IB PHYSICS 4.2,4.3,4.4 Google Slides

4.
2 travelling waves: Ls 1 introduction to waves

Today’s lesson: Starter:
• Explaining the motion of particles
of a medium when a wave passes TABLE RACE
through it for both transverse and
longitudinal cases
• Sketching and interpreting
displacement–distance graphs and
displacement– time graphs for
transverse and longitudinal waves
• Solving problems involving wave Homework:
speed, frequency and wavelength
BIG Question:
What is a wave?
Longitudinal vs transverse waves What is a wave: How do we calculate the
what is a transverse wave? speed of a wave?
Label the wave
What is a longitudinal wave?
Give examples of longitudinal waves:

4.2 wave characteristics pre assessment
The Electro magnetic spectrum: put in order starting with Radio waves
Give the frequency and wavelength range for each: Give some uses
• Ultraviolet
Give examples of transverse waves
• X-rays:
• Microwaves
What are the three properties all EM waves have:
• Infrared
1.
• Visible light
2.
• Radio waves
3. • Gamma ray
Which have the most energy? Which the least?

• Describe
Describetravelling
travellingwaves
waves
• Define Wavelength,frequency,
Define Wavelength, frequency, period
period and
and wave
wave speed
speed
• Explain thedifference
Explain the difference between
between transverse
transverse andand longitudinal
longitudinal waves
waves
What is a wave
Waves transfer energy but not matter :
Progressive waves distribute energy

from a point source to a surrounding
area.
They move energy in the form of

vibrating particles or fields.
There are 2 types transverse and

longitudinal.
We can model these!

• Describe
Describetravelling
travellingwaves
waves
period and
and wave
wave speed
speed
between transverse
longitudinal waves
waves
Mechanical waves
1) Mechanical Waves
Waves that pass through a material are vibrations of that material
eg. Sound waves, seismic waves, strings
2) Electromagnetic Waves
Vibrating electrical or magnetic fields through space/vacuum (no material
needed)
eg electromagnetic spectrum
•• Describe
Describe
Describe travelling
travelling waves
waves
travelling waves
period and
and wave
wave speed
speed
•• Define
Explain Wavelength,
thedifference
Explain the difference frequency,
between
between
period
transverse
transverse andand
and wave speed
longitudinal
longitudinal waves
waves
transverse and longitudinal

Transverse:
The oscillations is
PERPENDICULAR to the
direction of the travel
Longitudinal
The oscillation is PARALLEL
to the direction of the travel
• Describe
Describetravelling
travellingwaves
waves
period and
and wave
wave speed
speed
between transverse
longitudinal waves
waves
transverse and longitudinal

• Representing longitudinal waves as a transverse wave
•• Describe
Describe
Describe travelling
travelling waves
waves
the nature of sound waves
• Define
Define Wavelength,
Wavelength,frequency,
frequency, period
period and
and wave
wave speed
speed
between transverse
longitudinal waves
waves
Why are
compressions on
the Neg grad and
Rarefactions on
the positive grad
•• Describe
Describetravelling waves
the nature of sound waves
• Define Wavelength, frequency, period and wave speed
• Explain the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves
If we look at the compression

The particles that are to the right of the particle have a Neg Why are
displacement (they are moving left) - towards the particle compressions on
The particles to the left of the particle have a positive the Neg grad and
displacement (they are moving right) - towards the particle. Rarefactions on
Since both are moving towards the particle - its being the positive grad
compressed.
If we look at the rarefaction.

The particles to the right of the particle have a Positive disp (they
are moving to the right) - away from the particle.
The particles to the left of the particle have a negative disp (they
are moving to the left) - away from the particle.
Since both are moving away - its a rarefaction.
Video on L
and T waves
recap wave definitions

Time for ONE complete oscillation/wave
Time Period, T Units - Seconds
Number of oscillations/waves per

