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Chapter --- Sound Wave
11 Sound Wave
11.1 Intensity and Beats (1 Hour)
11.2 Application of Stationary Waves (2 Hours)
11.3 Doppler Effect (1 Hour)
Sound
wave
Sound Stationary Doppler

Beats
intensity wave effect
Stretched Air
strings columns
11.1 INTENSITY & BEATS

(a) Define and use sound intensity
(b) Illustrate and use the dependence of intensity
on:
– amplitude: I  A²
– distance from a point source: I 
1
r2
(c) Use the principle of superposition to explain
beats
(d) Solve beat frequency
f b  f1  f 2
Sound intensity is
defined as the
soundpower per unit
area
P
I It is a scalar
A quantity, unit:
Equation watt per squared
metre (W m2)
E
Definition I I: sound intensity
the rate of sound tA
energy flow E: sound energy
A: area perpendicular to the
across unit area direction of sound propagation
perpendicular to t : time
the direction of P : sound power
the sound
propagation
11.1: INTENSITY & BEATS

A sound wave
flows out from • The power carried by a
the source in all sound wave spreads out
directions, after leaving a source
hence it is a 3-D • The power passes
wave and is said perpendicularly through
to be a spherical surface 1 and then surface
wave 2, which has the larger
area
• The greater the distance
from the source, the larger
the area covered which a
given amount of sound
energy is spread, and thus
the lower its intensity

• Graphs in Figure 11.2 show the variation of sound intensity
I I
The factors
influence the value
of sound intensity
amplitude
distance A A2
from the
of the 0 0
source of
sound sound I I
𝐼 𝐴2 1
𝐼
𝑟2
A2
I 2 1
r
r2 r2
0 0

Example 11.1: A loudspeaker radiates sound waves uniformly in all
directions. At a distance 3 m the intensity of the sound is 0.85 W m-2.
Calculate a. the power of loudspeaker,
b. the sound intensity at distance 6 m from the source.
2
Solution: r1  3 m; I  0.85 W m
a. From the definition of the sound intensity, thus
P
I  and A  4r1
2
A
P P
I 0.85 
4r1 4 3
2 2
b. Given r2  6 m, thus P  96.1 W

P 96.1
I I
4r2 4 6 
2 2
I  0.212 W m 2
Beat sound • When two sound waves of

different frequency
approach your ear, the
alternating constructive and
destructive interference
causes the sound to be
alternatively soft and loud -
a phenomenon which is
called "beating" or
producing beats
• The beat frequency is equal
to the absolute value of
the difference in frequency
of the two waves
Chapter --- Sound Wave Beat sound
WHAT?
USED:
The periodic variation in
1. to measure the unknown
amplitude of sound at a given
frequency of a note
point due to superposition of
2. to “tune” an instrument to
two sound waves having
a given note
slightly different frequencies
CAUSE BY
EFFECT
1. The frequencies of both
- A listener will hear a
sound waves slightly different,
periodic rises and falls in
&
loudness (intensity) of the
2. the phase difference
sound wave
change over time

f 1 = 300 Hz
f 2 = 315 Hz

Wave 1  at point A & C :

constructive
interference 
hears a loud
Wave 2 sound
 at point B & D :
Resultant wave destructive
(Beats) interference 
hears a weak
sound
A B C D

• The equation of the beat Example 11.2: Two sound waves with
frequency is given by wavelengths 66 cm and 44 cm
undergo superposition. If both of
f b  f1  f 2 OR the waves have the same speed of
330 m s1. Calculate a number of
1 1 beats is produced in one second.
fb   Solution:
T2 T1
1  0.66 m; 2  0.44 m; v  330 m s 1
fB: Beat frequency v 330 v 330
f1: Frequency of 1st source f1   f2  
f2: Frequency of 2nd source 1 0.66 2 0.44
f1  500 Hz f 2  750 Hz
• If the beat frequency, fb =
3 Hz means that a
listener would hear 3 f b  f 2  f1  750  500
beats in one second f b  250 Hz
Example 11.3: Two tuning forks A and B make 3 beats per
second when sounded together. If the frequency of tuning
fork A is 305 Hz, Determine the possible values of the
frequency for tuning fork B.
Solution: f b  3 Hz; f A  305 Hz

By applying the equation of beat frequency,
fb  f A  f B
f B  f A  fb
f B  305  3  308 Hz OR f B  305  3  302 Hz

