Report On Construction

ABSTRACT
The summer training of an engineering student plays an important role in the development
as well-groomed professional. It allows a student to give theoretical concepts a practical
stand. In a period of 60 days exposer to corporate environment, I got a learning of
organizational structure, its protocols, etc. Real learning places its worth only when it gives sweet
fruits in future. Summer training is one way to learn at work. I enjoyed the interesting
experience and every part of it.
The report dealt with the practical knowledge of general theory and technical details of
equipment, materials, which I have gained during the training period at Gandikota at
KADAPA
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 1

CONTENTS
1. Introduction:
1.1 General
1.2 Objectives and scope of Investigation
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction:
2.1.1. Chemical admixtures
2.1.2. Mineral admixtures and blended cements
2.2 HISTORTY AND ITS PLACE OF USE:
2.3 OUR PROPOSAL IN THE PROJECT
3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
3.1 GENERAL
3.2 MATERIALS USED
3.2.1 FINE AGGREGATES
3.2.2 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
3.2.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
3.3 PROCEDURE FOR MIX DESIGN
3.4 TESTS CONDUCTED FOR DATA STIPULATIONS
3.4.1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
3.4.1.1 TEST FOR CEMENT
3.4.1.2 TEST FOR AGGREGATES
3.4.2. ABSORPTION AND MOISTURE CONTENT
3.4.3. SIEVE ANALYSIS Of AGGREGATE
3.4.4. SURFACE MOISTURE
3.4.5 BULKING OF AGGREGATES
3.4.6. FINENESS OF CEMENT
4 .RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF MIX DESIGN
4.1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY
4.1.1Specific Gravity of Cement:

4.1.2 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate
4.1.3 For or Fine Aggregate
4.2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF WATER ABSORPTION
4.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF SIEVE ANALYSIS
4.4 REULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ON MOISTURE TEST

4.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ON FINENESS OF CEMENT
4.6. MIX DESIGN CRETIRIA FOR OUR PROPOSAL
5. EFFECT OF MATERIALS ON PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
5.1INTRODUCTION
5.2 MATERIALS USED
5.2.1. FINE AGGREGATES
5.2.2. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
5.2.3. COARSE AGGREGATE
5.2.4. SUGAR CANE ASH

5.2.5. ADMIXTURES
5.3 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
5.4 TESTS CONDUCTED
5.4.1. NORMAL CONSISTENCY TEST
5.4.2. SETTING TIME OF CEMENT
5.4.3. WORKABILITY
5.4.3.1. SLUMP CONE TEST
5.4.3.2. COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
5.4.4. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

6.1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ON NORMAL CONSISTENCY
6.2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF SETTING TIME
6.3. RESULTS AND DISSCUSIONS ON WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
7. CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is an inevitable material in the human being’s life, because of its superior
characteristics like strength and durability, but in certain situations it can’t be used in all
places because of low setting time of concrete. Retarders are used in the concrete
composition to improve the setting time and also to increase the temperature of the
composition with different type of admixtures. It is observed that in Gandikota at Kadapa
(dist.), that bonding between the stones was achieved by mortar with combination of lime,
sand and jaggery juice. Concrete made with admixtures like sugar and jaggery can be utilized
in particular situations. Usage of these admixtures will decrease the segregation and bleeding.
Sugar is a carbohydrate, a substance composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Jaggery is
made from the product of sugar cane. So, both are useful to add as an admixture in the
concrete composition.
Cement is the third most energy intensive material after steel and aluminum produced in
tons. Cement industry consumes raw materials rich in silica, alumina, iron and calcium.
Therefore this industry has been actively involved in finding ways to use waste products in
the manufacturing of cement both as secondary fuel and raw material. Sugar manufacturing is
the major agro industry in India. Initiatives are emerging worldwide to control and regulate
the management of sub - products, residuals, and industrial waste in order to preserve the
environment from the point of view of environmental contamination as well as the
preservation and care of natural areas. Recently the use of recycled materials as concrete
ingredients has been gaining popularity because of increasingly stringent environmental
legislation. The most conspicuous of these is sugarcane bagasse ash, a finely ground waste
product from the sugarcane industry.
So these materials are used to change the properties of concrete like workability and
compressive strength with less cost.
1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION
The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of sugar, jaggery and sugarcane
bagasse ash on properties of concrete. Sugar cane ash is obtained during combustion of sugar
canes in sugar industry.