Frequency, f seconds Units – Hertz (Hz)
Maximum displacement from the mean

Amplitude, x0 position - m
Distance of the wave from the mean

Displacement, x position - m
recap labelling waves

Amplitude
Displacement The time for one

oscillation
t (s)
Wavelength
• Describe
Describethe
thenature
natureof of electromagnetic
electromagnetic waves
waves
•
EM waves
An EM wave is a disturbance in the
form of mutually perpendicular,
oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
RMIVUX G
What are the What are the Three properties of all EM
frequencies wavelengths waves:
1. All transverse
2. All travel at speed of light in a
What are vacuum (3x108)
What are
the 3. Do not require particles
the uses?
dangers?
Describethe
• Describe thenature
natureof of electromagnetic
electromagnetic waves
waves
•
EM waves
λ ≈ 700 - 420 nm
λ ≈ 10-4 - 10-6 m λ ≈ 10-7 - 10-8 m
-2 -3 λ ≈ 10-9 - 10-11 m
λ ≈ 10 - 10 m
λ ≈ 10-1 - 103 m λ ≈ 10-12 - 10-15 m

Summary
video
Summary
video
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/61a731259c7d7d001d409e48/dp-introduction-to-waves
• Describe the nature of sound waves
How do sound waves travel?

• This could be a short answer
question…
10 minutes
• However I would like you to
be creative and tell me what
you know about sound compression Oscillation
waves. Gas rarefaction Speed
• Use diagrams, bullet points Solid Particle
pictures, sentences etc. To fill Liquid Oscilloscope
your page. Vacuum
Longitudinal Transverse
•• Describe
Describethe
thenature
natureof of
sound waves
sound waves
How do sound waves travel?

Sound waves are caused by a
vibration.
It travels then as a longitudinal

wave.
This means the oscillation is

parallel to the direction of the
wave.
• How can we model sound travelling?
The particles in the medium they
• What does compression and travel vibrate back and forth
rarefaction mean?
•• Describe
Describethe
thenature
natureof of
sound waves
sound waves
Solids liquids and gases

Discuss with the person next to you
Where does sound
travel fastest in a solid a Come up with an answer and a reason to
why you have picked this one?
liquid or a gas?
Sound travels faster in a solid: as the particles are closer together so the
wave/vibration is passed along quicker
It travels slowest in a gas as the particles are more spread out so the
wave/vibration takes longer to pass along
•• Describe
Describethe nature
the of sound
nature waves
of sound waves
•
Hearing range
• Humans can only hear in a certain range.

• Below 20Hz it is to low for us to hear: Infrasound
• Above 20kHz (20,000Hz) it is to high for us to hear:
Ultrasound
• We can use infrasound and ultrasound for lots of different
applications
•• Describe
Describethe
thenature
natureof of
sound waves
sound waves
oscilloscopes
• Quiet volumes have a
small amplitude.
• Loud volumes have a
large amplitude.
• High pitches have a

high frequency.
• Low pitches have a low
frequency.
•• Describe
Describethe
thenature
natureof of
sound waves
sound waves
Equations
two simple equations but what could the tricks
• c= fλ be when using them?
• V=d/t Discuss in your groups (3 mins)
Things to remember:
1. you may have to combine these equations.

2. you may have to use time period instead of frequency (f=1/T).
3. you may have to take this data of a graph.
4. you may be given a reflection/echo so remember the distance is doubled.
5. you may have to convert units
6. you know the ranges for wavelength and frequency so check your answers, does it seem sensible
Some example wave equation questions
1) A water wave has a frequency of 2Hz and a wavelength of 0.3m. How fast is it moving?
0.6m/s
2) A water wave travels through a pond with a speed of 1m/s and a frequency of 5Hz. What is the
wavelength of the waves?
0.2m
3) The speed of sound is 330m/s (in air). When Dave hears this sound his ear vibrates 660 times a
second. What was the wavelength of the sound?
0.5m
4) Purple light has a wavelength of around 6x10-7m and a frequency of 5x1014Hz. What is the speed of
purple light?
3x108m/s
4.2 travelling waves: Ls 2 pracitce and consolidation
• Explaining the motion of particles
of a medium when a wave passes TABLE RACE
through it for both transverse and
longitudinal cases
displacement–distance graphs and
displacement– time graphs for
transverse and longitudinal waves
• Solving problems involving wave Homework:
speed, frequency and wavelength
BIG Question:
What is a wave?
• Describe travelling
Describe travellingwaves
waves
• Define Wavelength,
Define Wavelength,frequency,
frequency, period and
period wave
and speed
wave speed
• Explain the
Explain thedifference between
difference between transverse andand
transverse longitudinal waves
longitudinal waves
• Describe the
Describe thenature
natureofofelectromagnetic
electromagneticwaves
waves
• Describe the
Describe thenature
natureofofsound
soundwaves
waves
tasks
all: practice questions
need to consolidate:
● watch the videos: em spectrum NASA crash course ; waves
● go through your notes
● create a summary sheet
need more practice:

