IB PHYSICS 5.2 Slides - All Unit

5.
2 lesson 1: Current and charge

Starter:
Today’s lesson: Quizlet live of igcse terms

● Drawing and interpreting circuit diagrams
● Solving problems involving potential difference,
current, charge, Kirchhoff’s https://quizlet.com/186099737/p3-and-p9-fla
● circuit laws, power, resistance and resistivity sh-cards/
● Identifying sign and nature of charge carriers in a
metal
●
●
Identifying drift speed of charge carriers
Solving problems using the drift speed equation
Homework
● Solving problems involving current, potential
difference and charge
Big Question: Although Ohm and Barlow published their findings on the nature of electric current around the same time, little credence was given to
Ohm.
Barlow’s incorrect law was not initially criticized or investigated further. This is a reflection of the nature of academia of the time, with physics in Germany
being largely non-mathematical and Barlow held in high respect in England.
Why does it indicate the need for the publication and peer review of research findings in recognized scientific
journals?
1. Use and describe the use of an ammeter and a voltmeter.
2. State that current is related to the flow of charge.
3. Demonstrate understanding that a current is a rate of flow of charge and recall and use the equation I = Q/t
What do you already know?

Onto the A3 piece of paper add what you already know/can remember
we will do this again at the end of the unit to see what you have added
to your learning.
Where did the
electric
vocabulary come
from?
• Identifying sign and nature of charge carriers in a metal
• Solving problems involving current, potential difference and charge
Build a simple series circuit

Circuit Building
Build a circuit with 2 bulbs in series
Build a circuit with 2 bulbs in parallel.
What is happening to the current and the

potential difference?
How do these look as a circuit diagram?
What happens when you add a resistor in the

circuit?
What are the other types of components we

can add?
Lesson 2. Electron drift velocity
Today’s Lesson. Homework:
• Identifying drift speed of charge carriers Non
• Solving problems using the drift speed
equation.
• Solving problems involving current,
potential difference and charge. Starter:
Quizlet live:
• Topic 2 revision sheets https://quizlet.com/186099737/p3-and-p9-flash-cards/
Nature of science:
Although Ohm and Barlow published their findings on the nature of electric current around the same time, little credence was given to Ohm.
Barlow’s incorrect law was not initially criticized or investigated further. This is a reflection of the nature of academia of the time, with physics in
Germany being largely non-mathematical and Barlow held in high respect in England.
Why does it indicate the need for the publication and peer review of research findings in recognized
scientific journals?
Current and charge

Current is the rate of flow of charge ● Charge is a property of matter that
causes an electric force. Charge (Q)
can be +, − or neutral. Charges
I = ∆Q/∆t cannot be created or destroyed, they

just add or subtract.
Time needs to be in seconds!

● Unit: coulomb(C)
● Fundamental
Quick check: charge = 1.6 10−19 C
(givencharge
How much in dataflows
booklet
when a current of
5A flows for 4minutes?
A) Q = It
Q = 5A x 4x60
Q = 5A x 240s
Q= 1200C
Conventional current vs electron flow

Charge
● Charge is a property of matter that causes an
electric force. Charge (Q) can be +, − or neutral.
Charges cannot be created or destroyed, they
just add or subtract.
● Unit: coulomb(C)
● Fundamental charge = 1.6 10−19 C (given in data
booklet
Quick check:
How much charge flows when a current of 5A flows for
4minutes?
A) Q = It
Q = 5A x 4 x 60
Q = 5A x 240s
Q= 1200C
Static Charge
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balloons-
and-static-electricity/latest/balloons-and-static
-electricity_en.html
• Solving problems using the drift speed equation
Current and drift velocity

● Current flowing through a pipe cross sec area A
● There are n electron per unit volume.
● They have a constant drift velocity v
● So in a time ∆t they will travel a distance v∆t
● All the electrons in a volume (distance x area - v∆tA) will pass
through to the end of the section
● There are n per unit volume so that means there must be:
nAv∆t electrons.
● Every electron carries a charge e so the total charge passing
∆Q= nAv∆te
● Since I = ∆Q/∆t I=nAve Watch a video if you're still

unsure click the pic above
Current and drift velocity examples

1: What is the charge carrier density n, of Cu? (tip use the units!!!)
Cu density = 8.94 gcm-3

Atomic mass of Cu =63.5g/mol
1mol has 6.02 x 1023atoms
Each Cu atom has 1 free electron
2: What is the electrical current if the drift speed of the electrons v, in a copper wire of diameter 2mm, is 10-5ms-1?
chargee