Workability and compressive strength being very important properties of concrete, it is
therefore to improve such properties, admixtures is generally added into concrete. These
admixtures while added into concrete at prescribed dosage they tends to change the properties
of concrete.
Sugar and Jaggery are the admixtures used to change the properties of concrete. The
basic reason of adding of sugar and jaggery as admixtures is while they are added, the
adsorption of sugar and jaggery acts as thin layer over the cement particles and it slows down
the hydration process. Formation of calcium ions will increase the solubility and discouraging
the formation of calcium hydroxide. By this reason setting property of concrete as well as
strength of concrete has been improved.
Cement plays a vital role in composition of concrete. Usage of cement is increasing
drastically day by day. The use of the industrial and agricultural wastages in concrete (partly
as cement replacement) reduce the cost of making concrete, also causes improvement in the
properties of concrete and reduce environmental pollution. Sugarcane ash has similar
properties of cement. While it is used as replaceable material for cement, it increases the
workability and strength of concrete.
Finally the main objective in this project is how to increase the properties of concrete
with well known and easily available materials, so that can make an economical construction.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
Concrete is a composite material composed of water, coarse granular material (the
fine and coarse aggregates or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or
binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together.
Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick/block
walls, pavements, bridges over passes, highways, runways, parking structures pools/reservoirs,
pipes, dams, footings for gates, fences and poles and even boats. Concrete is used in large
quantities almost everywhere mankind has a need for infrastructure.
The amount of concrete used worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood,
plastics, and aluminum combined.
In some situations like deep beams, thin walls and long piles etc., an ordinary
concrete can’t fulfill the requirements. In such places there is a need of using high workable
concrete which should give maximum strength.
In preparation of such concrete generally admixtures plays a vital role to increase the
strength and workability of concrete. These admixtures are used at less dosage to increase the
properties of concrete.
Admixture is defined as a material other than cement, water and aggregate that is used
as an ingredient of concrete and is added to the batch immediately before or during mixing.
Generally admixtures are classified into two types:
1. Chemical admixtures
2. Mineral admixtures
2.1.1. Chemical admixtures

Chemical admixtures are materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to
the concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes. In
normal use, admixture dosages are less than 5% by mass of cement and are added to the
concrete at the time of batching/mixing. The common types of admixtures are as follows.
 Accelerators speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete. Typical materials
used areCaCl2, Ca (NO3)2 andNaNO3. However, use of chlorides may cause corrosion in steel
reinforcing and is prohibited in some countries, so that nitrates may be favored.
 Retarders slow the hydration of concrete and are used in large or difficult pours where
partial setting before the pour is complete is undesirable. Typical poly retarders are
sugar, sucrose, sodium gluconate, glucose, citric acid, and tartaric acid.
 Air entrainments add and entrain tiny air bubbles in the concrete, which reduces
damage during freeze-thaw cycles, increasing durability. However, entrained air
entails a trade off with strength, as each 1% of air may decrease compressive strength
5%.
 Plasticizers increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete, allowing it be
placed more easily, with less consolidating effort. A typical plasticizer is
lignosulfonate. Plasticizers can be used to reduce the water content of a concrete
while maintaining workability and are sometimes called water-reducers due to this
use. Such treatment improves its strength and durability characteristics. Super
plasticizers (also called high-range water-reducers) are a class of plasticizers that have
fewer deleterious effects and can be used to increase workability more than in
practical with traditional plasticizers. Compounds used as super plasticizers include
sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate, sulfonated melamine
formaldehyde condensate, acetone formaldehyde condensate and poly carboxyl ate
ethers.
 Pigments can be used to change the color of concrete, for aesthetics.
 Corrosion inhibitors are used to minimize the corrosion of steel and steel bars in
concrete.
 Bonding agents are used to create a bond between old and new concrete (typically a
type of polymer).
 Pumping aids improve pump ability, thicken the paste and reduce separation and
bleeding.
2.1.2. Mineral admixtures and blended cements

There are inorganic materials that also have pozzolonic or latent hydraulic properties.
These very fine-grained materials are added to the concrete mix to improve the properties of
concrete (mineral admixtures), or as a replacement for Portland cement (blended cements).
Products which incorporate limestone, fly ash, blast furnace slag, and other useful materials
with pozzolonic properties into the mix, are being tested and used. This development is due
to cement production being one of the largest producers (at about 5 to 10%) of global

greenhouse gas emissions, as well as lowering costs, improving concrete properties, and
recycling wastes.
Fly ash: A by-product of coal-fired electric generating plants, it is used to partially
replace Portland cement (by up to 60% by mass). The properties of fly ash depend on
the type of coal burnt. In general, siliceous fly ash is pozzolonic, while calcareous fly
ash has latent hydraulic properties.
 Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS or GGBS): A by-product of steel
production is used to partially replace Portland cement (by up to 80% by mass). It has
latent hydraulic properties.
 Silica fume: A byproduct of the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys. Silica
fume is similar to fly ash, but has a particle size 100 times smaller. This results in a
higher surface-to-volume ratio and a much faster pozzolonic reaction. Silica fume is
used to increase strength and durability of concrete, but generally requires the use of
super plasticizers for workability.
 High reactivity Met kaolin (HRM): Met kaolin produces concrete with strength and
durability similar to concrete made with silica fume. While silica fume is usually dark
gray or black in color, high-reactivity met kaolin is usually bright white in color,
making it the preferred choice for architectural concrete where appearance is
important.
2.2 HISTORTY AND ITS PLACE OF USE:
The use of admixtures to enhance the properties of mortar, renders and screeds has
taken place for many centuries.
The ancient Chinese were known to have used black grain molasses; the Romans used
animal fat, milk and blood in their mortars. It is probable that the early use commenced when
workmen found that the addition of a particular substance to a mortar mix enhanced the fresh
properties.
The use of admixtures by ancient civilizations was thus based on practical experience
and observation not on an understanding of chemical theory.
APPLICATIONS:
i. Accelerators:
These groups of admixtures are not generally used in mortar and screed production;
however some proprietary screed mixes incorporate an accelerating admixture. They achieve

