Maximum material and least material principles 181

Maximum material when the holes are finished away from the maximum
material condition.
condition applied to Note that the total tolerance zone is 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3, and
therefore the positional tolerance can be increased where
position the two holes have a finished size away from the maximum
material condition.
A typical drawing instruction is given in Fig. 22.8, 70.3
and the following illustrations show the various 58.2
extreme dimensions which can possibly arise.
12.1
70 2 Holes Ø 12.0
Ø 0.2 M
Ø 12.1
Fig. 22.12

Maximum material
Fig. 22.8 condition applied to
Condition A (Fig. 22.9)
Minimum distance between hole centres and the
coaxiality
maximum material condition of holes.
In the previous examples, the geometrical tolerance
81.8 has been related to a feature at its maximum material
69.8 condition, and, provided the design function permits,
the tolerance has increased when the feature has been
finished away from the maximum material condition.
Now the geometrical tolerance can also be specified
Ø 12
in relation to a datum feature, and Fig. 22.13 shows a
typical application and drawing instruction of a
Fig. 22.9
shoulder on a shaft. The shoulder is required to be
Condition B (Fig. 22.10) coaxial with the shaft, which acts as the datum. Again,
Maximum distance between hole centres and provided the design function permits, further
maximum material condition of holes relaxation of the quoted geometrical control can be
achieved by applying the maximum material
70.2 condition to the datum itself.
Ø 0.2 M X M
58.2

Ø 12
30.0

15.00

Fig. 22.10
Ø 29.8

Ø 14.98

Condition C (Fig. 22.11)

To give the same assembly condition as in A, the
minimum distance between hole centres is reduced
when the holes are finished away from the maximum
material condition.
81.8 Fig. 22.13
69.8 Various extreme combinations of size for the
shoulder and shaft can arise, and these are given in the
drawings below. Note that the increase in coaxiality
error which could be permitted in these circumstances
is equal to the total amount that the part is finished
away from its maximum material condition, i.e. the
Fig. 22.11 Ø 12.1 shoulder tolerance plus the shaft tolerance.
Condition D (Fig. 22.12)
To give the same assembly condition as in B, the Condition A (Fig. 22.14). Shoulder and shaft at
maximum distance between hole centres is increased maximum material condition; shoulder at maximum
permissible eccentricity to the shaft datum axis X.
182 Manual of Engineering
Drawing

Maximum material
0.1 Radial
condition and perfect
form eccentric Dat
ity um
axis
X When any errors of geometrical form are
required to be contained within the maximum

Ø 30
material limits of size, it is assumed that the part

Ø 15
will be perfect in form at the upper limit of size.
In applying this principle, two conditions are possible.
of
should Case 1 The value of the geometrical tolerance
er can progressively increase provided that the
assembly diameter does not increase above the
Fig. maximum material limit of size. Figure 22.17
22.14 shows a shaft and the boxed dimension, and
indicates that at maximum material
Condition B (Fig. 22.15). Shoulder at minimum limit of size the shaft is required to be perfectly straight.
material condition and shaft at maximum material Ø0 M
condition. Total coaxiality tolerance = specified
coaxiality tolerance + limit of size tolerance of
shoulder = 0.2 +
0.2 = 0.4 diameter. This gives a maximum 16.
eccentricity of 0.2. 00
Ø

1
5
.
9
5

Fig. 22.17
Datum axis X
0.2 Radial eccentricity
Figure 22.18 shows the shaft manufactured to
its lower limit of size, where the permitted error
in straightness can be 0.05, since the assembly
diameter will be maintained at 16.00. Similarly, a
Ø 29.8

Ø 15

shaft manufactured to, say, 15.97 can have a

permitted straightness error of 0.03.

of shoulder C
y
l
i
n
d
r
i
c
a
l

t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e

z
o
n
e

0
.
0
5

with 8
Fig. 22.15 the
datum
Condition C (Fig. 22.16). Shows the situation Fig.
where the smallest size shoulder is associated 22.1
Ø 15.95 cL of part

shaft at its low limit of size. Here the total

coaxiality tolerance which may be permitted is Case 2 The geometrical tolerance can also be
the sum of the specified coaxiality tolerance + limited to a certain amount where it would be
limit of size tolerance for the shoulder + tolerance undesirable for the part to be used in service too
on the shaft = 0.2 + 0.2 + much out of line.
0.02 = 0.42 diameter. Figure 22.19 shows a shaft, with a tolerance
frame indication that at the maximum material
limit of size the shaft is required to be perfectly
straight. Also, the upper part of the box
0.01 Radial eccentricity
0.2 Radial eccentricity indicates that a maximum geometrical tolerance
error of 0.02 can exist, provided that for
assembly purposes the assembly diameter does

Ø 14.98
not exceed 14.00.
Ø 29.8

14.0
Ø 13.6
True centre line
of shoulder
Ø 0.02
Ø0 M

Fig. 22.16 Fig. 22.19