1: What is the charge carrier density n, of Cu?
Cu density = 8.94 gcm-3

Atomic mass of Cu =63.5g/mol
1mol has 6.02 x 1023atoms
Each Cu atom has 1 free electron
Charge carrier density is electrons per m3
V of 1 mole= atomic m/ density = 63.5/8.94 = 7.1cm-3

Number of moles in 1m3 = 1x106/7.1 =140845 moles
1 mole contains 6.02 x1023atoms
1m3 contains 6.02 x1023 x 140845 moles = 8.48 x1028 atoms
1m3 contains 8.48 x 1028 free electrons


2: What is the electrical current if the drift speed of the electrons v, in a copper wire of diameter
2mm, is 10-5ms-1?
A = πr2 = π x (1x10-3)2 = 3.14 x10-6m2
I = nAvq = 8.48 x1028 x 3.14 x10-6 x 1 x10-5 x 1.6x10-19 = 0.43A

Tasks for the rest of the lesson.

All: electron drift velocity worksheet
Need more help?
● Go over the booklet fill in the pages on charge and current
● Watch the crash course video (electric circuits)
● Watch the crash course video (electric charge)
● Watch the electron drift velocity video
● Read through scool drift velocity
More practice?
● Have a go at the online questions
● Isaac physics read and work through
● Have a go at the physics classroom questions at the end
Take it further?
● Kirchoff's law: isaac physics
● Kirchoff's laws video
• Explain what is meant by an electric field.
• Draw electric field diagrams
A couple of good recap videos.

5.2 lesson 2: potential difference and resistance
Starter:
Today’s lesson: Entrance ticket

current, charge, Kirchhoff’s circuit laws, power,
resistance and resistivity
Homework
Ohm.
journals?
● Solving problems involving potential difference, current, charge, Kirchhoff’s circuit laws, power, resistance and resistivity
● Solving problems involving current, potential difference and charge
• ● Solving problems
Solving using
problems the drift
involving speed equation
potential difference, current, charge, Kirchhoff’s circuit laws, power, resistance and resistivity
● Solving problems involving current, potential difference
• Solving problems involving current, potential difference andand charge
charge
Potential difference and Resistance

Potential difference - - the work done
per unit charge driving the current
between two points the circuit
Resistance - this opposes current

(ratio of potential difference and
current)
Solving involving
problems potential
involving difference,
potential current,
difference, charge,
current, Kirchhoff’s
charge, circuit
Kirchhoff’s laws,
circuit power,
laws, resistance
power, andand
resistance resistivity
resistivity
• Calculating work done in an electric field in both joules and electron volts
Pd and work done

Potential difference is the energy difference per unit
charge moved. Which is essentially the work done per
unit charge move.
V = W/Q
It is measured in Volts V (J C-1) and is a scalar
The official definition for potential difference is
The potential difference between two points in an

electric field is the work done per unit charge to move a
small positive charge between these two points
Solving involving
problems potential
involving difference,
potential current,
difference, charge,
current, Kirchhoff’s
charge, circuit
Kirchhoff’s laws,
circuit power,
laws, resistance
power, andand
resistance resistivity
resistivity
• Calculating work done in an electric field in both joules and electron volts
Work done and electron volts

The potential energy equation is given as follows.
Work done is usually measured in Joules but we

also can give it in electron volts
The electron volt is the energy gained by an

electron accelerated through a p.d of 1V
In 1eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
Which makes sense when you look at the

equation for work done
Solving using
problems the drift
charge
Ohm’s law
V = IR
V - potential difference - V
I - current - A
R - resistance - Ω
Ohmic conductors: obey Ohm’s law
Non Ohmic conductor : do not Ohm’s law
Examples: wire, resistors are ohmic filament bulb non ohmic

Solving using
problems the drift
charge
Ohm’s law
Ohm’s law:
● the resistance of a
conductor is constant /
current proportional to
potential difference
● if its temperature is
constant;
• ● Describe
Solving problems involving potential
an experiment difference, current,
to determine charge,using
resistance Kirchhoff’s circuit laws,and
a voltmeter power,
anresistance
ammeter. and resistivity
Ohm’s law practical