● complete the worksheet: worksheet
● phet sim: waves on a string
take it further?
● research: what is snell's law? what is polarization? what is interference and the law of
superposition?
4.3. Wavefronts, superposition and interference
Starter:what is the science in this?
Today’s lesson:
diagrams involving
wavefronts and rays
the superposition of
pulses and waves Homework:
BIG Question:
What is a wave?
• Sketching and interpreting diagrams involving wavefronts and rays
A wavefront is a line that shows where a

What are wave is all in phase.
wavefronts?
We can see
these easily by
looking at
ripples
Demo ripple
tank
•• Sketching
Sketching and interpreting
and diagrams
interpreting theinvolving wavefronts
superposition and rays and
of pulses waves
What is The PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION of

superposition waves states that when two or more waves
? meet at a point, the resultant displacement
is the sum of the displacements of the
individual waves.
Summary
video
• Sketching and interpreting the superposition of pulses and waves
Waves that are π

in phase give
constructive
interference
Waves that are π

out of phase / anti
phase give
destructive
interference
• Sketching
Sketching and
andinterpreting
interpretingthe
thesuperposition
superpositionof of
pulses and
pulses waves
and waves
• Sketching
Sketching and
andinterpreting
interpretingthe
thesuperposition
superpositionof of
pulses and
pulses waves
and waves
• Sketching
Sketching and
andinterpreting
interpretingthe
thesuperposition
superpositionof of
pulses and
pulses waves
and waves
need some more practise?

http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=5&filename=WavesSound_SuperpositionPulses.xml
• Sketching
Sketching and
andinterpreting
interpretingthe
thesuperposition
superpositionof of
pulses and
pulses waves
and waves
Practice superposition pulse diagrams. Page 4 in notes
Once your done draw some of your own on graph paper to challenge
your partner
4.2 travelling waves: Ls 3 Intensity and inverse square
law
Starter:
Today’s lesson:
TABLE RACE
• Solving problems
involving amplitude,
intensity and the
inverse square law Homework:
BIG Question:
What is a wave?
• Describe travelling waves
• Describe the nature of electromagnetic waves
table race
1. What is a longitudinal wave?
2. What is the wave equation?
3. What is the unit for frequency?
4. What is it equivalent to?
5. In which of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum is radiation of wavelength
600 nm located?
6. Order of the spectrum starting with highest frequency
7. Which is the least dangerous and why?
8. If an EM wave has a wavelength of 600nm, what is its frequency?
9. A boat was measuring the depth of the sea floor, it send out a ultrasound wave at 330ms -1 and
it detected the signal back again 1.2s later. what was the depth of the floor
10. What are the 3 properties of all EM waves?
• Describe travelling waves
• Describe the nature of electromagnetic waves
1. What is a longitudinal wave? the oscillation is in the same direction (parallel) as the energy of the
wave
2. What is the wave equation? v = fλ
3. What is the unit for frequency? Hz
4. What is it equivalent to? s-1
5. In which of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum is radiation of wavelength 600
nm located? visible light
6. Order of the spectrum starting with highest frequency: GXUVIMR
7. Which is the least dangerous and why? Radio, lowest frequency, lowest energy
8. If an EM wave has a wavelength of 600nm, what is its frequency? v = fλ 3x108 = f x 600x10-9 =
5x1014 Hz
9. A boat was measuring the depth of the sea floor, it send out a ultrasound wave at 330ms -1 and it
detected the signal back again 1.2s later. what was the depth of the floor = 198m
10. What are the 3 properties of all EM waves? transverse, 3x108 in a vaccuum, do not need
particles to travel
• Solving problems involving amplitude, intensity and the inverse square law
Intensity law: distance and light

intensity
vernier site practical sheet
•• Solving
Solvingproblems involving
problems amplitude,
involving intensityintensity
amplitude, and the inverse square
and the law
inverse square law
Intensity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JW3tT0L2gpc
•• Solving
problems amplitude,
and the law
inverse square law
Amplitude intensity and the inverse square law

