GEC08 Science, Technology & Society Technological and Industrial Revolution

TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION
Technology were evident in 15th to and didn’t need dock-side cranes. The
17th century. In Europe, the 15th century is patent gave him a three-year monopoly on
seen as the bridge between the Late Middle the manufacture of a barge with hoisting
Ages, the Early Renaissance and the Early gear used to transport marble. It appears
Modern Period. Many technological, social that such privileged grants to inventors
and cultural developments of the 15th
spread from Italy to other European
century can in retrospect be seen as
countries during the next two centuries.
heralding the “European miracle” of the
following centuries. Stained glass
According to many historians,
technological revolution first took place
during the Middle Ages. It was a revolution
mainly because of two factors: (1) several
technologies from Antiquity that had been
forgotten were used again on a large scale,
and a series of new inventions brought
medieval technology in a more advanced
stage than that of the Romans, and (2)
many of tools and machines developed
during this time remained practically
unchanged until the Industrial Revolution. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/search?q=stained+glass+by+j
The technologies that developed in ohn+of+utynam&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjw6eKI0-
Europe during the second half of the 15th TnAhVByZQKHRYmATcQ2
century were commonly associated by
authorities of the time with a key theme in In 1449, King Henry VI of England
Renaissance thought: the rivalry of the granted John of Utynam, the first English
Modern and the Ancients. Three inventions patent grantee, a 20-year monopoly to
in particular --- the printing press, firearms, make stained glass. John had a new
and the nautical compass --- were, indeed, method, not yet known in England. John
seen as evidence that the Moderns could was a master glass-maker from Flanders.
not only compete with the Ancients, but He came to England to make the windows
had surpassed them, for these three for Eton College. The crown issued him
inventions allowed modern people to Letters Patent, sealed with the King's Great
communicate, exercise power, and finally
Seal, to guarantee John's privileges. So John
travel at distances unimaginable in earlier
of Utynam received the first recorded
times.
patent in England, home to the the oldest
15th Century continuous patent tradition in the world.
John's was probably not the first patent
Patent laws were invented during
ever issued -- Venice issued patents to
this time. The first recorded patent was
glass-makers in the early 1420s. But John
granted in 1421 in Florence to Filippo
of Utynam's successful quest to protect his
Brunelleschi, an architect and engineer.
methods gave birth to a system -- a system
He invented a barge with a built-in crane
that gave people official sanction to enjoy
for loading and unloading cargo, meaning
the economic benefits of their own
he could transfer crates between ship and
ingenuity.
shore much faster than any other merchant
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society
Venetian Act of 1474
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/search?q=venetian+act+
of+1474&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjr9_av0-
TnAhUH_JQKHe30C2QQ2
In 1474, Venice passed the first-
known written law to grant and protect
patents, which is also known as The
Venetian Act of 1474. The crafts guilds,
especially those of Venice's lucrative glass-
blowing trades, had their own restrictions,
so it gave the new law force throughout all
of Venice's territories:
"Any person in this city who makes
any new and ingenious contrivance, not
made heretofore in our dominion, shall, as
soon as it is perfected so that it can be used
and exercised, give notice of the same to
our office of Provveditori de Comun [State
Judicial Office], it being forbidden up to 10
years for any other person in any territory
and place of ours to make a contrivance in
the form and resemblance thereof, without
the consent and license of the author."
The world’s first stock markets
also began during this time, which are
generally linked back to Belgium. Bruges,
Flanders, Ghent, and Rotterdam in the
Netherlands all hosted their own “stock”
market systems in the 1400s and 1500s.
However, it’s generally accepted
that Antwerp had the world’s first stock
market system. Antwerp was the
commercial center of Belgium and it was
home to the influential Van der Beurze
Technological and Industrial Revolution
family. As a result, early stock markets
were typically called Beurzen.
All of these early stock markets had
one thing missing: stocks. Although the
infrastructure and institutions resembled
today’s stock markets, nobody was actually
trading shares of a company. Instead, the
markets dealt with the affairs of
government, businesses, and individual
debt. The system and organization was
similar, although the actual properties
being traded were different.
Printing Press
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/search?q=printing+press+of+jo
hannes+gutenberg&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj9l4bM0
OTnAhUXyZQKHSTzAfoQ2
Aside from the foregoing
achievements, technological inventions
which are of great importance flourished
during this period. Some of it were the
movable-type printing press pioneered
by Johannes Gutenberg in 1457. It was a
factor in the establishment of a community
of scientists who could easily communicate
their discoveries through widely
disseminated scholarly journals, helping to
bring on the scientific revolution. Because
of the printing press, authorship became
more meaningful and profitable. It was
suddenly important who had said or
written what, and what the precise
formulation and time of composition was.
Aside from that, it introduced the era of
mass communication, which permanently
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society Technological and Industrial Revolution