Finish the practical Practical: follow the practical through in your notes
• Set up the circuit for a resistor
• Take a range of readings for current and

voltage.
• Remember: Record the readings for pd from

voltmeter
• Plot a graph of I against V

practical sheet
• Now repeat the steps above but use a light
bulb instead of the resistor.
• ● Describe
a voltmeter power,
anresistance
Ohm's law graphs
Resistor at a constant Filament bulb

temperature
• ●● Describe
Solving problems involving potential difference, current, charge, Kirchhoff’s circuit laws, power, resistance and resistivity
an involving
Solving problems experiment to determine
current, potential difference and resistance
charge using a voltmeter and an ammeter.
Ohmic conductor - graph key points

● The gradient of the graph is 1/R
● It shows that current and voltage is directly

proportional. (straight line gradient through
origin)
● As its a straight line gradient it shows that

resistance is constant.
● A steeper gradient means less resistance.
● Temperature has remained constant
● Examples: fixed resistor, wire at a constant

temp
• ● Describe
a voltmeter power,
anresistance
Non Ohmic conductor - graph key points

● As the voltage increases the current
increases - but not directly proportional
anymore - the graph curves
● This is due to heating/temperature change in

the filament from the increase in current, so
the resistance changes.
● To work out resistance you would need to

draw a tangent. The tangent would equal 1/R
● As the gradient decreases the rate of current

increasing decreases. Resistance increaes
Have a go at the simulation above
5.2 lesson 3: resistors in series and parallel
Starter:
Today’s lesson: Entrance ticket
Homework
Ohm.
journals?
• ● Describe
a voltmeter power,
anresistance
Resistors in series and parallel

In series the total
resistance is the sum of
the individual resistances
In parallel the reciprocal

total resistance is the sum
of the reciprocal
If you have two resistors in parallel you can use:
individual resistances.
• ● Describe
a voltmeter power,
anresistance
Power Equations
proof/ From the law of conservation of proof/ From the conservation of charge
energy the p.d across resistor 1 plus the p.d
across the resistor 2 equals the total p.d I1 +I2 = IT
V1 +V2 = VT Apply ohm's law
Apply ohm's law V+ V =V

R1 R2 RT
IR1 + IR2 = IRT
Then divide through by V
Then divide through by I

These are in series
These are in parallel
Follow the example through on the sheet to work out the

total resistance
Worksheet with answers: link
More practcie with series and circuit rules? Try this sheet answers
Worked examples for if you're stuck at
home
5.2 lesson 4/5: resistivity
Starter:
Today’s lesson: Electricity quizlet recap
Homework
Ohm.
journals?
Ideal Ammeter and Voltmeter

● What would be the resistance of an ideal ammeter?
● What would be the resistance of an ideal voltmeter?

Ideal Ammeter and Voltmeter

● What would be the resistance of an ideal ammeter?
0 resistance - so current can flow through
● What would be the resistance of an ideal voltmeter?

infinite resistance - so no current flows through
• Describe an experiment to determine resistance using a voltmeter and an ammeter.
Resistivity
The RESISTIVITY (ρ) of a What happens to
resistance if you:
material is the RESISTANCE (R)
•Increase the length?
of a sample of the material having
•Increase the cross
unit length and unit sectional area?
cross-sectional area.
• Solving
Describeproblem involvingtoresistance
an experiment determineand resistivity
resistance using a voltmeter and an ammeter.
LENGTH (L)
The greater the length (L) of the wire, the greater is its resistance (R).
RαL
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA (A)

The larger the cross-sectional area (A) of the wire, the smaller is its
resistance (R).
Rα 1/A
• Solving problem involving resistance and resistivity
Resistivity example
The resistance of a piece of wire is 6.0 Ω the length is 1.0m and
the diameter is 3.0mm what is the resistivity?
A) P = RA/L
Diameter = 3mm so radius = 1.5 mm

Area = πr2 = π x (1.5 x 10-3)2
P = 6.0 x π x (1.5 x 10-3)2

1
= 4.2 x10-5 Ω
• Solving problem involving resistance and resistivity
Electricity worksheet
Have a go at the following worksheets:
Current electricity questions:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/10cZa2wGYrc5vE
Eopqf6_YKNPdhDShQia3UReafeKYUI/edit?usp=shari
ng
resistivity questions: good practice of the skills (need to

do the answers)
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dJYBw9E0kzzPv-BLni8OxYdSck86i
Rj3JyF87xAJzik/edit
A level past paper questions

https://docs.google.com/document/d/16M3Xwmo94l5k
wk3ERKcNxmCegnFU7mVZAn2QP0BZfdA/edit?usp=
sharing
• Solving problems involving potential difference, current, charge, Kirchhoff’s circuit laws, power, resistance and resistivity
• Investigating combinations of resistors in parallel and series circuits
Kirchhoff's 1st (current law)