The INTENSITY (I) of a wave motion The intensity of a wave decreases with
at a point is the rate at which energy distance because its energy is spread out
over a larger area and also because some of
is transmitted (i.e. the power) per unit
it may be absorbed.
area perpendicular to the wave
direction.
I = P/A
it is also defined as the amount of energy per unit time flowing through unit area
(remember you can link power and energy)
It is normally measured in W.m-2
•• Solving
problems amplitude,
and the law
inverse square law
Amplitude intensity and the inverse square law

• We know power and intensity So we can say
are related. Intensity is
proportional to the
• Since power is energy/time square of the
amplitude
• we can relate intensity and
kinetic energy of a wave and
such the amplitude: look at
page 2 in your notes to see the
KE equation
The intensity of a wave is defined as the amount of energy that passes through unit area
perpendicular to the wave direction in unit time.
The amplitude of a wave varies in a sinusoidal manner with time whereas the intensity of the
wave varies as sine squared.
The intensity of a wave depends on its energy and the energy varies in a different way from
the amplitude.
The intensity of a wave is proportional to the square of its amplitude

Intensity and displacement:

Intensity is inversely proportional to the
square of the displacement.
I 𝛂 x-2
Intensity and amplitude:

intensity is proportional to the square of
the amplitude
I 𝛂 A2
Summary
video
4.3: Polarization and Malus Law
Todays lesson:
Starter:Quick test
● Describing methods of
polarization 1. when do you get constructive interference?
2. when do you get destructive interference
● Sketching and interpreting 3. what are the 3 properties of all EM waves.
diagrams illustrating polarized, 4. Define a longitudinal wave
5. How does a transverse wave differ to this
reflected and transmitted
beams
● Solving problems involving
Homework:
Malus’s law
BIG Question:
Can all waves can be described by the same sets of mathematical ideas
1. when do you get constructive interference?
2. when do you get destructive interference?
3. what are the 3 properties of all EM waves.

● all transverse
● all travel at the speed of light in a vacuum (3 x108 ms-1)
● they do not require particles
4. Define a longitudinal wave

● the oscillation is parallel to the direction of the energy transfer
5. How does a transverse wave differ to this

● the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction to the energy transfer
• Describing methods
Describing methodsofofpolarization
polarization
• Sketching and interpreting diagrams illustrating polarized, reflected and transmitted beams
What’s happening with this picture?

polarization
What is a An UNPOLARISED wave is one which has

polarised vibrations in all directions at right angles
to the direction of travel of the wave (e.g. light)
wave?
A PLANE-POLARISED wave is one in which the
vibrations are in one plane only.
Only
transverse
waves can be
polarised
polarization
What about An EM wave is a disturbance in the

EM waves? form of mutually perpendicular,
oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
Since EM waves are

transverse they can
be polarised!
Why can’t
longitudinal waves be
polarised?
• Solving problemsinvolving
Solving problems involving Malus’s
Malus’s lawlaw
Light can be polarised

by polarising filters
What happens if we add another filter?

lets try this
Malus’s lawlaw
Light can be
polarised by
polarising filters
You need to know that the intensity of unpolarised light through the first
filter that is transmitted is always 50%.
Summary
video
polarization
• Sunlight is scattered as it comes through the

Earth’s atmosphere and this polarises the light Light can be
we get from the sky.
polarised by our
• Although we are unaware of this Polarisation, atmosphere
many insects, bees and some birds are
thought to make navigational use of it by
enabling them to locate the position of the Sun
through cloud.
• This scattering of light is what causes the sky

to be blue and why we get the red and orange
hues at sunset
• Describing methods of polarization
• When light is reflected from any shiny surface, Light can be

such as water for example, it is partially
polarised in the horizontal plane.
polarised by
reflection
• Reflected sunlight from a wet road surface and
other vehicles can create a glare which makes
for difficult driving conditions.
• This is easily remedied by wearing sunglasses.