their effect by increasing the rate of chemical reaction between the Portland cement and water
(hydration) within the mix.
ii. Retarders:
Retarding admixtures are used to slow down the rate of setting with cement.
iii. Air Entrainers:
The air entrainers /plasticizer when added to a mortar mix does not enter into any
chemical reaction with the other mix constituents. The setting time and hardening of the
mortar mix are not altered; however, there may be some change in the rate of water loss into
the masonry units due to better control of “bleeding” as a result of the incorporation of air
entrainment.
iv. Waterproofing admixture:
These are the Admixture that increases the resistance to the penetration of water.
V. Super plasticizer:
An admixture, which without affecting the consistency, permits a high reduction in
the water content of a mortar or screed without affecting the water content ,increases the
flow, or which produces both effects simultaneously.
vi. Bonding agent:
Admixture that improves the bonding properties of the mix.
vii. Pigment.
Material used for imparting various colours to a mortar.
2.3 OUR PROPOSAL IN THE PROJECT:
For increasing the workability of concrete there is necessary to increase the water
content in the concrete. It results in decreasing the strength of concrete. So for this reason
there is need to add an admixture which increases the workability of concrete without
decreasing the strength.
When water is added to cement, it sets and hardens gradually under normal climatic
conditions. But in some countries, including Pakistan, higher summer temperatures, low
relative humidity and hot wind blowing cause rapid evaporation of water from the fresh
concrete surface. Consequently concrete sets earlier and no proper time is left available for
concreting operations. For example, it has been reported that, when the temperature of
cement mortar met a water/ cement (w/c) ratio of 0.6 is increased from 27.80C to 45.50C
both the initial and final setting times are nearly halved. Further problems also arise such as

rapid decrease of slump, formation of cold joints and plastic shrinkage cracks, increased
difficulty in air entrainment, enhanced permeability and reduced durability, corrosion of steel,
and reduction in ultimate strength of concrete.
In order to provide proper time for concreting operation, especially when unavoidable
delays between mixing and placing occur, and to save concrete from other detrimental effects
of adverse climatic conditions, cement set retardation/or use of retarding admixtures.
The natural easy available admixtures like sugar and jaggrey are used in the concrete
which not only increase the workability of concrete and also increases the strength of
concrete. Even at less dosage they gives good results.
Fig 1: Sugar and Jaggery admixtures

When it is added in the concrete they works as retarders in the concrete.
These admixture causes cement set retardation by the following mechanisms:
i. Adsorption of the retarding compound on the surface of cement particles forms a
protective skin, which slows down hydrolysis.
ii. Adsorption of the retarding compound onto nuclei of calcium hydroxide poisons their
growth, which is essential for continued hydration of cement after the end of
induction period.
iii. Formation of complexes with calcium ions in solution increases their solubility and
discourages the formation of the nuclei of calcium hydroxide.
iv. Precipitation around cement particles of insoluble derivatives of the retarding
compounds formed by reaction with the highly alkaline aqueous solution, forms a
protective skin..
Retarding admixtures are mainly based on materials having lignosulfonic acids and
their salts, hydroxy- carboxylic acids and their salts, sugar and their derivatives and inorganic
salts, such as borates; phosphates, zinc and lead salts.

Sugar is a carbohydrate, a substance composed of only carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
Sucrose, fructose, dextrose, lactose and other ‘Oses’ are members of this chemical class. It
occurs in sugar cane and sugar beet. The basic unit of carbohydrate is a linear chain of four to
seven carbon atoms with a hydroxyl group on each one, the terminal carbon being an
aldehyde.
The sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a by-product of the sugar and alcohol industry
and its incorporation as pozzolonic admixture in cement-based materials has shown to be of
great value. Indeed, the current literature has shown that this addition can bring both
environmental and technological benefits. The use of SCBA as cement replacement assumes
a sustainable aspect once it provides a final destination for a residue of difficult degradation
and it reduces CO2 emissions generated by cement production.
Ash’s has a good potential in providing siliceous/aluminous amorphous compounds to
react with calcium hydroxide (CH) in the presence of water. The study of the pozzolonic
reaction is commonly performed in systems formed by CH, water and pozzolonic due to their
simplicity, when compared to cement-pozzolonic-water systems.
When they added in the concrete forms SCBA-CH-water. The main product of this
reaction is known to be calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). However, besides its usually high
silica content (60%-70%), this ash normally presents significant amounts of alumina.
Therefore, the production of calcium alumino silicate hydrates (C-A-S-H) and calcium
aluminate hydrate (C-A-H) is also expected. Also, not much about the C-S-H formed. It is
mainly amorphous and of low CaO/SiO2 (C/S) ratio. Because of these characteristics, it
would be reasonable to correlate this product with the C-S-H formed in the reaction between
hydrous silica and CH.

