sase2e e199: 20 B.z0 6770 7s 911039 6-19-9108 4.073, 6180 2.78MIXTURE PROPORTIONING SAMPLE SUBMITTAL 59 SOUTH DAKOTA CEMENT cnn cen connelt Sand & Gravel Ines — gy _DAGHSN91-C-0002 Teankisa Co. Lover Honunental eae Tor P10, Box 156, Connell, Wye 99326 Persanent Juvenile Fish Bypass FacSLity CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIARCES This {s to certify that al) Dokot Eel is te carey te a0) Dla Ue ene aT eis ot extn Byrahe Aneriecan Society for Testing and Naterials (ASTH Questions concerning these specifications my be directed to this Oifice ot the above naner. : RECEIVED pend BN WALLA Wi pe Sip: ae: 2 FEB BS ae a SAGA 91-02---3A-002----1 i0 STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETE Post™ brand tex wana amo 757 [#09 CAR @ LBS. CAR ® LBB BN 441440 195700 _____ : BN 441236 197000 i TTIUBURY ceneNT | Pasco, WA So A.8.T.M, Cn150-69 Tyre: I-11 BIN # sPECIFICATION LIMIT CHEMICAL ‘TYPE I : Silicon dioxide. min. % (8102) 20.00 L Aluminum oxide, max, % (ALZOS) 6200 Ferrie oxide, max, x (FeZ03) 8.00 Maonesiua oxida. max, % (MeO) 4.00 8.00 i Sulfur trioxide, max. % (603) unen (CSA) is 8% or less i Loss on tenition, max, % Ineoluble residues cally % Telealeium aluminate. aa, % (CSA) Alkalios, max, % (9) (as Na ea.) aan, % ting, mine ‘time, max. Vicat setting time,minynat less than max,not more than 20 Day Concreasive Strengt! Alm content of mortar.voluney % t final penetration, min, (#) (#) Optional Reauirenents This will certify that the above described shioment of DACOTAH canent moets currant ASTH CiS0-89 and AABHTO HBS specifications. All tasting comalies with ¢ uranents by A.S-T.t. tor Portland we ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ADDITIVES NOT STATED IN THE CERTIFICATE OF GOMPL TANCE. DATE OF REPORT... «01/22/91 CHEHIBY.. Court Patterson C3Seeee. 48.16 eaarllll 2 lat 91-02~--3\-002----2[MIXTURE PROPORTIONING SAMPLE SUBMATTAL Master ButdersTechnotaieg Master Builders, Inc. mecrntae, a e une 12, 2991, 6 cartificate of quali SEEEE Saiheete han sloica rine Minared Ataixture (lest Court Sou) Ret Carpe, of Bngiheera Projects 19 erat rr pay coca: seata of chlo Yo Gomty of Take. Beforo ra, a Notary Piblio, in and for the aforesaid state and Canty, pernally apjanled Ren Br alte, wo beltg Gy every daponse Sd sage ‘That he is Mansger, chemistry Laboratry for Master Builders, ino. cleveland, Chios and oe ‘That Faw Gilica Fira Mineral Mnixture (West Const Source) 18 Waster Builds ieepscted silica fim mineal edaiviure for ‘he ae ee ee ee ritngtk mat Bpacnilayy a ‘that Rav Silica Fue Minaral aaixturie (pact Coast Source) meta the following Master Dillders quality assurance acceptance criteria: ‘Silicon dicxide min, 2 3.0 Avadleble alkalies, &s'Na,0, max, ¥ LS Fotature content, nex, § 38 Kecterelaines So 8, No, 325 aleve, enc, 30.0" Forzolanio Activityes rT oe tested Beitcmieyertesteyie \ Hot Teatad. + Recent production runs have show retained anctits of less than 5t.- * Ellice Fine containing moro than @5% fic ie cuvtainly porzatanic. Pozzolente activity vas and has ne aeaning with silicaINDEX Accelerated shoterete 6 Accelerated testing 26 Accelerators 5, 6,9, 11, 39, 49 Acrylic latex. 6 Admixtuces 8-9, 49; accelerators 5,6, 9, 11, 39, 49; cirentraining 45,7,9, 11, 39, 41; ASIM standards 45, 46; bonding compounds 9; cerifcate of compliance 39, 41, 43; dispensers. 