The polaroid in the glasses is arranged so that
it will only transmit vertically polarised light and
this greatly reduces glare which is light which
has been partially polarised in the horizontal
plane
Malus’s lawlaw
Malus’s Law
since Intensity is
proportional to amplitude2
we can also say
A2 = Ao2 cos2Ø
Malus’s lawlaw
remember this is
50% of Initial
• Solving problems involving Malus’s law
Summary
video
• Describing
Describing methods
methods of polarization
of polarization
•• Sketching and interpreting
Sketching and interpreting diagrams illustrating
diagrams polarized,
illustrating reflected and
polarized, transmitted
reflected and beams
transmitted beams
Some substances can

change the plane of
polarized light. We say they
are optically active
• Describing
Describing methods
of polarization
diagrams polarized,
reflected and beams
transmitted beams
• Describing
Describing methods
of polarization
diagrams polarized,
reflected and beams
transmitted beams
Malus’s lawlaw
Malus’s Law
You decide which task(S) that you are going to do:
1. Practice Questions Link with answers
2. Catch up/go over notes to reinforce idea
3. Not as confident with polaristaion watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8aYoLj2rO8
4. Have a go at the simulation
http://tutor-homework.com/Physics_Help/polarized_light.html
Not on course
Brewster’s angle- not on course

In 1812, Sir David Brewster found experimentally that the reflected ray is 100%
polarized when the angle between the reflected ray and the refracted ray is 90°
Brewster’s angle
tanθ = n /n
B 2 1
Not on course
example: one window you can see the

reflection the other you can see into the
room
4.4: Ls 1 Reflection Refraction Diffraction
● Sketching and interpreting incident,
reflected and transmitted waves at
Describe what is going on in
● boundaries between media this
● Solving problems involving
reflection at a plane interface
● Solving problems involving Snell’s
law, critical angle and total internal
reflection
● Determining refractive index Homework:
experimentally.
n.a
BIG Question:
How do waves interact with media and each other?
• Sketching and interpreting diagrams involving wavefronts and rays
• Sketching and interpreting incident, reflected and transmitted waves at boundaries between media
• Solving problems involving reflection at a plane interface
Reflection
• Can I draw a plane wave reflecting
off a surface using wave fronts?
• Can I draw a plane wave reflection
off the surface using ray diagrams
• Can I state the law of reflection?
• Can I prove the law of reflection
experimentally?
• Can I draw a circular wave reflecting
off a surface
• Can I give examples of reflection in
real life
• Sketching and interpreting incident, reflected
interpreting incident, reflected and
and transmitted
transmittedwaves
waves at
at boundaries
boundaries between
between media
media
• problems involving
Solving problems involvingreflection
reflectionatataaplane
plane interface
interface
• Sketching and interpreting incident, reflected and transmitted waves at boundaries between media
• Solving problems involving reflection at a plane interface
Circular wavefront
reflections
• Sketching
Solving and interpreting
problems involving incident, reflected
Snell’s law, critical and transmitted
angle waves at
and total internal boundaries between media
reflection
Determining involving
refractive indexreflection at a plane interface
experimentally
Refraction
• Can I draw a plane wave refraction
using wave fronts?
• Can I draw a plane wave refracting
using ray diagrams?
• Can I describe qualitatively what
happens when a wave enters a
more dense medium?
• Can I describe qualitatively what
happens when a wave enters a
more less medium
• Can I describe what happens to the
frequency and wavelength ?
• Sketching
angle waves at
reflection
experimentally
• Sketching
angle waves at
reflection
experimentally
LESS dense → More dense: As enters MORE dense medium:

It slows down and bends towards the normal.
TOWARDS normal
The frequency is same but the wavelength reduces
More dense → LESS dense:

