Grade 09

'S
Science Chapter Notes
JU
BY
Class
ChapterNotes
Notes

'S
JU
BY

Sound

Class 9
50
 Contents

1) Introduction to mechanical waves

• Transverse wave
• Longitudinal wave

2) Sound as a wave

'S
• Propagation of sound
• Characteristics of a sound wave
JU
3) Reflection of sound waves
BY

• Echo
• Reverberation
• Uses of multiple reflections of sound

4) Human Ear
• Structure of human ear

5) Range of Hearing
• Classification
• Applications of Ultrasound
51
 MIND MAP

n = 1/T Speed(v) = nλ

Time period(T) Frequency(n) Wavelength(λ) Amplitude(A)

Characteristics of a
sound wave

Propagation
Longitudinal
Wave

'S Reflection
Echo
Wave

JU
Mechanical Sound Reverberation
Wave
BY

Applications of
Transverse Multiple reflections
Wave
Human Ear

Megaphone Stethoscope

Range of Hearing
< 20 Hz 20 Hz – 20 kHz > 20 kHz

Infrasonic sound Audible sound Ultrasonic sound

Ultrasonic crack Breaking kidney Sound Navigation And

detection stones Ranging (SONAR)

#Learn with BYJUS 52

 1. Introduction to Waves

Wave:

• A wave is a disturbance in a medium

which moves from one point to another
and carries energy without a net
movement of particles.

1.1 Mechanical Wave

• A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter

and is responsible for the transfer of energy through a medium.
'S
Types
JU
a. Longitudinal Wave b. Transverse Wave
BY

Direction of the wave

X Y X Y

• Particles vibrates in a • Particles vibrates in a

direction parallel to the direction perpendicular to
direction of motion of the the direction of motion of
wave. the wave.

• Contains compressions • Contains crests and

and rarefactions. troughs.

53
 2. Sound as a wave

2.1 Propagation of Sound

• Sound is produced by vibrating objects.

• Sound requires a medium to be propagated.
• Sound travels longitudinally in liquids and gases.
• In air, sound propagates in the form of
compressions and rarefactions.

Compression Rarefaction

• Region of high pressure

and high density. 'S • Region of low pressure
and low density.
JU
Source of
Sound Density
BY

variation
C R C R C R C R

Source of
Sound Pressure
Variation
C R C R C R C R

P Crest
Density or
Avg density or pressure
pressure
Q
Trough
Distance

Special Note:

• Sound waves are longitudinal waves in fluids.

• Through solids, sound can travel both as
longitudinal and transverse waves.
54
 2.2 Characteristics of Sound

a. Time period b. Frequency

• Number of oscillations per

• Time taken to complete one second.
oscillation. • n =
1

• SI Unit - second (s) T𝑖𝑚𝑒 P𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

• SI Unit - hertz (Hz)

Displacement

Time

Displacement
Time

Time period
(T)
'S
JU
c. Pitch
BY

• Pitch is the shrillness or acuteness of sound.

• Pitch depends on frequency.

High-pitch Low-pitch

Time Time

• Higher frequency – Higher • Lower frequency – Lower

pitch pitch
55
 d. Wavelength

wavelength (λ)
• The distance between two

Density or Pressure
successive crests or troughs distance
(or) successive compressions
and rarefactions is called as
wavelength (λ).

e. Amplitude

• It is the maximum
Wave Disturbance
displacement or distance Density or Pressure
Amplitude(A)
moved by a particle from its
mean position on either side. 'S
JU
• It is the Distance between distance
mean position and crest or
trough.
BY

f. Speed of sound

• Sound travels through different media with different speeds.

• It depends on the properties of the medium: pressure, density
and temperature
• Speed of sound:

Solids > Liquids > Gases

• Speed of the sound wave is the product of the wavelength and

the frequency of the waveform.
Medium Speed
• Speed = wavelength x frequency Air 344 m/s
Water 1530 m/s
v=fxλ
Iron 5130 m/s
56
 3. Reflection of Sound

• Sound Reflects Just Like Light:

1. The incident wave, reflected
wave, and the normal at the
point of incidence lie in the
same plane.

2. The angle of incidence and

angle of reflection are
equal.

3.1 Echo

Reflected wave (echo)

'S • Repetition of sound due
to reflection of sound
JU
Object waves.

• Time interval between

Sound the original sound and
BY

source
the reflected sound is at
Original wave least 0.1 s.

3.2 Reverberation

• Created by the
superposition of echoes.

• It is the Persistence of Reverberated

sound
sound because of multiple
reflections
Direct sound
• Reflected sound reaches
the listener in less than 0.1 s
after the direct sound.
57
 5. Range of Hearing

5.1 Classification

Infrasonic sound Audible sound Ultrasonic sound

Below 20 Hz 'S
20 Hz – 20 kHz Above 20 kHz
JU
5.2 Applications of Ultrasound in Everyday Life
BY

Ultrasonic crack detection Breaking kidney stones

• 2d = v x t

Ultrasonography Sound Navigation And

Ranging (SONAR) 58