18-19, 31; dryerix shéterele 4, 5, 8, 11, 18:19; polymers_6, 9, 12; testing 8, 45, 46; waterseducing 7-9, 19, 39,41; waterretarding 9; wetmix shoterele 5,9, 11, 19 Aggregate, 8; ASTM siandard 45; grading 8, ‘40; promoisturizer 20, 31; rebound 11, 35; testing 39-41 Air compressor 19 Air content 41, 45 Air ring 49) Airentroining admixtures 45, 7,9, 11,39, 41 Alignment control 30 ‘Anchors 30 Application techniques 4:5, 15:22, 31-35 Asgunned finish 36, 49 Aspect ratio 49 ‘ASTM standards 45-46 Bar reinforcement 9-10, 29.30, 33.34 Batching 30-31; ASTM standard 45; equipment 17-18, 30; fiberseinforced shotcrete 20; sillecfume shoicrete 20, 31; test data sample submittal 54 Beams 41, 45 Bench gunning 35, 49 Bond sirengih” 4, 5, 12, 36 Bonding 3,4; delamination 40-42 Bonding agenis 9 Bridge repair 3 uilding repair Buking 49 Butt joints 35 ‘Calcium chloride 9 Canal linings 29, 35, 51 ; 4 ‘ ‘Cement 7; proportioning 11-12; test data sample submittal 54, 55, 60; testing 39, 40 Certificate of compliance 39-41, 43 Certification; nozzleman 23, 26, 39, 43 CFP fiber. see Collated fibrillated polypropylene Chemical admixtures see Admixtures. Chlorides 9, 11 Collated fibrilted polypropylane (CF) fiber Columns, shoterete placement 29 Compressive strength 12; curing 36; drymix shoterete 5, 11; lest data sample submittal 5658; testing 40, 41 Compressor 19, 20 Concrete surfaces; shoterete placement 29 Consituction joints 35 Confinvousfeed gun 15, 16, 18:20 Contraction joints. 35 Gore srengih 24 Cores 24, 41, 45; repoir of holes 37 Corners; application techniques 31-33 Crew see Personnel Cube strength 24 Curing 36-37, 39, 41 Curing woter 8 Cutting screed 36, 49 Dams 3,51 4 Defects; preproduction tesling 40; sand pockets 27, 57,50; srlace defects, ropa 37; viel inspection 27; voids 27, 33, 34, 37 Delaminaiion 40.42 Delivery hose 49) Depth gauge 30 Depth gauge Depth probe 30 Dispensers; admixture 18-19, 31 Domes 4 Double-chamber gun 15, 16 Drom rsa 18,30 shrink Diymishotree 45, 15-17, 49; ccelerators 5,6,9, 11; admixtures 4,5, 8,11, 18-19; ‘aggregate 8; air compressor 19, 20; aireniraining admixture 5, 11; epplication 4, 15-16; batching and mixing, 30-31; bond skengih_5;-compressive srengih 5, 11; freeze and thaw resistance 4, 5, 9, 12; guns 15-16; nozzle 20, 21; nozzleman’ 43; placement time limitations 35; plant layout 15,17; pozzclan 7; premoiurizer 20; proportioning 11; quality assurance 43: febound 4,5; elerences 46, £7; sca fume 8; strength 5, 11; water supply 19-20; wolerreducing admixture 8 Durability 47 Earth surfaces; shoterete placement 29 Encasing; reinforcing steel 33-34 Engineering Considerations and Instructions for rsonnel 43 Eained ir 11, 12 : resins 6 Equipment 1520; batching 17-18, 30; costs 5; preconstruction iesting tions 39 pillways 3-4, 51 Excavations 4 Feed wheel 49[nee lotex admixture 6,9 Uitle Dell Dam (Utah) 51 Fiberreinforced shotrete 54, 10; batching ond rnixing 20; eerlifeate of complionce $9, 41, 43; gloseliberveinforced 5-6, 10, 12: placement 30; polypropyleneiber-reinforced 8 710.12; ropononng sence 10, 48, 47; seek berseinfotced 5-5, 10, 12; synihetichber reinforced 6, 10, 12; tesing 24, 26; toughness 13, 24, 26 Finish coat 49 Finishing 36 Flash coat 8, 36, 49 Flash set 9 Flexural strength 12, 40; ASTM standard 45; evaluation 24, 41, 45 Floors 4 Fly osh 7, 45 Fog nozzles 36 Formed surfaces; shotcrete placement 29 Forms 29 Freeze resistance 4,5, 9,12 GFRS see