AWAY normal As enters LESS dense medium:
It speeds up and bends away from the normal.
The frequency is same but the wavelength increases
The frequency remains the same as you have the same

number of waves.
Imagine the
wavefront as a But the wavelength changes. Because the speed
lot of marching
soldiers in a line changes. This can be seen with the wave equation: c=fλ
• Solving problems involving Snell’s law, critical angle and total internal reflection
• Determining refractive index experimentally
Refraction
Refraction occurs when waves enter a new medium
It means the light bends.
As enters MORE dense medium:

It slows down and bends towards the normal.
The frequency is same but the wavelength reduces
As enters LESS dense medium:

It speeds up and bends away from the normal.
The frequency is same but the wavelength increases
The frequency remains the same as you have the same number of waves.
But the wavelength changes.
Because the speed changes. This can be seen with the wave equation: c=fλ
There is a relationship between the speed of

the wave in the two media and the angles of
incidence and refraction
problems involving
involvingSnell’s
Snell’slaw,
law,critical
criticalangle
angleand
andtotal
totalinternal
internalreflection
reflection
experimentally
=λ2
λ1
we can also use wavelength in this equation:

since v = fλ
Snell’s law - refraction

Snell’s law - refractive index of perspex

How would measure the refractive index of perspex (from air,
considering our equipment, can be assumed to have the same
speed of light as a vacuum) as accurately and precisely as you
can.
● What table would you draw?

● What graph would you plot?
● How would you calculate the refractice index from your
graph?
Discuss in pairs
Snell’s law - refractive index of perspex

y= mx
n2 ?
ni =1 in air
Sin (theta 1)
Sin ( theta 2)
Snell’s law - refraction

Distance learning Practical: snell’s law
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/bending-light/latest/bending-light_en.html
Refractive index in air = 1
How will the table look?
What graph will you plot.
Summary
video
Total internal reflection

Total internal reflection

Summary
video
Critical angle with snell’s law

Sinθ1 = n2
Sinθ2 n1
At critical angle (C),

θ2 = 90, therefore sinθ2 = 1
sinC= n2 = 1 (if air into a vacuum)

n1 n1
Summary
video
Tasks for the rest of the lesson

All: finish and submit snell’s law practical
Optional:
● Complete booklets
● More help on snells law? Watch this video snells law video
● Make some of your own questions
● Recap polarized light video on polarization
4.4 Ls 3 - Young’s Double Slit Diffraction
● Diffraction through a single slit
What is happening here?
and around an object -
sketching patterns (4.4)
● Qualitatively describing the
diffraction patterns when plane
waves are incident normally on
a single slit (4.4)
● Quantitatively describing double Homework:
slit interference intensity
patterns (4.4)
n.a
BIG Question:
How do waves interact with media and each other?
• Diffraction through a single slit and around an object - sketching patterns (4.4)
• Qualitatively describing the diffraction patterns when
hen plane
plane
waves
wavesare
areincident
incidentnormally
normallyonona asingle
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
Recap - wavefronts and rays

Ray: direction of wave travel/ energy
propagation;
wavefront: line that joins points with

same phase - these represent the
crest.
Wavefronts are always

normal//perpendicular to ray ;
• Diffraction
Diffraction through
through a single
a single slit
slit and and around
around an objectan object - patterns
- sketching sketching
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
•• Qualitatively
Qualitatively describing the diffraction patterns hen plane wavesnormally
describing the diffraction patterns hen plane waves are incident on a single
are incident slit (4.4)
normally on a single slit (4.4)
Think, pair, share:

A) Waves travel in straight lines. Why can you still hear me when I stand
around the corner?
B) Why can’t you see me as well?
• Diffraction through
Diffraction through a single
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
•• Qualitatively describing the diffraction patterns hen
Qualitatively describing the diffraction patterns when plane waves are
hen plane
planeincident
waves
waves normally
are on a single
areincident
incident slit (4.4)
normally
normally onona asingle
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
Diffraction:
Waves spread as they pass an obstacle or through an opening
When do we get the most diffraction?