CHAPETER 3
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
3.1 GENERAL
In this investigation an attempt has been made to study the effect of sugar, jaggery
and sugar cane baggase on properties of concrete. The procedure followed, tests conducted
for selection of design mix is discussed in this chapter .The properties considered in this
study are zone of sand, absorption capacities of aggregates, surface moisture of aggregates
,bulk density of aggregates, fineness of cement .the experimental programme is broadly
classified into following categories, viz.,
i. Specific gravity Test
(a) Specific gravity Test for cement
(b) Specific gravity Test for fine aggregates
(c) Specific gravity Test for coarse aggregates
ii. Water absorption Test
(a) Water adsorption Test for fine aggregates
(b) Water adsorption Test for coarse aggregates
iii. Sieve analysis
iv. Surface moisture Test
v. Bulk density Test
vi. Fineness of cement Test
3.2 MATERIALS USED
The materials used in this investigation are fine aggregates (river sand), ordinary
Portland cement (Ultratech), 10 and 20 mm crushed coarse aggregates which is available
locally.
3.2.1 FINE AGGREGATES
Locally available river sand passing through 4.75 mm IS Sieve was used. The specific
gravity of the sand was found as 2.64 and confirming to zone III of table 3.15 of IS 383-1970.
3.2.2 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
53 Grade ordinary Portland cement (Ultratech cement PVT limited) conforming to
IS: 12269 was used. The Specific gravity of the cement was 3.12, the initial and final setting
times were found as 90 minutes and 280 minutes respectively.

3.2.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
Crushed rock aggregate available from local sources has been used. The size of
coarse aggregate was 20mm and 10mm. its specific gravity is 2.62.
3.3 PROCEDURE FOR MIX DESIGN AS PER IS: 10262-1982

The Bureau of Indian Standards recommended a set of procedure for design of
concrete mix mainly based on work done in national laboratories. The mix design procedures
are covered in IS 10262-82.the given methods can be applied for both medium and high
strength concrete.
Before we proceed with describing this method step by step, the following short
comings in this method are pointed out. some of them have arisen in view of the revision of
IS 456-2000.The procedures of concrete mix design needs revision and at this point of time
(2000AD) a committee has been formed to look into the matter of Mix design.
i. The strength of cement as available in the country today has greatly improved since
1982.The 28 - days strength of A, B, C, D, E, F, category of cement is to be reviewed.
ii. The graph connecting, different strengths of concrete and W/C is to be reestablished.
iii. The graph connecting 28-days compressive strength of concrete and W/C ratio is to
be extended up to 80 MPa, if these graph to cater for high strength concrete.
iv. As per the revision of IS 456-2000, the degree of workability is expressed in terms of
slump instead of compaction factor. This results in changed of values in estimating
approximate sand and water contents for normal concrete up to 35 MPa and high
strength concrete above 35 MPa. The table giving adjustments of values in water
content and sand percentages for other than standard conditions requires appropriate
changes and modifications.
v. In view of the above discussions are changes made in the revision of IS 456-2000, the
mix design procedure as recommended in IS 456--2000, the mix design procedure as
recommended in IS 10262-82 is required to be modified to the extend considered
necessary and examples of mix design is worked out.
However, in the absence of revision of Indian Standard on method of mix design, the
existing method i.e., IS 10262 of 1982 is described below step by step. Whenever it is
possible, the new information given in IS 456 of 2000 have been incorporated and the
procedure is modified to that extend.
(a) Target mean strength for mix design:
The target mean compressive strength (fck) strength at 28 days in given by

fmean = fck + t S
Where
fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28days
S = Standard deviation
The value of standard deviation has to be worked out from the trails conducted in the
laboratory or field. As soon as enough test results become available, standard deviation
should be worked out and mix design is modified accordingly.
t = a statistical value depending on expected proportion of low results (risk factor).
According to IS: 1343-80, the characteristic strength is defined as that value below which not
more than 5 percent results are expected to fall, in which case the above equation reduces to
fmean = fck + 1.65 S
Table 1 Values of Tolerance Factor (t) (Risk factor)
Tolerance level.
No. of samples 1 in 10 1 in 15 1 in 20 1 in 40 1 in 100
10
1.37 1.65 1.81 2.23 2.76
20
1.32 1.58 1.72 2.09 2.53
30
1.31 1.54 1.70 2.04 2.46
Infinite
1.28 1.50 1.64 1.96 2.33
(b) Selection of water/cement ratio:

Various parameters like types of cement, aggregates, maximum size of aggregates,
surface texture of aggregates etc. are influencing the standard strength of concrete. When
water/cement remain constant, hence it is desirable to establish a relation between concrete
strength and free water cement ratio with materials and condition to be used actually at site.
In absence of such relationship, the free water/cement ratio corresponding to the target
strength may be determined from the relationship shown in fig. 3.1
One of the good features of IS 10262 of 1982 mix design is that it incorporates the
strength of cement in the mix design procedure .By incorporating the strength of cement; it is
possible to effect economy in concrete mix.