altered the structure of society. The
relatively unrestricted circulation of
information and (revolutionary) ideas
transcended borders, captured the masses
in the Reformation, and threatened the
power of political and religious authorities;
the sharp increase in literacy broke the
monopoly of the literate elite on education
and learning and bolstered the emerging
middle class.
Hygrometer
thermoscope, and the first modern flush
toilet.
In 1577, Jost Burgi invented the
first minute-hand clock. Burgi's invention
was part of a clock made for Tycho Brahe,
an astronomer who needed an accurate
clock for his stargazing. The Landgraf of
Hesse-Kassel Wilhelm IV, who was trained
in astronomy and it is often not realized
that he was an exceptional astronomer,
asked Bürgi to become a watchmaker to the
court in Kassel, to develop scientific
instruments, and assist in the observation
of stars which would confirm the
heliocentric model described
by Copernicus. The accurate clock which
Bürgi had built which, for the first time, had
a minute hand, registered seconds and had
an error of less than a minute in 24 hours.
Thermoscope

(n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/search?q=hygrometer+by+
da+vinci&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjRvbeb1-
TnAhUrIqYKHcRFCVMQ2

Moreover, the hygrometer which

was invented by Leonardo da Vinci in
1480. The first version of an instrument
that is used to measure the moisture
content – that is, the humidity – of air or
any other gas. It is a device that has had
(n.d.). Retrieved from
many incarnations. Leonardo da Vinci built https://www.google.com/search?q=thermoscope+of
the first crude hygrometer in the 1400s. +galileo&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiniq3t1eTnAh
VD-5QKHcPrDtUQ2
Francesco Folli invented a more practical
hygrometer in 1664. And in 1783, Swiss
In 1593, Galileo Galilei an Italian
physicist and geologist, Horace Bénédict de
natural philosopher, invented the earliest
Saussure built the first hygrometer using a
type of thermometer which is the
human hair to measure humidity.
thermoscope. It consists of an egg-sized
16th Century glass with a long neck. The jar is heated
with the hands and partially immersed,
Important inventions that were upside down, in a container filled with
invented during this period are the first
water. When the hands are removed, the
minute-hand clock, hygrometer,
water rises in the neck. The experiment
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society
demonstrated the changes in air density
caused by temperature variations which is
hot and cold only.
In 1596, John Harrington invented
the first modern flush toilet and installed
it in his own house pan with a seat and
water was pumped up into a cistern above.
And for it to be flushed, it requires 7.5
gallons of water equivalent to almost 29
liters and today, it became the centerpiece
of modern bathroom.
17th Century
The important Inventions during
this period were the first telescope, vernier
scale, micrometer, barometer, pendulum,
and pyrometer.
Telescope
(n.d.). Retrieved
https://www.google.com/search?q=first+telescope+
galileo&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjG_eef1-
TnAhXCA6YKHQeJAfAQ2
First telescope was made by
Galileo Galilei in 1609, modeled after
telescopes produced in other parts of
Europe that could magnify objects three
times. Galileo used was a crude refracting
telescope. His initial version only magnified
8x but was soon refined to the 20x
magnification.It had a convex objective lens
and a concave eyepiece in a long tube. With
Technological and Industrial Revolution
this telescope, he was able to look at the
moon, discover the four satellites of Jupiter,
observe a supernova, verify the phases of
Venus, and discover sunspots. His
discoveries proved the Copernican system
which states that the earth and other
planets revolve around the sun. Prior to the
Copernican system, it was held that the
universe was geocentric, meaning the sun
revolved around the earth. One of Galileo's
telescopes. The focal length is 1330 mm
with a 26 mm aperture, it magnifies 14x. It
has an objective bi-convex lens and a plano
concave eyepiece.
Vernier scale
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/search?q=vernier+scale+by+p
ierre+vernier&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjP2sPB2eTn
AhVBfpQKHU1SDFcQ2
Vernier scale was introduced by