Diffraction is most when the opening or obstacle is similar in size to the
wavelength of the wave
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
hen plane
planeincident
waves
waves normally
are on a single
areincident
incident slit (4.4)
normally
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
When do we get the most diffraction?

Diffraction is most when the opening or obstacle is similar in size to the
wavelength of the wave
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
hen plane
planeincident
waves
waves normally
are on a single
areincident
incident slit (4.4)
normally
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
Recap- interference
When two waves are in
phase, they add together
causing constructive
interference.
When two waves are out of

phase, they cancel out
causing destructive
interference.
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
hen plane
planeincident
waves
waves normally
are on a single
areincident
incident slit (4.4)
normally
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
= Wave Peak
= Wave Trough
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
hen plane
planeincident
waves
waves normally
are on a single
areincident
incident slit (4.4)
normally
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
Path difference
First important note to get interference the waves MUST be coherent.
• Two wave sources are said to be

COHERENT if the waves emitted
from them are IN PHASE or if they
have a CONSTANT PHASE
DIFFERENCE.
• This implies that the sources have

the SAME FREQUENCY
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
hen plane
planeincident
waves
waves normally
are on a single
areincident
incident slit (4.4)
normally
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
What is path difference?

The path difference or PD is the
difference in distance traveled
by the two waves from their
respective sources to a given
point on the pattern
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
hen plane
planeincident
waves
waves normally
are on a single
areincident
incident slit (4.4)
normally
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
Path difference
If the waves have a path difference of nλ then they are in phase so we get
Constructive interference
If the waves have a path difference of (n+ ½) λ then they are anti phase (π out of
phase) so we get destructive interference.
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
hen plane
planeincident
waves
waves normally
are on a single
areincident
incident slit (4.4)
normally
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
Constructive interference if path difference is a whole number of

wavelengths
antinode
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
hen plane
planeincident
waves
waves normally
are on a single
areincident
incident slit (4.4)
normally
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
Destructive interference if path difference is a half number

of wavelengths
node
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
hen plane
planeincident
waves
waves normally
are on a single
areincident
incident slit (4.4)
normally
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
How would this look then if it was light and a screen placed
along the back
• Diffraction
Diffraction through
through a single
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
•• Qualitatively describing the diffraction patterns hen plane waves
Qualitatively describing the diffraction patterns when plane waves are incident normally on a single
are incident slit (4.4)on a single slit (4.4)
normally
How would this look then if it was light and a screen placed along
the back
•• Diffraction through
Quantitatively a singledouble-slit
describing slit and around an objectintensity
interference - sketching patterns (4.4)
patterns
• Qualitatively describing the diffraction patterns hen plane waves are incident normally on a single slit (4.4)
Evidence that light is a wave!

Double-slit interference with light waves was
explored by Thomas Young in 1801.
Summary
video
• Quantitatively describing double-slit interference intensity patterns
Recap: coherence and path

difference
• Light used must be coherent:

• Two wave sources are said to be
COHERENT if the waves emitted from them
are IN PHASE or if they have a CONSTANT
PHASE DIFFERENCE.
• This implies that the sources have the
SAME FREQUENCY
• So monochromatic light (light of the same
colour) which has same wavelength-same
frequecny
a single slit
slit and and around
(4.4)patterns (4.4)
hen plane
planeincident
waves
waves normally
are on a single
areincident
incident slit (4.4)
normally
singleslit
slit
(4.4)
(4.4)
How would this look then if it was light and a screen placed along the
back
Recap: coherence and path difference
Constructive interference:
bright fringe
Path difference of nλ
Destructive interference:
dark fringe
Path difference of (n + ½ )λ
• Quantitatively describing
Quantitatively describing double-slit
double-slit interference
interference intensity
intensity patterns
patterns
We can calculate the separation of the

fringes
Using this equation:

S = λD
d
We can get this equation from

d sinθ = nλ
If you want to see how this is derived then watch the doc brown
video.
We will come back to this equation!