Exercise 11.1
1. A tuning fork of unknown frequency makes three beats per second
with a standard fork of frequency 384 Hz. The beat frequency
decreases when a small piece of wax is put on a prong of the first
fork. Calculate the frequency of this fork. ANS: 387 Hz
2. y1 Tuning fork A
0 0.05 t (s)
y2 Tuning fork B Figure 11.3
0 0.05 t (s)
Figure 11.3 shows the displacement-time graph for tuning fork A and
B. Both forks vibrate in phase at t = 0 , and then out of phase and
finally back in phase at time t = 0.05 s later. Calculate the beat
frequency produced when the two tuning forks are sounded together.
ANS: 20 Hz

11.2 APPLICATION OF
STATIONARY WAVES
(a) Use diagram to explain the formation of stationary
waves along
(i) stretched string
(ii) air columns (open and closed end)
(b) Use appropriate equations to determine the
fundamental and overtone frequencies for:
(i) stretched string
(ii) air columns (open and closed end)
(c) Explain qualitatively the formation of resonance in
air column
• In general, stationary waves
(standing waves) are set up
in the strings of musical
instruments such as guitar
• They are set up in the air in

an organ pipe, a trumpet or
a clarinet when air is blown
over the top.
11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

Wave speed on the string

• The equation of the wave To determine the
speed on the string is value of 
given by
T
v
 If the length of
the string is l and
If the radius of the
string is r and its
its mass, m thus density,  thus
T: Tension in the string (N)
: Mass per unit length (kg m1 )
m
• Its value depends on
   A
l
 the tension in the string, T
 the mass per unit length   r 2
of the string, 

1. When a string is plucked, a progressive

transverse wave is produced on the string.
This wave is travelling to the both fixed
ends (incident wave) and reflected
(reflected wave) as shown
2. The superposition of both waves making
stationary transverse wave and the
simplest pattern of the stationary wave on
the string is shown in Figure 11.5.
Standing waves occur when both ends of a
string are fixed. In that case, only waves which
are motionless at the ends of the string can
persist. There are nodes, where the amplitude
is always zero, and antinodes, where the
amplitude varies from zero to the maximum
value.

Vibrational modes on a string fixed at both ends
Incident wave
Reflected wave
Figure 11.4
• When a string is plucked (Figure 11.4), a progressive

transverse wave is produced on the string
• This wave is travelling to the both fixed ends (incident wave)
and reflected (reflected wave)
• The superposition of both waves making stationary
transverse wave and the simplest pattern of the stationary
wave on the string

• From the Figure 11.6, both ends of the string as a node (N) and the
middle of the string as an antinode (A).
• The string forms one segment (loop) and the pattern of this vibration
is called fundamental mode (first harmonic mode).
• The frequency of fundamental mode is called fundamental frequency
(f0).
• The stationary wave on the string forced the air vibrates and
produces a sound wave in the air.
• If the string vibrating in the fundamental mode hence the sound
wave produced in the fundamental tone. Therefore
f 0 (sound wave)  f 0 (string vibration)

• This phenomenon is called resonance.
• Table 11.1 shows the harmonic series on a string fixed at both ends.

N A N

l
2
l   2l
v
v  f f0 

T
and v

1 T
f0 
2l 

N A N A N
 l
v
f1 

1 T
f1 
l 
f1  2 f 0

N A N A N A N
3
l
2
2l
l 
3
3 T
f2 
2l 
f2  3 f0

Mode Figure Wavelength Frequency
v
Table 11.1 N A N v  f f0 
 
Fundamental
l and v 
T
(1st harmonic)
2 
l 1 T   2l
f0 
2l 
v
N A N A N f1 
1st overtone

1 T
(2nd harmonic)  l f1 
l 
l f1  2 f 0
N A N A N A N 3 f2 
v
l 3 T
2nd overtone 2
(3rd harmonic) 2l f2 
 2l 
l 3 f2  3 f0
• In General,
f 
n T
OR f  nf 0
2l 
where n = 1,2,3,… (refer to a number of segment or harmonic)

