EXPERIMENT 8

TRAJECTORY OF FREE FLOW JETS

CE121L – B06

Date performed: February 20, 2018

Group 1

Clamonte, Honey Grace O.

Del Mundo, James M.

Ilagan, Emmanuel Jafferson V.

Panganiban, Jester M.

Vitales, Gem M.

Submitted to:

Engr. Neslyn Lopez

 I. INTRODUCTION

When the gate of the dam is closed, the water fills up until it exceed the height of the
dam and when the gate is opened, the water flows from its opening. The trajectory of
the flow differs upon the level of volume of the water. For the dams, the trajectory of
the flow of water depends on the design of the dam. So, this experiment will help the
engineers to decide for the design of the dams to be created for the construction. The
higher the volume, the higher the trajectory is.
o Objectives:
- To find the coefficient of discharge for the small orifice on the constant
head.
- To measure the trajectory of flow of the jet coming out from the small
orifice and to determine the constant velocity from the orifice.

II. METHODOLOGY

The instruments used in this experiment are circular orifice and constant head inlet
tank which will help us to determine the coefficient of discharge and to measure the
trajectory of a horizontal jet issuing from an orifice.

Constant Head Inlet Tank Circular Orifice

 For the procedure, first, position the overflow connecting tube so that it will
discharge into the volumetric tank; make sure that this tube will not interfere with the
trajectory of the jet flowing from the orifice. Then, turn on the pump and open the
bench valve gradually. As the water level rises in the reservoir towards the top of the
overflow tube, adjust the bench regulator to give a water level of 2 to 3mm above the
overflow level. This will ensure a constant head and produce a steady flow through
the orifice.

Position the overflow tube to give a high head. Note the value of the head. The jet
trajectory is obtained by using the needles mounted on the vertical backboard to follow the
profile of the jet. Release the securing screw for each needle in turn and move the needle
until its point is just immediately above the jet and re-tighten the screw. Attach a sheet of
paper to the back-board between the needle and board and secure it in place with the
clamp provided so that its upper edge is horizontal. Mark the location of the top of each
needle on the paper. Note the horizontal distance from the plane of the orifice to the co-
ordinate point marking the position of the first needle.
III. DATA AND RESULTS

Diameter of Orifice
3
(mm)
H (cm) 40 30 20
Vertical distance below the orifice centerline, y
X (cm)
(cm)
0      
5 0.05 0.25 0.55
10 0.60 1.05 1.35
15 1.50 2.10 3.10
20 2.70 3.67 5.60
25 4.35 5.20 8.85
30 6.20 8.15 12.70
35 8.50 11.10 17.50
40 10.90 14.70 22.80
Slope of the
0.0837  0.0933 0.1212
graph
Computations:

Slope:

At H = 40 cm:

2.70−√ 1.50
slope40= √ =0.0837
20−15

At H = 30 cm:

3.67−√ 2.10
slope30= √ =0.0933
20−15

At H = 20 cm:

5.60−√ 3.10
slope20= √ =0.1212
20−15

Coefficient of velocity of orifice (theo):

1
C v=
slope 2 √ H

At H = 40 cm:

1
C v= =0.9447
0.0837 x 2 √ 40

At H = 30 cm:

1
C v= =0.9782
0.0933 x 2 √30

At H = 20 cm:

1
C v= =0.9229
0.1212 x 2 √20

Coefficient of velocity of orifice (actual):

x2
Cv=
√ 4 yHo
 Coefficient of velocity of orifice (actual)
H (cm) 40 30 20
X (cm)  
0      
5 1.7678 0.9129 0.7538
10 1.0206 0.8909 0.9623
15 0.9682 0.9449 0.9525
20 0.9623 0.9530 0.9449
25 0.9476 1.0008 0.9396
30 0.9525 0.9593 0.9412
35 0.9491 0.9590 0.9354
40 0.9578 0.9524 0.9366

Coefficient of discharge of orifice:

slope
Cd=
A √2 g

At H = 40 cm:

0.0837
Cd= =0.0267
2
π 3
( ( ) )√ (
×
4 10
2 9.81 ×100 )

At H = 30 cm:

0.0933
Cd= =0.0298
2
π 3
( ( ) )√ (
×
4 10
2 9.81 ×100 )

At H = 20 cm:

0.1212
Cd= =0.0387
2
π 3
( ( ) )√ (
×
4 10
2 9.81 ×100 )

The experiment was conducted by illustrating the trajectory of water while

letting it flow through and orifice. The figures below will help us understand the
results of the experiment.
 Trajectory of the Liquid
25

20

Y Component (cm)
15
H = 40cm
10
H = 30 cm
5 H = 20 cm

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
X Component (cm)

This figure shows the behavior of the liquid that flows through the orifice. As
you can see higher head makes the graph rise drastically. The reason for that is the
difference in pressure in each head. The higher the head the higher the pressure and
that result to drastic increase of the y component.

Figure 8.2: Slope of the Trajectory of the liquid

Square root of Y component (Sqrt(cm))

4
H = 40cm
3 Linear (H = 40cm)
H = 30 cm
2
Linear (H = 30 cm)
1 H = 20 cm
Linear (H = 20 cm)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
X Component (cm)

This figure shows the slope of the trajectory of the discharge. It shows a direct
proportionality between the horizontal distance and the vertical distance. It also
shows that higher head will result to higher value of slope.
 Slope vs Coefficient of Discharge
0.04
0.04
0.04
Coefficient of Discharge
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.9 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4
Slope

This figure shows the relationship of the coefficient of discharge and the slope.
It also shows a positive relationship and tells us that higher slope will lead to greater
intensity of discharge.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The discharge of water in an orifice will form a jet trajectory like a downward
parabola since it is subjected to gravity, a downward force. As mentioned, this
experiment is needed to be done to determine the coefficient of discharge, Cd, to
measure the trajectory of the jet, and to measure the coefficient of velocity for the
orifice.

Based on the data gathered, calculated, and presented, the vertical distance
below the orifice centerline, y, is directly proportional to the horizontal distance from
the orifice, x, resulting to positive linear graphs of plotting sqrt (y) vs. x for each
constant head as shown in the previous discussion. This means that as the horizontal
distance increases/decreases, the vertical distance from the center line of the orifice
to the trajectory of the water jet also increases/decreases.

The coefficients of discharge for this experiment are 0.0267, 0.0298, and
0.0387, for constant heads of 40 cm, 30 cm, and 20 cm, respectively. On the other
hand, the theoretical coefficients of velocity for the same constant heads are 0.9447,
0.9782, and 0.9229, respectively. When compared to each one's average actual
coefficients of velocity, 1.0657, 0.9476, 0.9208, percent differences are 12.03%,
3.18%, and 0.23%.

All in all, the data gathered and computed were able to demonstrate the
relationship between the horizontal and vertical distance of the water jet. The
experiment also successfully performed or obtained the objectives set.
REFERENCES

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual by Malayan Colleges Laguna