Pierre Vernier of France in 1631. It
utilizes two graduated scales: a main scale
similar to that on a ruler and an especially
from graduated auxiliary scale, the vernier, that
slides parallel to the main scale and enables
readings to be made to a fraction of a
division on the main scale. Vernier calipers
are widely used in scientific laboratories
and in manufacturing quality control
measurements.
The main use of the vernier caliper
is to measure the internal and the external
diameters of an object. To measure using a
vernier scale, the user first reads the finely
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society
marked "fixed" scale. This measure is
typically between two of the scale's
smallest graduations. The user then reads
the finer vernier scale, which measures
between the smallest graduations on the
fixed scale—providing much greater
accuracy.
Micrometer
(n.d.). Retrieved
https://www.google.com/search?q=micrometer+by+
william+gascoigne&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi4yay
02uTnAhWFG6YKHUQYBnQQ2
Micrometer was discovered by
William Gascoigne in 1638 while he was
experimenting with a Keplerian telescope.
He found out that an image viewed with a
telescope became clearer when the optical
focal points of two lenses was combined.
Realizing that a telescope could be more
accurately used when using a line to guide
its direction, he created a new telescopic
sight. He then created a sextant, similar to
the ones used by Tycho Brahe, to measure
the distance between celestial bodies with a
stunning level of accuracy for the time. This
was due to Gascoigne adding two
adjustable points and a screw in order to
increase the accuracy of the measurement.
With this ingenious device he measured the
diameters of the sun, moon and planets.
This would eventually be called a
micrometer, and was one of the most
common tools used for astronomical
research for more than a century.
Technological and Industrial Revolution
Barometer was invented by
Evangelista Torricelli an Italian physicist
and mathematician. Most scientists of his
day thought that air had no weight, but
Evangelista Torricelli suspected that it did.
That’s why he made the first barometer in
Florence, Italy, in 1644. This device is very
useful in measuring atmospheric pressure.
Torricelli’s inventions have many modern
uses, but barometers are especially
important for weather monitoring and
prediction. Oncoming storms cause fast
drops in air pressure, so barometer
readings provide essential warnings for
ships at sea.
Pendulum clock
from
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/search?q=pendulum+clock+
by+christian&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi7zqq72uTn
AhVEKqYKHX_QCwwQ2
Pendulum clock was invented in
1656 by Dutch scientist Christiaan
Huygens, he was inspired by investigations
of pendulums by Galileo Galilei beginning
around 1602. A pendulum clock is a clock
that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as
its timekeeping element. The advantage of
a pendulum for timekeeping is that it is a
harmonic oscillator; it swings back and
forth in a precise time interval dependent
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society Technological and Industrial Revolution

on its length, and resists swinging at other The Technological Revolution

rates. From its invention in 1656 by
Christiaan Huygens until the 1930s, the
pendulum clock was the world's most
precise timekeeper, accounting for its
widespread use. Throughout the 18th and
19th centuries pendulum clocks in homes,
factories, offices and railroad stations
served as primary time standards for
scheduling daily life, work shifts, and public
transportation, and their greater accuracy
allowed the faster pace of life which was
necessary for the Industrial Revolution.
Pyrometer
served as the foundation for more
discoveries and innovations that are still
useful at the present time. In the past years,
technology has completely changed the
way we live. The progress in technology
have not slowed down but continue to
advance. Technology is, indeed, a huge
contributor to the well being of human kind.
Just try to imagine how hard it would be to
make it through the day without the
simplest of technologies. We have grown by
using the convienience and efficiency that it
provides unlike the traditional methods.
Technology has surely proven itself to be
very beneficial and necessary.