• All harmonics are allowed in vibrational mode of a string fixed
at both ends
• The expression above valid if the length of the string is
constant.
• If the string is plucked in the middle, the first harmonic mode,
third harmonic mode, fifth harmonic mode and odd harmonic
mode of stationary wave will appear
• If the string is plucked one-quarter of the way along it from
fixed end, the second harmonic mode of stationary wave will
appear
• If the string is plucked one-eighth of the way from a fixed end,
the fourth harmonic mode of stationary wave will appear
Example 11.4: A stretched wire of length 80.0 cm and mass 15.0 g
vibrates transversely. Waves travel along the wire at speed 220 m s1.
Two antinodes can be found in the stationary waves formed in between
the two fixed ends of the wire.
(a) Sketch and label the waveform of the stationary wave.
(b) Determine
(i) the wavelength of the progressive wave which move along the wire,
(ii) the frequency of the vibration of the wire,
(iii) the tension in the wire.
Solution :
a. 1 N A N A N
v  220 m s
l  0.800 m
m  15.0 10 3 kg
0.800 m
Solution :
b. i. From the figure in (a), thus
l    0.800 m
ii. By applying the formula of wave speed, thus
v  f 220  0.800  f
f  275 Hz
iii. The mass per unit length of the wire is
m 15.0 10 3
    1.88 10 2 kg m 1
l 0.800
Therefore the tension in the wire is
T T
v 220  T  910 N
 1.88 10  2
Wave in an air column
Closed Pipe (air column with one end closed)
Reflected wave Incident wave
Figure 11.6
• If the air in a pipe that is closed at one end is disturbed by a

source of sound (e.g. tuning fork), a progressive longitudinal
wave travels along the air column and is reflected at its end to
form a stationary longitudinal wave is shown in Figure 11.6.
• The simplest pattern of the stationary wave was produced
have the node at the closed end while the antinode is at the
open end as shown in Figure 11.7.

N A
Figure 11.7
l
where l : length of the air column
• When the frequency of the tuning fork coincides with the

fundamental frequency, f0 of the air column, resonance takes
place.
• A sound of high intensity is produced at this frequency.
• Table 11.2 shows the harmonic series in an air column with
one end closed (closed pipe).

N A

l
4
l
v
v  f f0 

v : speed of sound
v   4l
f0 
4l

N A N A
3 4l
l 
l 4 3
v
f1 

3v
f1 
4l
f1  3 f 0

N A N A N A
5 4l
l 
4 5
l
v
f2 

5v
f2 
4l
f2  5 f0

v
N A
 v  f f0 
l where

Fundamental 4
(1st harmonic)
v : speed of sound
  4l f0 
v
l 4l
v
3 f1 
N A N A
l 
1stovertone 4 3v
 4l
l 3 f1  3 f 0
5 v
N A N A N A
l f2 
2nd overtone 4 
5v
(5th harmonic) 4l f2 
 4l
l 5 f2  5 f0
• In General,
nv
f  OR f  nf 0
4l
where n  1,3,5,... (odd numbers)
• Only odd harmonics are allowed in vibrational modes of an

air column in closed pipe.
• Examples of vibrational modes an air column in closed pipe
for musical instruments are flute and recorder.

Example 11.5 :
A tube 80 cm long is closed at one end. Resonance occurs and the
vibrating air column in the tube produces sound of frequency 1134Hz.
The fifth overtone mode is found in the air column. (ignore the end
correction)
a. Sketch and label the waveform of the air column.
b. Calculate
i. the speed of sound in air,
ii. the fundamental frequency.
Solution :
a.
l  0.80 m; f 5  1134 Hz
N A N A N A N A N A N A
0.80 m
Solution : l  0.80 m; f 5  1134 Hz
b. i. From the figure in (a), thus
11 11
l  0.80  
4 4
The speed of sound is
  0.291 m
v  f 5
v  0.2911134 
v  330 m s 1
ii. For 5th overtone of closed pipe, thus
n  11
The fundamental frequency is given by
f  nf 0
f 5  11 f 0 1134  11 f 0
f 0  103 Hz
Open Pipe (Air Column With Both Ends Open)
Figure 11.8
• If the air in a open pipe (both ends are open) is disturbed by a source of
sound (e.g. tuning fork) as shown in Figure 11.8, a progressive longitudinal
wave travels along the air column.
• This wave will superposition with another progressive longitudinal wave
produced by the air outside the pipe and form a stationary longitudinal
wave.
• The simplest pattern of the stationary wave was produced have the
antinode at the both open ends while the node is at the middle of the
pipe as shown in Figure 11.9.
A N A
Figure 11.9
l
A N A

l
2
l
v
v  f f0 

v : speed of sound
f0 
v   2l
2l

A N A N A
 l
l
v
f1 

v v
f1   2 
l  2l 
f1  2 f 0

A N A N A N A
3 2l
l 
2 3
l
v
f2 

3v
f2 
2l
f2  3 f0

41
v
A N A
 v  f f0 
Fundamental l where 
(1st harmonic)
2 v : speed of sound
f0 
v   2l
l 2l
v
A N A N A f1 