The current into a junction equals
the current out of a junction
The sum on the currents at a

junction =0
Σ I = 0 (junction)
Kirchhoff's 2nd (voltage law)

Around any closed circuit the sum
of the EMF’s = the sum of the pd’s
The sum on the pd’s in a loop =0
Σ V = 0 (loop)
Simple problems
Find the PD across the 8Ω Resistor
Simple problems
Find the PD across the 8Ω Resistor
To work out the total current we would need the total resistance.
Sum of resistance
4 Ω + 8 Ω = 12 Ω
In parallel with 4 Ω gives Rt = (4x12)
4 + 12
= 3Ω add in series to 1Ω to give 4Ω
Use ohm’s law to work out the total current: I = V/R = 12V/4Ω = 3A
Through the 1Ω resistor we know it must be V = I R so 3A x 1Ω = 3V
Apply kirchoff's to loop ABCDA

12V = 3V +VCD
So VCD = 12V - 3V = 9V
since 8Ω is double the resistance it has double the work done so it will be
6V
Simple problems
Calculate I and the pd VAB
Simple problems
Calculate I and the pd VAB
Apply kirchhoffs 2nd law
Sum of the emf’s = 12 - 6 = 6V
Sum of the pd’s in the circuit: 6V = I x 1Ω + I x 1Ω = 2I
6V = 2I
I = 3A
Applyings ohms law each resistor is 3V
So if we consider B to be 0V
And we go to A via the upper route , it gains 12V and loses 3V (across
the resistor) so a difference of 9V
Going the lower route
It would go up by 6V and up by 3V (as its opposite direction to current)

so also 9V total pd
Kirchoff’s Law example problem

I1 I2
Find the current across 6.0 ohm resistor

I3
Kirchoff’s Law example problem

I1 I2 Kirchhoff's first law :
I1+I2 = I3 this can be rearranged so I1= I3 - I2
Kirchhoff's second law (remember V=Ir)

I3 9V = 3I1 + 6I3
12V = 2I2 + 6I3
We want to keep the I3 so can sub in to either equation to get in terms of just I1
or I2
9V = 3( I3 - I2 ) + 6I3 .
= 3I3 -3I2 + 6I3 = 9I3 -3I2
Find the current across 6.0 ohm
resistor So we now have:
9V= 9I3 -3I2
12V = 2I2 + 6I3 .
we need to get rid of the I2 so we change the 2I2 into 3I2 (x1.5)
12V = 2I2 + 6I3 .

(x 1.5) → 18V = 3I2 + 9I3
9V= 9I3 -3I2

18V = 3I2 + 9I3 add together
27= 18I3 → I3 = 1.5A

videosexamples
Worked for if you're
forstuck at home
if you're stuck at
home
Ignore part on capacitors for now

Worked examples for if you're stuck at
home
Practice Kirchhoff’s questions

● Questions from easy to
hard:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vPf8QjuE4IeDpFxPVv
muCc9sUcYqIn_mBmDWEWWeFrg/edit?usp=sharing
● Answers:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1l9cG3tmHSddr2WG2ff8HP1CdvAm
7-IXU/view?usp=sharing
● Finished have a go at the questions on the website working out

power current resistance and voltage.
http://physics.info/circuits-r/practice.shtml
5.2 lesson 6: potential diveiders
Starter:
Today’s lesson: Entrance ticket revision
Homework
Ohm.
journals?
•• Solving
Solving problems involving
problem potentialresistance
involving difference, current, charge, Kirchhoff’s circuit laws, power, resistance and resistivity
and resistivity
Potential dividers
• A potential divider circuit uses two resistors to
‘divide up’ the p.d. supplied by a battery.
• Each resistor will take a given share which depends

on the value of its resistance and the total
resistance of the circuit.
• For the p.d. supplied by a potential divider circuit to

be unaffected by the connection of additional
components, the extra components added must
have a large resistance when compared to the total
resistance of the potential divider.
• A variable potential divider circuit is called a