Glossfiber-reinforced shoterete Gloss fibers 10, 12 Glassfiber-reinforced shotcrete 5-6, 10; proportioning 12; references 47 Groding; aggregate 8, 40 Ground wire. 4% Gun finish 49 Gunite 1, 49 Gunman 49 Gunning 31-35, 49; bench gunning 35, 49; comers 31-33; joints 35; pattern 32-33, 49; shelf gunning 35, 50 Guns 11, 49; continousfead gun 15, 16, 18- feed guns 15, 17-19, 50; positive displacement guns 15, 18, 19, 46, 50 Homm tip 50 Horlan Diversion Project Kentucky} 51 Innplace thickness 41 Interior corners; gunning 31, 32 Jobsite mixing 18, 30 Joints 35 {ile Goose Dam {Washington} 51 load capecity 13 load deflection tesing 13, 26 los Angeles River Channel (California) 51 lower Monumental Dom (Washington) 51 Manvfocterer’s cerifcate 39-41, 43 Marine structures 3, 6, 51 Masonry surfaces; shoteele plocement 29 64 Membrane curing 36 Mill Creek Lake (Washington) 51 Mixing 30.01; ASTM sondord 45; drum mixer 18, 30; equipment 17-18, 30 Mixing woter B Moisture content 30-31, 40-41 Moisture trap 19) Monongahela Locks (Pennsylvania) 51 Notural gun finish, 36, 49 Novigation locks 3, 51 Now Melones Dam (California) 51 NNMSE see Nominal maximum size aggregate Nominal maximum size aggregate (NMSA) 11 Nondestructive fesing 47 Nozzle angle 31 Nozzle disiance 31-32 Nozzle motion 32-33 Nozzle velocity 50 Nozzleman 20-22, 50; certification 23, 26, 39, 43; solely 22,'36; test panels 23-24 Nozzles 20,21, 50 Nozzling 31-35 Overspray 33, 35 Penetration resistance 45 Permeability 13 Personnel 20:22; certification 23, 26, 39, 43; safely 22, 36; les! panels 23:24 Pilasters; shotcrete placement 29 Placement 29-37 Plant layout; dry-mix sholcrete. 15, 17; webmix shoterote 15, 18, 19 .guns—15_-16; pneumatic——-Pneumeticfeed gun 15, 17-19, 50 Polymermodified shotcrete 6,9, 12 falynerportandcement shokole 6 Polypropylene fiber 6, 10, 12, 47 Pools a” Portland cement 57, 45 festive ceplacameni gun 15, 18, 19, 46, 50 Pozzolan 7, 45 Premoisturizer 20, 31 Preproduction phase; submitials 39-40, 43; fesfing 23-27, 39-40 Production phase ‘40-42 Proportioning 11-12; drymix shoterete 11; ‘evaluation 23; fberreinforced sholerete. 12; quality assurance 43; test data 39, 41; test sample submitial 53-61; tral botching 10; webmix shotcrete “11 Protection; during curing 36, 39, 41; durin sholctele application 35; slope and surface protection 4 Pullout strength 45 Pulse velocity 45 Quolity ossurance 43-44, 53-61Quality control 39-42 Rain; shotcrete application 35 Readyrmixed concrete 17, 45 Rebound 11, 31, 35-36, 50; aggragate size 11, 35; oir entrainment 9; ASTM standard. 45; blowpipe 22, 34, 49: drymix sholerele. 4, 5;, percentage 36; polypropylenefiber reinforcement 10; removal 36; safely 36; silicafume shoterete 31, 35; esling 41, 45; welmix shoterete 4, 5 Reinforcement see Glass iberreinforced shotcrele; Stee!ibereinforced shoterete; Synthetic fiber. reinforced shoterete Reinforcing 3031; bar reinforcement 29-30, 33; gunning 31; steel, encasing 33.34 Remote-conirolled nozzles 20 River channels 51 Rock surfaces 29, 51 Rubber float 36 Safety 22, 36 Sagging 6, 31,50 Sand pockets (sand lenses) 27, 37, 50 Sowing 24 Scaffolding 29 Shelf gunning 35, 50 Shooting see Gunning Shotcrele 50; accelerated shoterete 6; application techniques 45, 15-22, 31.35; cpplications 3.4, 6, 51; ASTM standards 45- 46; batching and mixing equipment 17-18, 3031; curing 3637, 39, 41; defects 27, 33, 34 97, 