(n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/search?q=pyrometer+by+jo
siah+wedgewood&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk03WYoX9Z
fsQWQK0PCFunCQ7jPyI3Q:1582359520248

Pyrometer was invented by the

potter Josiah Wedgwood in 1782.
Pyrometer came from the Greek word
which means “fire” and “measurement”. He
made this device to measure the
temperature in his kilns, which first
compared the color of clay fired at known
temperatures, but was eventually upgraded
to measuring the shrinkage of pieces of clay,
which depended on the heat of the kiln. His
invention of the pyrometer, a device for
measuring high temperatures (invaluable
for gauging oven heats for firings), earned
him commendation as a fellow of the Royal
society.
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Beginning of Industrialization
Foundation.org. (n.d.). The Beginning of
Industrialization in Britain. Retrieved from
http://foundations.uwgb.org/cause-and-effect/
It marked a period of
development in the latter half of the
18th century that transformed largely
rural, agrarian societies in Europe and
America into industrialized, urban
ones. Goods that had once been
painstakingly crafted by hand started to
be produced in mass quantities by
machines in factories. It began in
Britain and spread to the rest of the
world, including the United States, by
the 1830s and ‘40s. It is often refer to as
the First Industrial Revolution, to set it
apart from the second period of
industrialization that took place from
the late 19th to early 20th centuries.
Britain had a long history of producing
textiles like wool, linen and cotton. But
prior to the Industrial Revolution, the
British textile business was a true
“cottage industry,” with the work
performed in small workshops or even
homes by individual spinners, weavers
and dyers.
Starting in the mid-18th century,
innovations like the flying shuttle, the
spinning jenny, the water frame and the
power loom made the production of
cloth became faster and required less
time and far less human labor.
Technological and Industrial Revolution
Embargo Act of 1807
History. (n.d.). Industrial Revolution. Retrieved from
http://www.history.com/.amp/topics/industrial-
revolution/industrial-revolution
President Thomas Jefferson and
the U.S. Congress attempt in 1807 to
prohibit the American ships from trading
in foreign ports. It was intended to punish
Britain and France for interfering with
American trade while the two major
European powers were at war with each
other. It is made to prevent a war between
the United States and Britain. At the same
time, Jefferson saw it as a way to keep ships
as military resources out of harm's way,
buy time for the preservation, and signify
(after the Chesapeake event) that the U.S.
recognized that a war was in the future.
Jefferson also saw it as a way to cease non-
productive war-profiteering which was
undermining the coveted but never
achieved goal of American economic
independence from Britain and other
economies.
The embargo was
precipitated primarily by Napoleon
Bonaparte's 1806 Berlin Decree, which
announced that neutral ships carrying
British-made goods were subject to seizure
by France, thus exposing American ships to
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society
attacks by privateers. Then, a year later,
sailors from the USS Chesapeake were
forced into service by officers from the
British ship HMS Leopard. That was the
final straw. Congress passed the Embargo
Act in December 1807 and Jefferson signed
it into law on December 22, 1807.
The embargo was repealed by
Congress early in 1809, just days before the
end of Jefferson's presidency. It was
replaced by a less restrictive piece of
legislation, the Non-Intercourse Act, which
prohibited trade with Britain and France.
The newer law was no more
successful than the Embargo Act had been,
and relations with Britain continued to fray
until, three years later, President James
Madison obtained a declaration of war
from Congress and the War of 1812 began.
War of 1812
Horwitz, T. (2012, May 21). The 10 Things You
Didn't Know About the War of 1812.
SMITHSONIANMAG. Retrieved from
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-
10-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-war-of-
1812-102320130/
The United States took on the
greatest naval power in the world, Great
Britain, in a conflict that would have an
immense impact on the young country’s
future. Causes of the war included
Technological and Industrial Revolution
British attempts to restrict U.S. trade,
the Royal Navy’s impressment of
American seamen and America’s desire
to expand its territory. The United
States suffered many costly defeats at
the hands of British, Canadian and
Native American troops over the course
