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Eitzenberger (eds)
Abstract
The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) classification system is widely used to design support systems for underground
openings. For underground openings, excavated in the same quality rock mass, the system proposes the
same support system independent from the depth of the opening. This study theoretically analyses the
performance of RMR proposed support for openings excavated in the same quality rock masses at different
depths.
A very comprehensive numerical modelling programme was conducted. Different case studies were
collected from current literature, presenting the results of the underground support design projects
conducted by different researchers. The quality of the rock masses range from poor to fair. Using the
collected information, numerical models of selected cases were constructed and internal support pressure
equivalent to RMR proposed support systems was applied. Next, the in situ stress conditions were changed
by assigning different depths and corresponding displacements were calculated. A critical strain criterion
was used to evaluate the relative performance of the RMR proposed support systems. The support pressure
necessary for keeping the strain below critical strain values was found iteratively for each case study, under
changing stress conditions. Finally, an empirical equation and graph were produced showing the
relationship between RMR, depth and the support pressure ratio, obtained by dividing necessary support
pressure by RMR proposed support pressure.
It was concluded that the pressure supplied by the RMR system is adequate for the openings excavated in
good quality rock masses and rock masses at shallow depth. However, as the rock quality decreases and the
depth increases, the support pressure provided by the proposed support system may not be adequate for
maintaining the opening’s stability.
KEYWORDS: Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system, rock mass classification, empirical design, numerical
modelling, critical strain, support system performance evaluation.
1 Introduction
Due to the complex geological and geotechnical environment, the design of underground mining openings
such as drifts and shafts is always considered as a difficult problem. For many years empirical methods
have provided a practical solution to these problems and they have been used widely for the assessment of
the support requirements to ensure stability.
One widely used design method is the RMR system proposed by Bieniawski (1974). The system was
developed using a database mainly composed of tunnels excavated in sedimentary rocks at relatively
shallow depths and, therefore, relatively low stress conditions. In 1989, the system was updated and the
database was expanded (Bieniawski, 1989) by adding 351 different case studies.
The input parameters of the system are: uniaxial compressive strength of the rock material (UCS), rock
quality designation (RQD), joint spacing, joint conditions and groundwater conditions. Different values for
each of the parameters are assigned and the overall basic rating is obtained by summing up the individual
components’ weightings. Corrections are applied to basic RMR values to take into account the effect of
joint set orientation relative to excavation direction. Based on this final value, the support system is
proposed for the underground opening (Bieniawski, 1989). Although the system is widely used, some
researchers proposed different corrections such as stress correction, blasting adjustment, and weakness
plane consideration as mentioned by Ulusay and Sonmez (2007).
Apart from rock mass properties, which are accounted for in the RMR system, the opening stability is also
governed by the opening geometry and stress conditions that are not accounted for in the RMR system
and, therefore, not incorporated in the support recommendations. Since the support recommendations
proposed by the RMR system are based on a database dominated by relatively shallow excavations, the
question arises as to how different stress conditions would affect the performance of the suggested
support.
This study theoretically investigates this question and it is limited to a comparison of support performance
for a circular opening under uniform loading conditions; a simplification that needs to be addressed in
further studies.
2 Methodology
The methodology used in this study is briefly described as follows:
Rock mass strength and deformability properties were calculated, as suggested by Hoek et al.
(2002), based on the geological strength index (GSI) values (Hoek et al. 1995), Hoek-Brown
constant (mi) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS).
Calculation of equivalent support pressure, provided by RMR proposed support systems (PRMR),
using equations suggested by Carranza-Torres and Fairhurst (2000).
Numerical evaluation of tunnel strain, with varying support pressure and depth.
○ For depths ranging from 50 to 1,000 m the calculated support pressure was applied as an
active internal pressure in the model and resulting displacement and tunnel strain were
calculated for different stress conditions.
○ The necessary support pressure (Pg), to limit the total tunnel strain to 2%, was determined
iteratively for different depths.
Analyses were performed for a range of rock mass conditions. The specific rock mass conditions used in the
study were those corresponding to that encountered at three tunnels, for which the ground support was
based on the suggested support from the RMR system (Appendix A).
the route of the Osmangazi tunnel (Sari et al. 2008). Kallat highway tunnel is the second case, located in the
Masshad province of Iran. The width, height and length of the Kallat tunnel are 8, 8.4 and 725 m,
respectively. Three different rock masses were encountered through the Kallat tunnel. The last case study
is the Sehzadeler highway tunnel, located in the Amasya province of Turkey. Its width, height and length
are 12, 9, 345 m, respectively. There were four different rock masses observed in the Sehzadeler tunnel.
Rock mass and material properties such as GSI, RMR, intact rock strength (UCS), intact rock deformation
modulus (Ei), Hoek Brown constant (mi), Poisson`s ratio (), and unit weight () of the rock units observed
through the tunnels are given in Table 1. The depth of the Osmangazi, Kallat and Sehzadeler tunnels ranges
from 30 to 280, 40 to 160 and 30 to 100 m, respectively.
Table 1 Rock mass and material properties of rock units observed along tunnel route
4 Numerical modelling
In this study, a two-dimensional finite element method based software, Phase2, was used. By means of a
prepared patch, rock properties and opening geometries can easily be changed. Moreover, the
corresponding tunnel displacement readings can be recorded automatically. For each rock unit,
unsupported and supported cases were analysed by applying different stress conditions in terms of depths.
In total, 462 runs were conducted. The calculation of rock properties, prediction of internal support
pressure, model geometries, stress conditions and the assessment of necessary support pressure for
retaining opening stability are the main components of numerical modelling, as explained below.