1stovertone  l v
f1   2 
v
(2nd harmonic)
l l  2l 
f1  2 f 0
3 v
A N A N A N A
l f2 
2 
2nd overtone 3v
 2l
l 3 f2  3 f0
• In General,
nv
f  OR f  nf 0
2l
where n  1,2,3,... (real numbers)
• All harmonics are allowed in vibrational modes of an air

column in open pipe.
• Example of vibrational modes an air column in open pipe for

musical instruments is clarinet.

Example 11.6: A 3.00 m long air column is open at both ends. The
frequency of a certain harmonic is 500 Hz and the frequency of the
next higher harmonic is 557 Hz. Determine the speed of sound in
the air column. The end correction may be neglected.
Solution : l  3.00 m; f1  500 Hz; f 2  557 Hz

By applying the formula for open pipe, thus
n1v
f1  (1)
2l
n 2v
f2  and n 2  n1  1
2l
f2 
 n1  1v
(2)
2l
Rearrange the eq. (1) : 2lf1
n1  (3)
v
Solution :
l  3.00 m; f1  500 Hz; f 2  557 Hz
By substituting the eq. (3) into eq. (2), thus
 2lf1 
  1v
f2   
v
2l
v  2l  f 2  f1 
v  23.00 557  500 
v  342 m s 1

Exercise 11.2 :
1. a) What is the frequency of the sound emitted by an open-ended
organ pipe 1.7 m long when sounding its fundamental frequency?
(speed of sound in air = 340 m s1)
b) Two open-ended organ pipes are sounded together and 8 beats
per second are heard. If the shorter pipe is of length 0.80 m, what is
the length of the other pipe? You may ignore any end corrections.
(speed of sound in air = 320 m s1)
ANS. : 100 Hz; 0.83 m
2. When a tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz is sounded together with a

wire fixed at both ends emitting its fundamental frequency, 6 beats
are heard every second. When the prongs of the tuning fork are
lightly loaded, 4 beats are heard every second.
a. Calculate the fundamental frequency of the wire.
b. If the length of the wire is 25 cm and the mass per unit length
of the wire is 9.0  103 kg m1, determine the tension in the wire.
ANS. : 250 Hz; 140 N

11.3 DOPPLER EFFECT
(a) Explain Doppler Effect for sound

waves.
(b) Apply Doppler Effect equation
for relative motion between
source and observer.
(c) Sketch and explain graph of
apparent frequency against
distance of travel.
• is defined as the change in

the apparent (observed )
frequency of a wave as a
result of relative motion
between the source and the
observer
Wavefront
• is defined as a line or surface, in the path of a wave
motion, on which the disturbances at every point have
the same phase.
11.3: DOPPLER EFFECT

11.3.1 Stationary source and observer
• Any source of sound emits sound waves to all direction with
the same speed and produces spherical wavefront as shown
in Figure 11.11.
Figure 11.11  where
S : source of sound
O : observer
fS v v : speed of sound
v λ : wavelength of the sound wave
S O
f O : apparent (observed) frequency
f S : source (true) frequency
• The distance between two adjacent wavefronts equals the
wavelength of the sound waves, .
• Because the source and the observer are stationary hence
v
f O  fS 

11.3.2 Moving source & stationary observer
B F
v v
t  0 vS
OB S OA
vSt
vt vt vt  vSt   v  vS t
where
Figure 11.12
vS : speed of source
λF : wavelength in front a moving source
λB : wavelength behind a moving source
t : time
• Figure 11.12 shows the wavefronts if the source moves while the
observer is stationary.
• From the Figure 11.12, the wavefronts get squeezed (crowded)
together in front of the source and spread (stretched) out behind it.
Thus F  B
• The wavelength in front the moving source, F is given by
Distance between S and O A v  vS t v  vS