of the War of 1812, including the
capture and burning of the nation’s
capital, Washington, D.C., in August
1814. Nonetheless, American troops
were able to repulse British invasions in
New York, Baltimore and New Orleans,
boosting national confidence and
fostering a new spirit of patriotism. The
ratification of the Treaty of Ghent on
February 17, 1815, ended the war but
left many of the most contentious
questions unresolved. Nonetheless,
many in the United States celebrated
the War of 1812 as a “second war of
independence,” beginning an era of
partisan agreement and national pride.
Because of the Embargo Act of
1807, Henry Clay and John C.
Calhoun–had begun to agitate for war,
based on their indignation over British
violations of maritime rights as well as
Britain’s encouragement of Native
American hostility against
American westward expansion.
In the fall of 1811, Indiana’s
territorial governor William Henry
Harrison led U.S. troops to victory in
the Battle of Tippecanoe. The defeat
convinced many Indians in the
Northwest Territory that they needed
British support to prevent American
settlers from pushing them further out
of their lands.
In order to strike at Great Britain,
U.S. forces almost immediately attacked
Canada, which was then a British colony.
American officials were overly
optimistic about the invasion’s success,
especially given how underprepared U.S.
troops were at the time. On the other
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society
side, they faced a well-managed defense
coordinated by Sir Isaac Brock, the
British soldier and administrator in
charge in Upper Canada. With the defeat
of Napoleon’s armies in April 1814,
however, Britain was able to turn its full
attention to the war effort in North
America.
Industrial Revolution is divided
into four periods: Age of Mechanical
Production, Age of Electricity and Mass
Production, Digital Revolution, and The
Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Age of Mechanical Production
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Industrial Revolution. Retrieved
from
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revo
lution
The First Industrial Revolution
(1760-1840) followed the proto-
industrialization period. The biggest
changes came in the industries in the form
of mechanization. Mechanization was the
reason why agriculture started to be
replaced by the industry as the backbone of
the societal economy. At the time people
witnessed massive extraction of coal along
with the very important invention of
the steam engine that was the reason for
the creation of a new type of energy that
later on helped speed up the manufacturing
of railroads thus accelerating the economy.
Some of the great inventions were
the first efficient steam engine, cotton gin,
steam boat, steam locomotive, velocipede,
mechanical reaper, steel plow, and sewing
machine.
Technological and Industrial Revolution
Steam engine
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/search?q=james+watt+stea
m+engine&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiU6uLP3OTn
AhVBfpQKHU1SDFcQ2
In 1765, James Watt revolutionized
steam technology with his first efficient
steam engine. While the Newcomen
Engine and Savery's "Miner's Friend"
certainly employed steam technology,
today's steam engine is generally credited
to the work of one man: James Watt.
Trained as an instrument maker in London,
Watt eventually found employment near
Glasgow University in Scotland. When one
of the University's Newcomen Engines
needed repairs, Watt found himself elbow-
deep in the inner workings of steam
technology. Watt soon recognized a basic
design flaw: Time, steam and fuel were
wasted by having both heating and cooling
take place inside the piston cylinder.
Watt solved the problem by creating
the separate condenser. He added a
chamber separate from the cylinder (which
he also insulated), where steam would be
cooled to create the necessary vacuum.
This separation allowed the piston cylinder
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society
to remain the same temperature as the
entering steam with no energy wasted
heating it and the water inside. Additionally,
the separate condenser could be kept at a
much lower temperature and required less
cooling.
In 1793, cotton gin, a machine for
cleaning cotton of its seeds was invented
by Eli Whitney in United States. The cotton
gin is an example of an invention directly
called forth by an immediate demand; the
mechanization of spinning in England had
created a greatly expanded market for
American cotton, whose production
was inhibited by the slowness of manual
removal of the seeds from the raw fibre.
Whitney, a Massachusetts Yankee visiting a
friend in the South, learned of the problem
