1.
1 Understanding the importance of having a transport system
1.1 Understanding the importance of having a
transport system in some multicellular organisms
y Organisms that are small in size have a large total
surface area to volume (TSA/V) ratio.
y Large organisms have a small TSA/V ratio.
y Hence, the rate of diffusion is higher in small size
organisms than the large ones.
in some multicellular organisms
1.1 Understanding the importance of having a
transport system in some multicellular organisms
(cont’d)
y Unicellular organisms my obtain their nutrients and
oxygen by diffusion alone but multicellular organisms
are more complex and bigger in size.
y Thus, they need a special transport system to transport
the nutrients and oxygen to the body cells.
y The transport system in humans and animals are
called the circulatory system.
y The transport system in plants are the vascular tissue
which consists of xylem and phloem tissues.
 1.2 The concept of circulatory
system
y The circulatory system in humans and animals
consists of blood, blood vessels and heart.
1.2 The concept of circulatory system
y Blood is the connective tissue in liquid form.
y The human blood is made up of 55% plasma and 45%
blood cells.

1.2 The concept of circulatory

system (cont’d)
 1.2 The concept of circulatory
system (cont’d)
Blood

Blood cells (45%) Plasma (55%)

Eryhtrocyte Leucocyte Platelet Water Dissolved

substances

Granulocyte Agranulocyte

Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocyte Monocyte

1.2 The concept of circulatory 1.2 The concept of circulatory

system (cont’d) system (cont’d)
y Plasma y Erythrocyte (red blood cells)
Constituents Major functions y Biconcave disc-shaped : to
Water Solvent for transporting dissolved substances such as increase TSA/V ratio to facilitate
glucose the gas diffusion
Ions Maintain osmotic balance in the blodd and pH of the
y Produced in bone marrow
blood at 7.4
Plasma proteins y Lifespan = 120 days
•Albumin •Maintain osmotic balance, and act as buffers against y Destroyed in spleen and liver
pH changes.
•Fibrinogen •Fibrinogen is involved in the clotting of the blood. y Contains haemoglobin; oxygen-
•Immunoglobulins •Immunoglobulins are antibodies that help in the carrying protein pigment
body’s defence.
Hormones Control physiological activities of the body
Dissolved substances Nutrients that are essential for the body
1.2 The concept of circulatory 1.2 The concept of circulatory
system (cont’d) system (cont’d)
y Leucocyte (white blood cells)
Granulocytes
y Colourless, have nucleus (do not contain haemoglobin)
y Functions ; fight infections
y Can be divided into 2 groups; Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
1. Granulocytes (granular cytoplasm)
2. Agranular Carry out Regulate allergic Produce heparin
phagocytosis to responses which prevent blood
engulf and digest from clotting too
bacteria q
quickly
y

1.2 The concept of circulatory 1.2 The concept of circulatory

system (cont’d) system (cont’d)
y Platelets
Agranulocytes
y Fragments in bone marrow
y Involved in blood-clotting
Lymphocytes Monocytes
Found in lymph system, Phagocytes
produce antibodies
 Artery Capillary Vein
1.2 The concept of circulatory Located deeper in the
body
Between arteriole and
venule
Located near skin
surface
system (cont’d) Thick muscular wall Thin wall, one-cell thick Thin wall, less muscular
Small lumen Very small lumen Big lumen
y Blood vessels
No valves (except No valves Valve is present (except
1. Arteries – carries blood away from the heart pulmonary artery) pulmonary vein)
2. Vein – carries blood back to the heart Blood flow very fast, at Blood flows is slow, at Blood flow is slow, at
high pressure pressure decreases low pressure
3. Cappillaries

1.2 The concept of circulatory

system (cont’d)
y Contains four chambers
y The human heart y Right atrium
y Refer to figure 1.7, textbook pg. 9
y Left atrium
y Right ventricle
y Left ventricle
y Muscular wall on the left
ventricle is thicker
y To pump blood to the whole
body
 1.2 The concept of circulatory
y Valves are present to system (cont’d)
prevent backflow of the y Blood is propelled through the whole body by forced
blood. produced from the pumping of the heart and
y Tricuspid valve contraction of skeletal muscle.
y Bicuspid valve y The heart is made of strong cardiac muscle.
y Semi-lunar valve
y Cardiac muscle
y Interconnected, allow signals to be conducted rapidly
y Myogenic, contract spontaneously without nervous
stimulation