F   F 
Number of  between S and O A f St fS
• The wavelength behind the moving source, B is given by
B 
Distance between S and O B

v  vS t v  vS
Number of  between S and O B f St B 
fS

• In general,
 v  vO 
f O    f S
 v  vS 
where
v : speed of sound
vS : speed of source
vO : speed of observer
f O : apparent (observed) frequency
f S : source (true) frequency
Moving source and stationary observer (vo= 0)

a. A source moves toward the stationary observer.
v v vS in the same direction with v
S
O S thus use minus sign (-)

vo  0  fS   v 
f o    f S  f o  fS
 v  vS 
b. A source moves away from the stationary observer.
v vS vS in opposite direction with v
O S thus use plus sign ()
vo  0  fS   v 
f o    f S  f o  fS
 v  vS 
Moving observer and stationary source (vS = 0)
a. An observer moves toward the stationary source.
v v  fS  vo in opposite direction with v

O S thus use plus sign ()
vS  0  v  vo 
fo    fS  f o  fS
 v 
b. An observer moves away from the stationary source
vo v  fS  vo in the same direction with v

O S thus use minus sign (-)
vS  0  v  vO 
fO    fS  f O  fS
 v 

c. The rules of using the general equation for
Doppler effect
 v  vo 
f o    f S
 v  vS 
RULES
vS OR vO in the same direction
with v (speed of sound)

vS OR vO opposite direction
with v (speed of sound) 
Chapter --- Sound Wave XTRA1
A train moving at constant speed 20 m s–1 towards a stationary

observer standing on the station platform produces a loud sound
signal at frequency 500 Hz. Determine the frequency of sound
heard by the observer when the train
(a) Towards the observer
(b) Passes the observer.
[given : speed of sound in air = 340 m s–1]
Solution
(a) When the train (a) When the train
approaches the observer, approaches the observer,
loud sound heard: low sound heard:
v 340 v 340
fk  ( ) f ( ) 500 fk  ( ) f ( ) 500
v  vs 340  20 v  vs 340  20
fk  531.3 Hz fk  472.2 Hz
The whistle from a stationary policeman at a junction emits sound

of frequency 1000 Hz. If the speed of sound is 330 m s–1, what is
the frequency of the sound heard by a passenger inside a car
moving with a speed of 20 m s–1
(a) Towards the junction
(b) Away from the junction ?
Solution: (b) When the car moves away
(a) When the car approaches the from the source, low sound
source, loud sound heard: heard:
v  vp v  vp
fk  ( ) f fk  ( ) f
v v
330  20 330  20
( ) 1000 ( ) 1000
330
330
fk  939 Hz
fk  1060 Hz

A sound source producing 1.00-kHz waves moves toward a
stationary listener at one-half the speed of sound. What
frequency will the listener hear?
Solution 344 ms -1
vs   172 ms -1
2
By using
 v  vp 
fk    f
 v  vs 
 344 m/s 
  1000 Hz 
 344 m/s  172 m/s 
 2000 Hz

A railroad train is traveling at 25.0 m/s in still air. The frequency of

the note emitted by the locomotive whistle is 400 Hz. What is the
wavelength of the sound waves
a) in front of the locomotive and
b) behind the locomotive?
Solution
v  vs 344 m/s  25.0 m/s
(a)  
fs 400 Hz
 0.798 m
v  vs 344 m/s  25.0 m/s

(b)  
fs 400 Hz
 0.922 m

f O Apparent frequency
Moves toward
ft
fS
Moves away
fa Figure 11.13
r r
Stationary Observer
where f t : frequency when moves toward
f a : frequency when moves away
fS : source (true) frequency
– This value is change
when the source passes
through the observer
where the apparent
frequency, fO is equal to
the source frequency,
From the Figure 11.13: f S.
– When the source moves – When the source moves
towards the observer, away from the observer,
the apparent frequency the apparent frequency
heard by the observer is is less than the source
greater than the source frequency and its value
(true) frequency and its is constant.
value is constant.

Sound intensity
• From the relationship between intensity, I and the
distance of source from the observer, r
• When the source moves towards the observer:
1
I 2
r
– r is decreasing but I will increase hence the loudness
is increasing.
• When the source moves away from the observer :
– r is increasing but I will decrease hence the loudness
is decreasing.