40,50; equipment 5, 1520, plocement 29-37; polymermodified 6,9, 12; polypropylenefiberreinforced 6, 10,'12; preconstruction testing 23-27, 39-40; Production phate testing 40-42; properties 12-13, 40; proportioning 10-12, 23, 39, 41; quality assurance 43-44, 53-61; quelity control 39-42; references 46-47; siceume shotcrete 6, 12, 20, 31, 35, 36.37, 46, 47, 61; steelfiber reinforced 5, 10, 12, 20, 29- 30: syntheticfiber reinforced 6, 10, 12: testing 10-11, 23-27, 39-46; see also Dry- mix shotcrete; Wet-mix shotcrete inkage 12, 35.37 icofume shotcrete 6; batching and ming 20, ‘31 eating "3637; proportioning 12; rebound 31, 35; references 46, 47; Shrinkage’ 12; tet dota sample submittal 61 lope.protection.. 4, 35,51 Slouching’ 8,31, $0 limp Snow; shoireto Specimen tosing 23, 39! glas: ia 56,10, 12, fozzlemon 26, 36, 39, 43, 50; 65 Spillwoys 3-4, 51 Sproyup'5, 6 Square joints 35 Steel; bars 9; fiber 5, 10, 12; prestressed 9; reinforcement 9-10, 29-31, 33-34; wire fobric 9-10, 30, 47 Swofbereinforced shotrte 5, 10; backing ‘ond mixing 20; proportioning 12; telerances 47; repairing 2950 Strength 5, 12, 40; accelerators 9; ASTM standard 45; dry-mix shoterete 5, 11; polymermodited shotcete 6; pozzalen 7; rebound 31; test data sample submital 56- 58; tesing 24, 26, 40, 41, 43, 45; wetmix shoes Stytenebutadiene polymer & Surface defects; repair 37 Surfoce preparation 29-30, 41 Surface protection see Protection Sutfoce tolerances 42 Syntheticfiberreinforced shoterete 6, 10, 12 Tonks 4 Temperature; shotcrete application 35, 39, 41 Tonal sangth 36 sau Testponels 10-11, 23.35, 39-41, 43; equipment 4525; produclion phise 40, 41; qualty essurance 43 Testing; cccelerated 26; admixtures 8, 45, 46; coggregale 39-41; ASTM stondards 45.46; ‘cement 39, 40; compressive strength 40, 41; fiberseinforced shoterete 24, 26; nondestructive 41; preconstruction 23-27, 39-40; preproduction submittals 39-40, reduction phase 41.42; quality assurance 43-44, 53:61; rebound 41, 45; references 46-47; sample data submittal 53-61; specimen lesling 24, 40; test panels. 10-11, 23.35, 39-41, 43; rial batching 10, 23; Visual examination 24, 26, 27, 42, 44 Thaw resistance 5, 12 Thickness 41 Time liitations 5, 35 Total chloride ion “I Toughness 13, 40; ASTM standard 45; ‘evalvation’ 24, 26; polypropylenefiber reinforcement ‘10 Toughness index. 13, 26 Trial batching 10, 23 Trowel; finishing 36 Tunnels 4,6, 35,51 Underground uses 4, 46, 47 Visval examination 24, 26, 27, 42, 44 Voids 27, 33, 34, 37 Walls 4Washout 6 Water 8, 19:20 Water ring 50 Woter-cement ratio; drysmix shoterete 12, 22 Woaterreducing admixtures 9; certificate of compliance 39, 41; drymix sholerele. 8; highzange water-educing admixture 8, 19; silica fue additions 7, Waiersetarding admixtures: 9 Waterstops 35 Wecther; curing 39, 41; frost ond thow resistance 4, 5, 9, 12; shotcrete application 35 Welded wie fabric 9-10 Wetmix shotcreie 45, 50; accelerators 5, 6, 9; admixtures 5,9, 11, 19: eit content 41; ai ‘entraining admixture 4, 5,7, 9; batching ‘and mixing 31; bond sengih 5; equipment 15, 17-18; frost resistance 4,5, 9, 12; guns 15, 17, 18; nozzle 20, 21; plocement time limitations. 35; plant layou' 15, 18, 19; pozzolan 7; proporioning 11: rebound 4, 5; references 46; slico fume 8; strength $ Willow Creek songean 51 Wind; shotctete application 35 Wire fabric 9-10, 30, 47 Wood float 37 Werkabilty 11 Zirconium gloss 5, 10