and quickly solved it with a device that
pulled the cotton through a set of wire
teeth mounted on a revolving cylinder, the
fibre passing through narrow slots in an
iron breastwork too small to permit
passage of the seed. The simplicity of the
invention—which could be powered by
man, animal, or water—caused it to be
widely copied despite Whitney’s patent; it
is credited with fixing cotton cultivation,
virtually to the exclusion of other crops, in
the U.S. South and so
institutionalizing slavery.
Steam boat
(n.d.). Retrieved
https://www.google.com/search?q=steamboat+by+ro
bert+fulton&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiGs8S53uTn
AhV0zYsBHYRrB4MQ2
Technological and Industrial Revolution
In 1807, Robert Fulton, an American
engineer and inventor, developed the first
commercially successful steamboat, or a
boat powered by steam, thereby
transforming the transportation and travel
industries and speeding up the Industrial
Revolution, a period of fast-paced economic
change that began in Great Britain in the
middle of the eighteenth century.
By succeeding at building his
steamships in the early years of the United
States, Fulton made a dramatic
contribution to the advancement of
the Industrial Revolution. Steam-powered
ships changed the nature of global
commerce by making travel by sea much
faster and more reliable. This made it
possible for factories in Europe (especially
in England) to ship goods to North
America and expand their markets, just as
American farms and factories could ship
goods to Europe.
Locomotive
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/search?q=first+locomotive+
by+stephenson&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwidgaOp3-
TnAhVPXpQKHSqeBSgQ2
In 1814, George Stephenson found
out that William Hedley and Timothy
Hackworth were designing a locomotive for
the Wylam coal mine. So at the age of
twenty, Stephenson began the construction
of his first locomotive. It should be noted
that at this time in history every part of the
from engine had to be made by hand and
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society
hammered into shape just like a horseshoe.
John Thorswall, a coal mine blacksmith,
was Stephenson's main assistant.
Velocipede
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/search?q=velocipede&tbm=
isch&ved=2ahUKEwja1-Kz4
In 1817, the first usable bicycle
called velocipede was invented in
Germany by Baron Karl von Drais and
was granted a patent in 1818. Velocipedes
were nicknamed hobby horse, dandyhorse
or boneshakers as they shook the rider
around with their hard, solid wheels, often
on rough cobbled roads. Dandy horse
bicycles featured very simple design where
users propelled themselves by manually
reaching with legs to the ground where
they could walk, run and then rest their
legs while the force propelled simple
bicycle forward. It was made almost
entirely of wood, a front wheel capable of
being steered, a paddled saddle and an
armrest which assisted in exerting force
against the ground. Faster than walking,
cheaper and easier to maintain than horses,
the advent of the bicycle sparked a
revolution in personal transport and
independence.
In 1831, the mechanical reaper
replaced the manual cutting of the crop
with scythes and sickles. This new
invention of Cyrus McCormick allowed
wheat to be harvested quicker and with
Technological and Industrial Revolution
less labor force. Cyrus McCormick was born
on February 15, 1809 in Rockbridge county,
Virginia. He was an American industrialist
and inventor of the mechanical reaper and
known as the The Father of Modern
Agriculture. His interest in machines came
from watching his father's early attempts
to design a horse-drawn mechanical reaper.
After over two decades of his father trying
to perfect the reaper, Cyrus took over when
he was 22, and by 1831, was demonstrating
his improved horse-drawn reaper in
nearby towns. Resembling a two-wheeled,
horse-drawn chariot, the machine
consisted of a vibrating cutting blade, a reel
to bring the grain within its reach, and a
platform to receive the falling grain. The
reaper embodied the principles essential to
all subsequent grain-cutting machines. He
was able to secure a patent on the device in
1834. His invention revolutionized farming
by combining many steps involved in
harvesting crops into one machine.
Steel plow
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/search?q=first+steel+plow&
tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiek8nd4OTnAhUtx4sBHX
v8DRgQ2
In 1837, John Deere invented the
steel plow in Grand Detour, Illinois. He
was born in Vermont in 1804 and started
his career as a blacksmith in 1825 but
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society Technological and Industrial Revolution