potentiometer
Extra video
on
potential
dividers
•• Solving
and resistivity
Potential dividers
• We know ohms law that current is I= V/R
• So I = Vin / (R1 + R2)
• The p.d across R2 is Vout
• So Vout = I R2
• Which gives us
Vout = Vin R2
R1 + R 2
•• Solving
and resistivity
Potential dividers
• What is the output voltage?
Vout = Vin R2 2Ω
R 1 + R2
12V
5Ω
Potential dividers
• What is the output voltage?
Vout = Vin R2
R1 + R 2 2Ω
Vout = 12 5 12V
2+ 5
5Ω
= 8.6V
•• Solving
and resistivity
Potential dividers
We can make simple potential dividers using two or more resistors but
often we use rheostat (variable resistors) as potential dividers.
Potential dividers
The ratio of the pds across each resistor is equal to

the resistance ratio of the two resistors.
What is V1?
V1
ε R1
= V2
R2
=0.75V
Use this to find V2
Two ways to calculate: either use the ratio or use the potential divider equation
0.75 = 1000 Sub in :

V2 5000
=3.75V
V2 = 3.75
•• Solving
and resistivity
Power dissipated
The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of energy.
We have seen that: energy (kWh) = power (kW) × time (h)

Watt is the unit of
power! Normally we want energy in joules (J) and time in seconds (s). The kW
above is 1000 W (1000 J/s).
It’s also Js-1

The hour is 3,600 seconds, so:
1 kWh = 1,000 J/s × 3,600 s

1 kWh = 3,600,000 J
Power dissipated
200 Ω 1000 Ω
Add the two resistors together
200 Ω + 1000 Ω = 1200 Ω
P = V2 /R = 1202 /1200 = 14400/1200 = 12W

120V
•• Solving
and resistivity
Tasks
Potential divider worksheet
5.2 MCQ worksheet
Summary sheet
Revision quizlet https://quizlet.com/_3f213a?x=1jqt&i=py2wt

5.2 lesson 7: Group questions
Starter:
Today’s lesson: Entrance ticket revision
Homework
Ohm.
journals?
•• Solving
and resistivity
Question Analysis
● Command terms.
● Number of marks.
● What terms are given.
● Sig figs used.
● Units used -do we need to
convert?
● Annotate diagrams.
● Recognising clues from the
words used.
Group questions and answers: link

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5.

2 lesson 1: Current and charge

Today’s lesson: Quizlet live of igcse terms

What do you already know?

Build a simple series circuit

Build a circuit with 2 bulbs in parallel.

What is happening to the current and the

How do these look as a circuit diagram?

What happens when you add a resistor in the

What are the other types of components we

Current and charge

I = ∆Q/∆t cannot be created or destroyed, they

Time needs to be in seconds!

Conventional current vs electron flow

Current and drift velocity

● Since I = ∆Q/∆t I=nAve Watch a video if you're still

Current and drift velocity examples

Cu density = 8.94 gcm-3

Current and drift velocity examples

Cu density = 8.94 gcm-3

Charge carrier density is electrons per m3

V of 1 mole= atomic m/ density = 63.5/8.94 = 7.1cm-3

1 mole contains 6.02 x1023atoms

1m3 contains 6.02 x1023 x 140845 moles = 8.48 x1028 atoms

1m3 contains 8.48 x 1028 free electrons

Current and drift velocity examples

A = πr2 = π x (1x10-3)2 = 3.14 x10-6m2

I = nAvq = 8.48 x1028 x 3.14 x10-6 x 1 x10-5 x 1.6x10-19 = 0.43A

Tasks for the rest of the lesson.

A couple of good recap videos.

Today’s lesson: Entrance ticket

Potential difference and Resistance

Resistance - this opposes current

Pd and work done

It is measured in Volts V (J C-1) and is a scalar

The official definition for potential difference is

The potential difference between two points in an

Work done and electron volts

Work done is usually measured in Joules but we

The electron volt is the energy gained by an

Which makes sense when you look at the

Ohmic conductors: obey Ohm’s law

Non Ohmic conductor : do not Ohm’s law

Examples: wire, resistors are ohmic filament bulb non ohmic

Ohm’s law practical

• Take a range of readings for current and

• Remember: Record the readings for pd from

• Plot a graph of I against V

Ohm's law graphs

Resistor at a constant Filament bulb

Ohmic conductor - graph key points

● It shows that current and voltage is directly

● As its a straight line gradient it shows that

● A steeper gradient means less resistance.

● Temperature has remained constant

● Examples: fixed resistor, wire at a constant

Non Ohmic conductor - graph key points

● This is due to heating/temperature change in

● To work out resistance you would need to

● As the gradient decreases the rate of current

Resistors in series and parallel

In parallel the reciprocal