Example 11.7 vS
Wall T
S O(stationary)
Figure 11.14
Figure 11.14 shows O is a stationary observer. Source S moves toward
the observer O at a speed of 20 m s1 and away from the wall T. The
frequency of the source is 1000 Hz. Determine
(a) the wavelength in front and behind the source if there is no wall T,
(b) the apparent frequency heard by the observer O directly from the
source,
(c) the apparent frequency heard by the observer O caused by the
reflection on the wall T,
(d) the beat frequency detected by the observer O due to the sound
heard directly from the source S and the sound reflected on the
wall T,
(Given the speed of sound is 330 m s-1)
1
v
Solution: S  20 m s ; vO  0; f S  1000 Hz
a.
v vS v
S O(stationary)
B F
The wavelength in front the moving source, F is
v  vS 330  20
F  F 
fS 1000
F  0.31 m
and the wavelength behind the moving source, B is
v  vS 330  20
B  B 
fS 1000
B  0.35 m
b. By applying the general equation of Doppler effect,
 v  vO 
f O    f S
 v  vS 
thus
 v 
f O    f S
 v  vS 
v 330
 330 
fO   1000 
fO  
 330  20 
OR F 0.31
f O  1065 Hz
f O  1065 Hz

c.
Wall T v vS
S O(stationary)
When the sound wave hits the wall, the apparent frequency
received by the wall is
 v  v 330
f T    f S OR fT  
 v  vS   B 0.35
 330 
fT   1000
 330  20 
f T  943 Hz
Thus the frequency of the reflected sound is 943 Hz.

c.
v
Wall T
(source) O(stationary)
When the reflected wave reaches the stationary observer, the
wall becomes the stationary source. Thus
f O  f T (wall as a stationary source)
f O  943 Hz
d. By applying the equation of beat frequency,
fb  fO  fO'
fb  f (b)  f (c)
 1065  943
f b  122 Hz
Exercise 11.3 :
1. Two observers X and Y are provided with sources of
sound of frequency 500 Hz. X remains stationary and
Y moves away from X at a velocity of 1.8 m s1.
Determine the beats per second are observed by X
and by Y if the velocity of sound being 330 m s1.
ANS: 2.71 Hz; 2.73 Hz
2. An observer is moving between two similar sources of

sound along the line joining the two sources. The
observer hears beats of frequency 4.0 Hz. If the
frequency of each source is 500 Hz and the speed of
sound is 340 m s1. Calculate the speed of the
observer.
ANS: 1.36 m s1
3. A whistle giving out 500 Hz moves away from a
stationary observer in a direction towards and
perpendicular to a flat wall with a velocity of 1.5 m s1.
Determine the beats frequency will be heard by the
observer. (The speed of sound is 336 m s1)
ANS: 4.4 Hz
THE END.
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 11 :
Deformation of Solids

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Chapter --- Sound Wave

Sound Stationary Doppler

11.1 INTENSITY & BEATS

11.1: INTENSITY & BEATS

11.1: INTENSITY & BEATS

11.1: INTENSITY & BEATS

b. Given r2  6 m, thus P  96.1 W

Beat sound • When two sound waves of

11.1: INTENSITY & BEATS

11.1: INTENSITY & BEATS

Wave 1  at point A & C :

11.1: INTENSITY & BEATS

Solution: f b  3 Hz; f A  305 Hz

f B  305  3  308 Hz OR f B  305  3  302 Hz

11.1: INTENSITY & BEATS

11.1: INTENSITY & BEATS

• They are set up in the air in

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

Wave speed on the string

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

1. When a string is plucked, a progressive

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

• When a string is plucked (Figure 11.4), a progressive

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

f 0 (sound wave)  f 0 (string vibration)

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

where n = 1,2,3,… (refer to a number of segment or harmonic)

Reflected wave Incident wave

• If the air in a pipe that is closed at one end is disturbed by a

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

• When the frequency of the tuning fork coincides with the

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

• Only odd harmonics are allowed in vibrational modes of an

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

where n  1,2,3,... (real numbers)

• All harmonics are allowed in vibrational modes of an air

• Example of vibrational modes an air column in open pipe for

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

Solution : l  3.00 m; f1  500 Hz; f 2  557 Hz

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

2. When a tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz is sounded together with a

11.2: APPLICATION OF STATIONARY WAVES

11.3 DOPPLER EFFECT

(a) Explain Doppler Effect for sound

• is defined as the change in

11.3: DOPPLER EFFECT

Distance between S and O A v  vS t v  vS

11.3: DOPPLER EFFECT

Moving source and stationary observer (vo= 0)

O S thus use minus sign (-)

v v  fS  vo in opposite direction with v

vo v  fS  vo in the same direction with v

11.3: DOPPLER EFFECT