Em,
Case Rock unit mb sm
MPa
1 121 0.15 0.0002
2 878 0.89 0.0011
3 1648 1.51 0.0019
Osmangazi tunnel (Sari et al. 2008) 4 2389 2.53 0.0047
5 3564 2.90 0.0065
6 2738 2.32 0.0047
7 3221 2.19 0.0058
1 3965 0.4 0.0002
Kallat tunnel (Ghaforri et al. 2006) 2 2397 0.15 0.00006
3 1496 0.05 0.00005
1 4280 1.28 0.0019
2 1212 0.32 0.0002
Sehzadeler tunnel (Satici, 2007)
3 2210 0.38 0.0005
4 790 0.14 0.00002
4.2 Model geometry and calculation of internal support pressure and critical strain
As the opening geometries are different, the equivalent radius approach allowing the use of circular shape
for the openings with different shapes (Curran et al. 2003) was used. The calculated equivalent diameters
for the Osmangazi, Kallat and Sehzadeler tunnels are 11.24 m, 9.03 m and 10.20 m, respectively.
The equivalent support pressures of the RMR proposed support systems were calculated using the method
proposed by Carranza-Torres and Fairhurst (2000). The calculated support pressures were applied to the
opening as internal support pressure. The used equations are listed below. For each depth, the calculated
support pressure of the RMR proposed support system was applied and corresponding displacements were
calculated.
max σcc (R−t )2
Psh = 2
[1 − R2c ] (1)
where:
max
Psh maximum support pressure of shotcrete, MPa.
σcc uniaxial compressive strength of shotcrete, MPa.
tc shotcrete thickness, m.
R outer radius of support, m.
𝜏
𝑃𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑠 𝑏𝑓
𝑠
(2)
𝑐 𝑙
where:
Pbmax maximum support pressure of rockbolt, MPa.
τbf maximum carrying capacity of rockbolt, MPa.
3σ As Is
Pstmax = 2 SRθ
ys
3I +DA [R−(t
(3)
s s b +0.5D)](1−Cosθ)
where:
Pstmax maximum support pressure of steel set, MPa.
D the depth of cross-section, m.
As cross-sectional area, m2.
Is section moment of inertia, m4.
σys strength of steel, MPa.
S distance between steel sets, m.
R equivalent radius, m.
θ angle between blocks, radian.
4.4 The prediction of support performance and the pressure necessary for keeping
opening stability
In order to quantify the effect of different stress conditions on the performance of the proposed support
systems, a robust and dimensionless measure of support performance is necessary. Sakurai (1983)
suggested the use of tunnel strain, defined as the ratio between opening width and observed displacement,
as a stability indicator. Hoek (2000) suggested that when the strain value of 2% is exceeded, the stability of
the opening cannot be maintained. The 2% criterion is a questionable design criterion, but for the purpose
of comparison it provides a robust and simple measure to compare the support performance under
different stress conditions.
In this study, the total opening was strain defined as the maximum elasto-plastic displacement normalised
to equivalent tunnel diameter.
For the considered highway tunnels, the 2% critical strains were calculated and corresponding limiting
displacements were determined as 0.23, 0.18 and 0.20 m for the Osmangazi, Kallat and Sehzadeler tunnels,
respectively. The support pressure necessary for keeping the opening strain or limiting deformation less
than calculated was found iteratively and recorded as required support pressure (Pg). The flowchart
showing the steps followed to obtain Pg is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 The flowchart followed for the determination of required support pressure (Pg)
The graph showing the relationship between depth and critical strain for the case studies is given in
Figure 2.
Figure 2 The relationship between depth and strain for RMR suggested support systems for the case
studies
Figure 3 Necessary support pressure to keep the stability of the opening excavated in different quality
rock masses and depths
To embrace the rock masses not included in the numerical analysis, a multiple regression modelling
technique was employed. In regression modelling, the dependent variable is the ratio of required support
pressure to RMR proposed support pressure (Pg/PRMR). Independent variables are specified as RMR and
depth. As it can be understood from the high multiple coefficient of determination (R2) 88.27 % obtained,
the model established a valid relationship between dependent and independent variables. In Equation 4, a,
b and c are constants and the values of these constants are 0.065928, 0.889308 and 1.524772, respectively.
The multiple regression model also implies that the depth has a strong effect on the support ratio as the
largest constant is related to the depth (H).
𝑃𝑔
𝑃𝑅𝑀𝑅
= 𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑀𝑅 𝐻𝑐 (4)
The contour map drawn by using the derived regression equation is shown in Figure 4. The case studies are
also shown in Figure 4. As it can be seen from Figure 4, Pg/PRMR values for the case studies are lower than or
around 1 (indicated using dashed line). This shows that for the case studies the support pressure provided
by the RMR proposed support system are equal to or higher than the necessary support pressure required
for keeping the strain less than 2%.
Figure 4 Contour map showing the relationship between RMR and depth for different support ratios
(Pg/PRMR)
For the considered case studies presented in the current literature, it was seen that the support pressure
ratio (Pg/PRMR) value was around or lower than 1. In other words, for the considered case studies the
support pressure produced by RMR suggested support systems are close to or higher than the required
support pressure. To the author’s knowledge for the case studies used in this study, there was not any
stability problem. This is compatible with the results obtained from this simplified methodology for these
cases, and the results of this methodology, although simplified, appear reasonable.
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Appendix A Support system proposed by the RMR system for a 10m wide horseshoe opening (see
notes) (after Bieniawski, 1989)
Shape: Horseshoe; Width: 10; Vertical stress <25 MPa; drilling and blasting.