1.2 The concept of circulatory

system (cont’d)
y Contraction of the heart is
controlled by sinoatrial
node (SA node) a.k.a
pacemaker.
y Impulse from SA node
move to atrioventricular
node (AV node).
y Then, it moves through
bundle of His fibres,
bundle branches and
Purkinje fibres.
 1.2 The concept of circulatory
system (cont’d)
y Skeletal muscle are usually
located around the veins.
y Contraction and relaxation of
the muscles enables the blood
SA Node generate Electrical impulse The whole atria to flow
electrical impulse. reach AV node, the and ventricles relax
y Valves ensure the blood to flow
pass to the and the pressure in
in one direction
The electrical ventricles, causing the heart is
impulse spread it to contract lowered.
rapidly over atria, simultaneously.
causing atria to Blood moves into
contract both atrium.

1.2 The concept of circulatory

system (cont’d)
y Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on
the walls of the blood vessels.
y Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg.
y 120 mmHg = systolic pressure
y 80 mmHg = diastolic pressure
y Blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors (pressure
receptors) in aorta and carotid arteries.
Blood pressure regulation 1.2 The concept of circulatory
system (cont’d)
Heartbeat rate
Cardiac muscles
decrease Circulatory system
Brain
Diameter of Smooth muscles off
arteries increase arteries
Open Closed
Normal blood
Baroreceptors
pressure
Insects (open
Single Double
circulatory
Heartbeat rate system)
Cardiac muscles
increase
Brain Incomplete Complete
Diameter of Smooth muscles off Fish
arteries decrease arteries (Amphibians) (Human)

1.2 The concept of circulatory

system (cont’d)
y Open circulatory system
y Haemolymph is pumped d
into cavity around the
cells
y Insects have a tube-shapedd
heart called ostia.
y Materials are exchanged
between haemolymph and
bode cells through
diffusion. y Closedd ccirculatory
irculatory ssystem
ystem
y Blood is confined in one vessel
y One or more hearts pumped blood into major vessels that
branches into smaller vessels
1.2 The concept of
circulatory system (cont’d)
y Single closed circulatory system
y Blood flows into the heart only once
y Blood is pumped by the heart to the
gills, body tissues and back to heart
again.
y The heart of a fish is simple; only one
atrium and one ventricle.
1.2 The concept of
circulatory system (cont’d)
y Double -closed incomplete
circulatory system
y Blood flows into the heart twice.
y Heart has two atrium and one ventricle.
y The oxygenated blood and
deoxygenated blood is mixed in the
undivided ventricle.

1.2 The concept of

circulatory system (cont’d)
y Double -closed complete circulatory
ry
y
system
y Blood flows into the heart twice.
1.3 The Mechanism of Blood Clotting
y Heart has two atrium and two ventricle.
e.
y Made up of two main circulation
1. Pulmonary circulation
y Deoxygenated blood is pumped into the
pulmonary arteries
2. Systemic circulation
y Blood is pumped to the whole body
1.3 The Mechanism of Blood
Clotting
y Importance of blood-clotting
y To prevent blood loss
y To prevent the entry of microorganisms and foreign
particles into the body
y To maintain blood pressure
y To maintain the circulation of blood in a closed
circulatory system

1.3 The Mechanism of Blood

Clotting
y Blood-clotting related problems
y Haemophilia
y Prolonged bleeding – will cause blood loss
y Thrombosis
y Formation of blood clot inside the blood vessels
y Venous thrombosis – blood clots in the veins
y Arterial thrombosis – blood clots in the arteries
y Arteriosclerosis – arteries becomes narrow due to the
deposits of cholesterol and fats, then the artery is hardened by
calcium deposits.
 1.4 The Lymphatic System
y Interstitial Fluid
y Blood arrives at the capillary
1.4 The Lymphatic System with high hydrostatic
pressure
y Force some of the plasma to
pass across the thin-membranee
to fill the space between cell.
This will form interstitial
fluid.
y Contains water, dissolved
nutrients, hormones, waste
products, gases, small proteins.