Table 2 Assumed standard deviation as per IS 456of 2000:
Grade of concrete
Assumed standard deviation
M 10
M 15 3.5
M 20
M 25
M 30 4.00
M 35
M 40
M 45 5.00
M 50
Note: The above values corresponding to the site control having proper storage of cement,
weight batching of all materials, controlled addition of water , regular checking of all materials,
aggregate grading and moisture content, and periodical checking of workability and strength
Here there is the deviation from the above, the values given in the above table shall be increased
by
If the 28 days strength of cement is known, use of fig3.2 may be made for more
accurate estimation of water cement ratio. However, this will need at least 28 days for testing
the strength of cement, there by delaying the whole process by 28 days. Accelerated strength
test may be adopted to cut down delays.
In view of the improvements in the quality and strength of Indian cement since 1982
the graph given in fig. 3.3 will give a more realistic picture of water-cement ratio.
The graph given in fig 3.3 is not a part of IS recommended method of mix design .
But the author recommends the use of fig 3.3 for better results. This graph is taken from
practice in Germany.
The free water-cement ratio thus selected as mentioned above, should be checked
against the limiting water-cement ratio for the durability requirement.
(c) Estimation of Entrapped Air:
The water content is estimated from table 3.3 for the normal maximum size of
aggregate used.

Table 3 Approximate Entrapped Air Content
Maximum size of aggregate (mm) Entrapped Air, as % of volume of concrete
10 3.0
20 2.0
40 1.0
(d) Selection of water content and fine to total Aggregate ratio:

The water content and percentages of sand in total aggregate by absolute volume are
determined from table3.4 and 3.5 for medium (below grade M 35) and high strength ( above
grade M 35) concrete respectively. Both table3.4 and table 3.5 are based on the following
conditions.
i) Crushed (Angular) coarse aggregate, conforming to IS: 383- 70.
ii) Fine aggregate consisting of natural sand conforming to grading zone II of table of
ISCode
iii) Workability corresponds to compacting factor of 0.8 (slump 30 mm approximately)
Water cement ratio in case of table 3.4 is 0.6 (mass) whereas the same for table 3.5 is
0.35 (by mass) . For any departure from above mentioned conditions, corrections have to be
applied as per table 3.6, for water content and percent sand in total aggregate by absolute
volume, determined from the table 3.4 or table 3.5.
Table 4 Approximate Sand and Water Contents per Cubic Meter of concrete
W/C = 0.6, Workability = 0.80 C.F (Slump 30 mm approximately)
(Applicable for concrete up to grade M 35)
Water content
Sand as per cent of
Maximum size of including Surface
aggregates (mm)
total Aggregate by
water, per cubic Meter
absolute volume
of concrete (kg)
10 200 40
20 186 35
40 165 30

Table 5 Approximate Sand and Water Contents per Cubic Meter of concrete
W/C =0.35, Workability =0.80 C.F. (Applicable for above grade M 35)
Water content
Sand as per cent of
Maximum size of including Surface
aggregates (mm)
total aggregate by
water per cubic Meter
absolute volume
of concrete (kg)
10 200 28
20 180 25
Table 6 Adjustment of Values in water content and sand Percentages for other
conditions.
Adjustments required
Change in conditions stipulated for tables
% sand in total
Water content
Aggregates
Sand conforming to grading Zone I ,Zone 0 +1.5% for Zone I
III or Zone IV of table 4, IS 383- 1979 -1.5% for Zone III
Increase or decrease in the value of -3 % for Zone IV
compacting factor by 0.1 0 0
Decrease 0.05 increase or decrease in
water-cement ratio
For rounded aggregates -7 %
(e) Calculation of cement content:

The cement content per unit volume of concrete may be calculated from free water
-cement ratio and the quantity of water per unit volume of concrete (Cement by mass = Water
content / Water cement ratio).
The cement content so calculated shall be checked against the maximum cement content
for the requirement of durability table and the greater of the two values to be adopted.
(f) Calculation of aggregate content:
Aggregate content can be determined from the following equations
V=