intensity patterns
patterns
S = λD
d
What happens to the thickness of the

fringes if.
● We increase the distance of the

screen?
● If we increase the the distance
between the double slit?
● what happens to the intensity

patterns if we:
● reduce the width of the slit.
● increase the wavelength of the light
● increase the distance of the

screen?
intensity patterns
patterns
S = λD
d
What happens to the thickness of the
fringes if.
● We increase the distance of the

screen? If D increases then S
increases
● If we increase the the distance
between the double slit? If d
increases S decreases
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/61dbe080b81cfe001df4fcfa/youngs-double-slit
Summary
video
Summary
video
• Sketching and interpreting intensity graphs of double-slit interference patterns (9.2)
Tasks
Pick the task that you feel you need more practice with.
ALL: complete the 3 questions on Young Double slit sheet answers
More consolidation:
● read through the different lessons on: physics classroom
● watch Khan academy lessons: video 1
● Watch crash course (my pick): video cc
More practice:
● have a go at the extra worksheet: extra questions on double slit eqn (TAP physics)
● Past paper a level questions (same style as IB) A level Q's
Take it further:
● Deeper understanding of double slit equation: extension more mathematical
● https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.20663!/file/Lecture12.pdf
● http://web.mit.edu/viz/EM/visualizations/coursenotes/modules/guide14.pd
4.2 worksheets and answers
● 4.2 worksheet answers
● 4.3 polarisation exit ticket and answers
● recap topics 4.1-4.3 and answers
● 4.3 homework Ib questions (intensity and polarisation)
● 4.3 questions answers

● A level 4.4 worksheets and answers
● 4.4 young double slit 3 questions answers
● snell’s law worksheet and answers
● 4.4 double slit IB questions and answers

4.2 measuring the speed of sound
Starter:
Today’s lesson:
involving wave
speed, frequency
and wavelength
• Investigating the
speed of sound Homework:
experimentally
BIG Question:
What is a wave?
Describe the nature of sound waves
descibe how to measure sound experimentally
Two Methods
Measuring the speed of sound practicals:
video task
Two practicals:
★ data logger and microphones
★ Resonance tube
Research into how they work, complete them and show on a

video how you can measure the speed of sound. You could
also include information about sound waves

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4.

2 travelling waves: Ls 1 introduction to waves

Label the wave

What is a longitudinal wave?

Give examples of longitudinal waves:

Which have the most energy? Which the least?

Progressive waves distribute energy

They move energy in the form of

There are 2 types transverse and

We can model these!

transverse and longitudinal

transverse and longitudinal

If we look at the compression

If we look at the rarefaction.

recap wave definitions

Number of oscillations/waves per

Maximum displacement from the mean

Distance of the wave from the mean

recap labelling waves

Displacement The time for one

λ ≈ 10-1 - 103 m λ ≈ 10-12 - 10-15 m

How do sound waves travel?

How do sound waves travel?

It travels then as a longitudinal

This means the oscillation is

Solids liquids and gases

• Humans can only hear in a certain range.

• High pitches have a

• V=d/t Discuss in your groups (3 mins)

1. you may have to combine these equations.

need more practice:

A wavefront is a line that shows where a

What is The PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION of

Waves that are π

Waves that are π

need some more practise?

Practice superposition pulse diagrams. Page 4 in notes

Intensity law: distance and light

Amplitude intensity and the inverse square law

Amplitude intensity and the inverse square law

The intensity of a wave is proportional to the square of its amplitude

Intensity and displacement:

Intensity and amplitude:

3. what are the 3 properties of all EM waves.

4. Define a longitudinal wave

5. How does a transverse wave differ to this

What’s happening with this picture?

What is a An UNPOLARISED wave is one which has

What about An EM wave is a disturbance in the

Since EM waves are

Light can be polarised

What happens if we add another filter?

• Sunlight is scattered as it comes through the

• This scattering of light is what causes the sky

• When light is reflected from any shiny surface, Light can be

• This is easily remedied by wearing sunglasses.

we can also say

Some substances can

Brewster’s angle- not on course

example: one window you can see the

LESS dense → More dense: As enters MORE dense medium:

More dense → LESS dense:

The frequency remains the same as you have the same

It means the light bends.