1.4
4 The Ly
Lymphatic
ymp
phatic Sy
System
ystem (cont’d)
(cont d 1.4 The Lymphatic System (cont’d)
y Lymphatic system consist of :
1. Lymphatic capillaries
y Fine, blind end lymphatic
vessels
2. Lymph vessels
y Carries lymph
3. Lymph nodes
y Found along lymph vessels
y 90 % off the
the interstitial
inttersttitiall fluid
f luiid diffuses
diffuses back
back
k into
intto the
the y Produce lymphocytes –
blood capillaries provide antibody
y 10 % of the interstitial fluid diffuse into the lymph y Phagocytes are present –
capillaries of the lymphatic system. ingest bacteria, dead
leucocytes, foreign particless
 1.4 The Lymphatic System (cont’d)
y Lymph flow to two
main lymphatic
vessels;
1. Thoracic duct
y Will enter the
circulatory system
via the left
subclavian vein
2. Right lymphatic
duct
y Will enter the
circulatory system
via the left
subclavian vein

1.4 The Lymphatic System (cont’d)

y The flow of lymph is aided by a few factors such as:
y Contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of
lymphatic nodes
y Contraction of skeletal muscles when body moves
y Peristalsis movement in the alimentary canal
y Breathing movement
y The pulses in blood vesselss
1.4 The Lymphatic System (cont’d)
1.4 The Lymphatic System (cont’d)
y The role of the lymphatic system
y Collect the interstitial fluid and return in into the
y Comparison among the blood, interstitial fluid and
circulatory system lymph.
y Defend the body against disease by producing
lymphocytes Content Blood
Interstitial
Lymph
fluid
y Transport lipid, glycerol and fat soluble vitamin A, D, E
Water 9 9 9
dan K
Small molecules like glucose,
y Transport water, hormones, glucose, amino acids, 9 9 9
amino acids and minerals
minerals and heat in the interstitial fluid
y Transport waste products such as carbon dioxide and Large molecules like
erythrocytes, platelets and 9
nitrogenous compounds in the interstitial fluids plasma protein

Lymphocytes 9 9 9

1.5 Body Defence Mechanism

y Human are exposed to disease-causing
microorganisms called pathogens.
y Body defence mechanism are need to
1. Prevent the entry of pathogen
1.5 The Role of Circulatory System in Body Defence Mechanism
2. React with pathogen that enters the body
y Three lines of defence system:
1. First line of defence – skin and mucous membrane
2. Second line of defence - phagocytes
3. Third line of defence - lymphocytes
1.5 Body Defence Mechanism (cont’d)
y First line of defence
y Consists of skin and mucous membrane
y Skin
y Outer layer consists of keratin – physical barrier
against microorganisms
y Sebaceous gland – secrets sebum that forms a
protective layer
y Sebum is a mild antiseptic – prevent growth of
microorganisms
y Sweat – can destroy microorganisms
y Mucous membrane
y Secretes mucus to protect epithelial tissues
1.5 Body Defence Mechanism (cont’d)
1.5 Body Defence Mechanism (cont’d)
y Second line of defence
y Involves phagocytes e.g neutrophills and monocytes
y Phagocytosis
y Phagocytes approach the pathogen (bacteria) –
surrounds it by using its pseudopodium
y Phagocytes then engulf the bacteria – forming a
phagocytic vacuole called phagosome
y Lysosome release enzyme, then digest the pathogen
1.5 Body Defence Mechanism (cont’d)
y Third line of defence
y Immune system
y Involves the production of antibodies by
lymphocytes
y Antigens – foreign substances produced by
microorganisms, pathogens, toxin
y Antibody – protein to react with antigen
y Specific – one type of antibody can only react with one
type of antigen
1.5 Body Defence Mechanism (cont’d)
y Antigen is destroyed by different mechanisms
y Agglutination – clump pathogen together for
phagocytosis
y Neutralisation – neutralize toxin
y Opsonisation – mark antigens for phagocytes
y Lysis – cause antigens to rupture or disintegrate
1.5 Body Defence Mechanism (cont’d)
y Immunity – ability of the body to resist and
infection by producing antibodies
y When a person has immunity towards certain
disease, he/she is said to be immuned to the
disease.
y Immunisation – process of acquiring an immunity
y Two types of immunity :
1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity

1.5 Body Defence Mechanism (cont’d) 1.5 Body Defence Mechanism (cont’d)
y Active immunity - body acquired immunity when
the body produces antibodies against pathogen
and antigen.
Immunity
y Passive immunity – body acquired immunity when
the body receives antibodies from external sources Active Passive
y Both active and passive immunities can be acquired
naturally or artificially.
Natural Artificial Natural Artificial
Acquired after Acquired by Acquired from Acquired by
recovering from a injection of mother via the injecting serum
disease vaccine placenta and containing
breast milk antibodies