Ca =
Where
V = Absolute volume of fresh concrete, which is equal to gross volume
minus the volume of entrapped air.
W = Mass of water (kg) per of concrete
C = Mass of cement (kg) per of concrete
Sc = Specific gravity of cement
P = Ratio of FA to total aggregate by absolute volume
Fa, Ca = Total mass of FA and CA (kg) per of concrete respectively and
Sfa, Sca = Specific gravities of saturated, surface dry fine and coarse aggregate
(g) Actual quantities required for mix:
It may be mentioned that above mix proportion has been arrived at on the assumption
that aggregates are saturated and surface dry. For any deviation from the condition i.e. when
aggregates are moist or air dry or bone dry, corrections has to be applied on quantity of
mixing water as well as to the aggregates.
(h)The calculated mix proportion:
Mix proportions can be checked by means of trail batches. Quantities of material for
each trail shall be enough for at least 150 mm size cubes and concrete required to carry out
workability test according to IS: 1199-59.
If the measured workability is different from that assumed in the calculation, a change
in the water content has to be done from the table3.6 and the whole mix design has to be
recalculated keeping W/C ratio constant. A minor adjustment in the aggregates quantity may
be made to improve the finishing quality or freedom form segregation and bleeding. This will
comprise trail mix number 2. Now W/C ratio is changed by of preselected
value and mix proportion are recalculated. These will be from trail mix number 3 and 4.
Testing for trail mix numbers 2, 3, 4 are done simultaneously. These tests normally provide
sufficient information, including the relationship between compressive strength and water
cement ratio, from which the mix proportions for field trails may be arrived at.
3.4 TESTS CONDUCTED FOR DATA STIPULATIONS:

3.4.1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST:

In concrete technology, specific gravity of aggregates is made use of in design
calculations of concrete mixes. With the specific gravity of each constituent known, its
weight can be converted into solid volume and hence a theoretical yield of concrete per unit
volume can be calculated. Specific gravity of aggregate is also required in calculating the
compacting factor in connection with the workability measurements. Similarly, specific
gravity of aggregate is required to be considered when we deal with light weight and heavy
weight concrete. Average specific gravity of the rocks varies from 2.6 to 2.8. Average
specific gravity of the Cement is 3.1.
3.4.1.1 TEST FOR CEMENT
1. Specific gravity bottle is thoroughly cleaned and weight of empty specific gravity bottle is
taken with topper as W1.
2. About 1/3 rd of the bottle is filled with cement and weighed with stopper as W2.
3. Then fill this bottle with kerosene till the neck and shake to fill the neck and shake to fill
the voids and weight is taken as W3.
4. Empty the specific gravity bottle and clean it thoroughly then fill it entirely with kerosene
and weight is taken as W4.
5. Again empty the bottle, clean the bottle and fill with water and it taken as W5.
Specific gravity of cement, G=
3.4.1.2 TEST FOR AGGREGATES:

1. Clean and dry the pycnometer screw tightly and its cap take its weight as (W1)
2. Unscrew the cap and place about 200 grams to 400 grams of oven dried fine
aggregate in the pycnometer and screw the cap, determine it weight as (W2)
3. Unscrew the cap and add water up to the conical top
4. Shake well the contents to remove the entrapped air in the aggregates
5. Fill the pycnometer with water completely up to the top dry it from outside, take its
weight as (W3)
6. The pycnometer is emptied, cleaned thoroughly and weighted after filling it with
water up to the top and its weight is noted as (W4).

Fig No:2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY BOTTLE-USED FOR CEMENT Fig NO:3 PYCNOMETER FOR COARSE AGGREGATES
3.4.2. ABSORPTION AND MOISTURE CONTENT:

Some of the aggregates are porous and absorptive. Porosity and adsorption of
aggregate will affect the water cement ratio and hence the workability of concrete. The
porosity of aggregate will also affect the durability of concrete when the concrete is subjected
to freezing and thawing and also when the concrete is subjected to chemically aggressive
liquids.
The water adsorption of aggregate is determined by measuring the increase in weight
of an oven dry sample when immersed in water for 24 hours. The ratio of the increase in
weight to the weight of the dry sample expressed as percentages known as adsorption of
aggregate. But when we deal with aggregates in concrete the 24 hours absorption may not be
of much significance, on the other hand, the percentage of water absorption during the time
interval equal of final set of cement may be of more significance. The aggregate absorbs
water in concrete and thus affects the workability and final volume of concrete. The rate and
amount of absorption within a time interval is equal to the final set of cement and the cement
will only be a significant factor rather than the 24 hours absorption of the aggregate. It may
be more realistic to consider that absorption capacity of the aggregates which is going to be
still less owing to the sealing of pores by coating of cement particle particularly in rich mixes.
In allowing for extra water to be added to a concrete mix to compensate for the loss of water
due to adsorption, proper appreciation of the absorption in particular time interval must be
made rather than estimation on the basis of 24 hours absorption
WATERABSORPTION
This test helps to determine the water absorption of coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386
(Part III) – 1963. For this test a sample not less than 2000g should be used. The apparatus
used for this test are:-Wire basket – perforated, electroplated or plastic coated with wire
hangers for suspending it from the balance, Water-tight container for suspending the basket,
Dry soft absorbent cloth – 75cm x 45cm (2 nos.), Shallow tray of minimum 650 sq.cm area,
Air-tight container of a capacity similar to the basket and Oven.
TEST PROCEDURE:
i) The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, drained and
then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22
and 32oC.
ii) After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the basket and allowing it
to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample should remain immersed for a period
of 24 +½ hrs afterwards.
iii) The basket and aggregates should then be removed from the water, allowed to drain for a
few minutes, after which the aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to one
of the dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the cloth, transferring it to a second dry cloth
when the first would remove no further moisture. The aggregates should be spread on the
second cloth and exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight till it appears to be
completely surface-dry. The aggregates should be weighed (Weight ‘A’).
iv) The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110 oC for
24hrs. It should then be removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (Weight ‘B’).
Formula used is Water absorption = x 100%

Two such tests should be done and the individual and mean results should be reported.