failed. He moved west in the 1830's when Age of Electricity and Mass
times got tough but succeeded as an
agricultural tool manufacturer in Illinois. Production
Steel plow was used for farming to break
up tough soil without soil getting stuck to it.
Wood plows couldn't plow the rich soil of
the Middle-West and keep breaking so he
thought about it. He was convinced that
only a plow with mould board, made of
good steel that isn't rusted would solve this
problem. He made his first plow out of an
old blade saw. Then, he tested it on
different types of soil. The steel blades
plows slid more easily through sticky
prairie soil and made farmers more Enacademic.com. (n.d.). Mass Production.
efficient. Americans were able to plant Retrieved from
enough crops and the steel plow was the https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/39958
first step in developing farm equipment Following the first Industrial
that we know today. Revolution, almost a century later we see
the world go through the Second
In 1846, Elias Howe from Spencer,
Industrial Revolution (1870-1940) with
Massachusetts invented a sewing machine massive technological advancements in the
that resembles John Fisher’s design, with field of industries that helped the
some changes and adjustments. His patent emergence of a new source of energy:
stated “a process that uses thread from two electricity, gas, and oil.
different sources.” His machine had a
needle with an eye at the point. It went The result of this revolution was the
through the fabric creating a loop on the creation of the internal combustion engine
that started to reach its full
reverse, a shuttle on a track that slipped the
potential. Other important points of the
second thread through the loop, creating
second industrial revolution was the
what is called the lockstitch. His machine development for steel demand, chemical
was patented on 1846. Howe’s highly synthesis and methods of
successful machine was widely copied, communication such as the telegraph and
leading to extensive patent litigation and the telephone.
ultimately to a patent pool that included
the design of Isaac Merritt Singer, the Finally, the inventions of the
automobile and the plane at the end of the
largest manufacturer. In the United States
20th century are the reason why, to this day,
alone, there were more than 110,000
the Second Industrial Revolution is
sewing machines that were produced in considered the most important one!
1860. It has been an important industrial
machine.
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society
In 1800, Alessandro Volta, who
was an Italian physicist, chemist and a
pioneer of electrical science, announced his
invention of the first electric battery,
which people then called the “voltaic pile”.
Volta stacked discs of copper and zinc
separated by cloth soaked in salty water.
Wires connected to either end of the stack
produced a constant electric current.
Before his invention, people had studied
static electricity, but no one had found a
source of electricity that could last more
than a second. Volta showed that electricity
could be generated continuously by a
chemical reaction. The first batteries lasted
less than an hour, but many improvements
followed that made them more practical.
Batteries were the only supplies of
electricity until around 1900 when power
stations and wires for distributing
electricity became common. The SI unit of
electromotive force is now called a volt in
honor of Volta’s achievement. The battery
provided power for the telegraph and
telephone industries.
Telegraph
(n.d.). Retrieved
https://www.google.com/search?q=telegraph+by+sa
muel+morse&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiOgtC24-
TnAhXJxIsBHfd2BlQQ2
In the 1830s and 1840s, Samuel
Morse and other inventors, developed the
telegraph revolutionized long-distance
communication. It worked by transmitting
electrical signals over a wire laid between
stations. In addition to helping invent the
telegraph, Samuel Morse developed a code,
Technological and Industrial Revolution
known as the Morse Code, that assigned a
set of dots and dashes to each letter of the
English alphabet and allowed for the
simple transmission of complex messages
across telegraph lines. In 1844, Morse sent
his first telegraph message, from
Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland;
by 1866, a telegraph line had been laid
across the Atlantic Ocean from the U.S. to
Europe. Although the telegraph had fallen
out of widespread use by the start of the
21st century, replaced by the telephone, fax
machine and Internet, it laid the
groundwork for the communications
revolution that led to those later
innovations.
Telephone
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/search?q=telephone+by+ale
xander+graham+bell+1876&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUK
Ewia7se15OTnAhVBdJQKHQpbAmgQ2
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell,
from best known for his invention of the
telephone revolutionized communication
as we know it. His interest in sound
technology was deep-rooted and personal,
as both his wife and mother were deaf. He
was the first to patent the telephone as an
apparatus for transmitting vocal or other
sounds telegraphically. He secured
exclusive rights to the technology and
launched the Bell Telephone Company in
1877. Ultimately, the talented scientist held
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society
more than 18 patents for his inventions
and work in communications. The
telephone allows multiple messages to be
transmitted over a wire at the same time.
The whole point of the telephone is to
instantly connect with others around the
world at great distances.
Light bulb
(n.d.). Retrieved
https://www.google.com/search?q=light+bulb+by+
thomas+edison&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj9zIeL5
eTnAhUGEKYKHTF4BxkQ2
In 1878, Thomas Edison invented
the light bulb. With the invention of it,
people began altering their homes with
electricity and using the light bulb instead
of fire for night time light. Thomas Edison
was an American inventor who is
considered one of America’s leading
businessmen and innovators. Before
Thomas Edison began commercializing his
incandescent light bulb, British inventor
demonstrated that constant electric light
was possible. Thomas Edison tried to
improve the filament so that the light bulb
could last longer. With continuous
improvement, Edison’s light bulb lasted
longer and flew brighter. Edison was
granted a patent in 1879 for his own
improved light bulb, an electric light with a
wire filament heated until it glows. Light
bulbs have been a big impact on the
industrial revolution because it allowed the
Technological and Industrial Revolution
workers to work longer hours at night and
in dark places. The new invention of the
light bulb also spurred the expansion of
electrical power grids everywhere. The
largest of these was first built in 1895 in
Niagara Falls. At the time, this was the
world's first power station. The light bulb
brought about more inventions such as
electrical appliances, the phonograph, and
even other versions of the light bulb.
Motor car
from
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/search?q=first+gasoline+p
owered+car&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk03jHL9usTZwr
On New Year’s Eve of 1879 was
the first ran for the first gasoline powered
vehicle developed by Karl Benz. The
major feautures if the two-seater vehicle,
which was completed in 1885, were the
compact high-speed single-cylinder four-
stroke engine installed horizontally at the
rear, the tubular steel frame, the
differential and three wire-spoked wheels.
The engine output was 0.75 hp (0.55kW).
Details included an automatic intake slide,
a controlled exhaust valve, high-voltage
electrical vibrator ignition with spark plug,
and water/thermo siphon evaporation
cooling.
On December 17, 1903, Orville and
Wilbur Wright make the first successful
flight in history of a self-propelled, heavier-
than-air aircraft. Orville piloted the
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society Technological and Industrial Revolution