Fig No:4 ABSORPTION TEST FOR AGGREGATES
3.4.3. SIEVE ANALYSIS Of AGGREGATE:
Grain Size Distribution of Fine Aggregate:
To study the particle size distribution of the given fine aggregate by doing sieve
analysis and to draw the grading curve.
To determine the fineness modulus of the given fine aggregate sample.
Set of sieves consist the sizes of 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 300µm,
150µm and pan, lid, weighing balance with accuracy up to 0.1gm, weights and sieve
shaker.
TABLE 7 FOR GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION:

% passing for Grading Zone
Sieve size
I II III IV
10mm 100 100 100 100
4.75mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
600µm 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
300µm 5-2 8-30 12-40 15-50
150µm 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15
Fig No: 5 MECHANICAL SIEVE SHAKER FOR GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS OF SAND
Grain Size Distribution of Coarse Aggregate

i) To study the particle size distribution of coarse aggregate by Sieve analysis and
to draw the grading curve.
ii) To determine Fineness modulus of the given aggregate sample.
Set of sieves ranging from 80, 63, 40, 31.5, 25, 16, 12.5, 10, 6.3, 4.75mm, pan & lid.
Weighing balance with accuracy 0.1g, weights, sieve shaker.
Fig No : 6 Sieves of coarse aggregate

3.4.4. SURFACE MOISTURE:
Determination of surface moisture content in aggregates is of vital importance in
the control of the quality of concrete particularly with respect to workability and strength.
The measurement of the moisture content of aggregates is basically a very simple
operation. But it is influenced by several factors. The water content can be expressed in
terms of the weight of the aggregates when absolutely dry, surface dry or when wet. The
water content means the free water, or held on the surface of the aggregates.
The measurement of surface moisture of the aggregates in the field must be quick,
reasonably accurate and must require only simple apparatus which can be easily handled
and used in the field.
Test for surface moisture:
Drying method is a simple technic used for determination of moisture content of
aggregates. The application of drying method is fairly simple. Drying is carried out and
the loss of weight before and after drying will gives the surface moisture of aggregates.
Appropriate corrections may be made for the surface dry and saturated conditions. The
oven dry method is too slow for the field use.
3.4.5 BULKING OF AGGREGATES

The increase in volume of a given mass of fine aggregate caused by the presence
of water is called Bulking. It is Caused by the film of water which pushes the particles
apart depends on the percentage of moisture present in sand and its fineness it Increases
gradually with moisture content up to a certain limit and then begins to decrease with
further addition of water due to merging of films, till when the sand is inundated – At this
stage the bulking is practically nil.
Bulking varies from 15 to 30% for ordinary sands
3.4.6. FINENESS OF CEMENT:

Weigh correctly 100 grams of cement of cement and take it on a standard sieve
no. 9 (90 microns). Break down the air-set lumps in the sample with fingers. Continuously
sieve the sample giving circular and vertical motion for a period of 15 minutes. Mechanical
sieving device may also be used. Weigh the residue left on the sieve. This weight shall not be
exceed 10% for ordinary cement. Sieve test is rarely used.
Fig No:7 IS 90 MICRON SIEVE
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF MIX DESIGN
INTRODUCTION:
Various tests have been conducted on the materials of concrete to known the
properties of materials. The test results are discussed in this chapter.
4.1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
4.1.1Specific Gravity of Cement:
Brand of cement : Ultratech OPC 53 grade
Liquid used : kerosene
Empty Weight of specific gravity bottle (W1) = 37 grams
Weight of bottle filled with 1/3 rd of cement sample (W 2) = 48 grams
Weight of bottle + cement + kerosene (W3) = 84 grams
Weight of bottle completely filled with kerosene (W4) = 76 grams
Weight of bottle completely filled with water (W5) = 86 grams
Specific gravity of cement, G
= 2.91
4.1.2 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate
For 10 mm Size
Weight of dry and empty pycnometer (W1) = 499 g
Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate (W2) = 999 g
Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate +water (W3) = 1826 g
Weight of pycnometer + water (W4) = 1495 g
Weight of oven dry coarse aggregate sample (W5) = 500 g
For 20 mm Size
Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate + water (W3) = 1824 g