gasoline-powered, propeller-driven biplane, The third revolution brought forth the

which stayed aloft for 12 seconds and rise of electronics, telecommunications
covered 120 feet on its inagural flight. They and of course computers. Through the
built a wind tunnel where they tested new technologies, the third industrial
nearly 200 wings and airframes of different revolution oped the doors to space
shapes and designs. Their biplane glider expeditions, research, and biotechnology.
featured a steering system, based on a One of the greatest inventions invented
movable rudder, that solved the problem of was the PC Chipset.
controlled flight.
PC chipset
On December 1, 1913, Henry Ford
installed the first moving assembly line
for the mass production of an entire
automobile. It is the most significant piece
of Ford’s efficiency crusade. His invention
reduced the time it took to build a car from
more than 12 hours to 2 hours and 30
minutes. As the steam lining process grew
and became more sophisticated, Ford
broke the Model T’s assembly line. It is also
inspired by the continuous-flow of
production methods used by flour mills,
breweries, caneries, and industrial bakeries,
along with the disassembly of animal (n.d.). Retrieved from
carcasses in Chicago’s meat-packing plants https://www.google.com/search?q=pc+chipset+by+
diosdado+banatao&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjxop
The Digital Revolution 7E5-TnAhUVTZQKHVMzCWgQ2-

In 1981, Diosdado Banatao

Worldatlas. (n.d.). What was the Digital
Revolution. Retrieved from
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-
was-the-digital-revolution.html
Another century passes and we bear
witness to the Third Industrial
Revolution. In the second half of
the 20th century, we see the emergence of
yet another source of untapped, at the time,
energy. Nuclear energy!
developed the first single-chip graphical
user interface accelerator that made
computers work a lot faster. This invention
has allowed computer users to use graphics
for commands and not the usual typed
commands in older computers. It has
allowed data processing to be a little faster
using very little space (small chips instead
of large boards).
He is a Filipino entrepreneur and
engineer working in the high-tech industry.
He was born in a small barrio of Malabbac
in the town of Iguig, Cagayan, Philippines. A
three-time start-up veteran, he co-founded
Mostron, Chips and Technologies, and S3
Graphics.
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society Technological and Industrial Revolution

The Fourth Industrial Revolution To sum it up, the Industrial

Revolution is one of the most significant
events in human history and had a
profound effect on many nations
throughout the world. The Industrial
Revolution (Age of Mechanical Production)
first began in Britain in the 18th century,
and took place throughout the centuries
that followed and led to the Age of
Electricity and Mass Production, Digital
Revolution, and the Fourth Industrial
Revolution (happening now).
ictworks. (2019, March 23). 5 Problems with 4th
Industrial Revolution. Retrieved from
https://www.ictworks.org/problems-fourth-
industrial-revolution/

The Fourth Industrial Revolution

now in the 21st century is a way of
describing the blurring of boundaries
between the physical, digital, and biological
worlds. It’s a fusion of advances in
artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the
Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing,
genetic engineering, quantum
computing, and other technologies. It’s
the collective force behind many products
and services that are fast becoming
indispensable to modern life. Think GPS
systems that suggest the fastest route to a
destination, voice-activated virtual
assistants such as Apple’s Siri, personalized
Netflix recommendations, and Facebook’s
ability to recognize your face and tag you in
a friend’s photo.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution
shape the world. Worldwide economies are
based on them. There are programs and
projects being implemented all around the
world, focusing on helping people take
advantage of the marvels of the fourth
revolution during their everyday lives.
 GEC08 Science, Technology & Society
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