4.1.3 For or Fine Aggregate
Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate + water (W3) = 1782 g
Calculations
Specific gravity for 10mm = W5
(Aggregates) (W2-W1) - (W3-W4)
= 500
(999-499)-(1826-1495)
= 2.95
Specific gravity for 20 mm = W5
(Aggregates) (W2-W1) - (W3-W4)
= 500
(999-499)-(1824-1502)
= 2.8
Specific gravity of sand = W5
(W2-W1) - (W3-W4)
= 500
(996-496)-(1782-1474)
= 2.6
Specific gravity of the given coarse aggregate of 10 mm size and 20 mm size,

fine aggregate is: 2.95, 2.8 and 2.6 respectively.
4.2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF WATER ABSORPTION:
Weight of oven dry aggregate = 1002 grams
Weight of saturated surface moisture free aggregate = 1000grams

% of water absorption =
= 0.2%
The percentage of water which is present in the aggregates should be deducted while
calculating mix design.
4.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF SIEVE ANALYSIS:
Grain Size Distribution of Fine Aggregate
Preparation of sample
The sample should be taken by quartering for which the sample is thoroughly
mixed and spread over a clean surface. It is then cut into four equal parts by trowel; care
being taken include finer and due. Two opposite quarters are taken and mixed makes the
sample.
If any further reduction of quantity is required the process may be repeated.
Weight retained on each sieve shall not exceed the limits specifies by the IS code.
Table 8 for Sieve analysis for fine aggregate
% wt. Cumulative % wt. % passing

S. No Sieve Size Wt. retained in g
retained retained(F) (100-F)
1 4.75mm 18 3.6 3.6 96.4
2 2.36mm 87 21 24.6 79
3 1.18mm 210 63 87.6 37
4 600µm 86 80.2 167.8 19.8
5 300µm 27 95.6 263.4 4.4
6 150µm 17 99 362.4 1
Calculation:
Fineness modulus =

=
= 4.52
Grain Size Distribution of Coarse Aggregate
For 20 mm Size
Table 9 Sieve analysis for coarse aggregate
Wt. retained %age wt. Cumulative %age wt. %age passing

S. No Sieve Size
in gms retained retained(F) (100-F)
1 20mm _ _ _ 100
2 16mm 3094 30.94 30.94 69.06
3 12.5mm 1745 17.45 48.39 51.61
4 10mm 1405 14.05 62.44 37.56
5 4.75mm 3724 37.24 99.68 0.32
Calculations
Fineness modulus =
=
= 2.41.
4.4 REULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ON MOISTURE TEST:
Weight of oven dry aggregate = 1000 grams
Weight of saturated surface moisture free aggregate = 995 grams
% of water absorption =
= 0.5 %
4.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ON FINENESS OF CEMENT:
Fineness of cement by dry-sieving method
Table shows the Fineness of cement

Table 10 FINE NESS OF CEMENT
Brand of Cement: Ultratech cement OPC 53 grade
Trail No. 1 2 3
Weight in cement (g) 500 500 500
Weight of residue in I.S. Sieve No. 9 15 12 12
Quantity of Cement Retained (%) 3 2.4 2.4
Result: Fineness of the given cement: 2.6 %
The particle size result reveals clearly that even though both materials were
ground below 300µ, the Portland cement particles has a greater proportion of fine
particles whilst the glass powder used was very much coarser. This had a major impact
on the properties investigated.
4.6. MIX DESIGN CRETIRIA FOR OUR PROPOSAL:
Mix design for M30grade of concrete
1) Design stipulation:-
1) Characteristic compressive strength required in the field at 28 days …..30MPa
2) Maximum size of the aggregate ….20mm & 10 mm
3) Degree of workability ….0.90 compacting factor.
4) Degree of quality control ….good
2) Test data for materials
1) Cement … Ultra tech OPC 53 grade
2) Specific gravity of cement ….3.12
3) Specific gravity of fine aggregate ….2.64
4) Specific gravity of coarse aggregate ….2.62
5) Water absorption of coarse aggregate ….0.5%
6) Sieve analysis:
a) Coarse aggregate ….refer table 4.2
b) Fine aggregate ….refer table 4.3
c) Fine aggregate Conform Zone –III As per IS 383-1970
3) Target mean strength of concrete:-

Fmean = fck+t.s
Fmean = target mean strength
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days

t = a constant depending on the accepted proportion of low results and
the number of Tests
= 1.65
a = standard deviation (for M20 and good quality control, this value is 5)
Fck = 30+1.65×5.0
= 38.84 N/mm2
4) Selection of water-cement ratio

a) The water cement ratio required for the target mean strength of 38.84 N/mm 2 is
0.38.
b) From exposure consideration for RC works.
Degree of exposure – moderate
Maximum cement constant ratio –0.5
Graph No : 1 showing water cement ratio

The above graph shows the water requirement for the concrete mix for the various
mix design.
5) Estimation of entrapped air:-
The air constant is estimated for normal maximum size of aggregate 20mm as 2%
6) Selection of water and sand contents;-
Maximum size of the aggregate --- 20mm.
Amount of entrapped air --- 2%

For water cement ratio 0.6, workability 0.80CF and maximum size of aggregates
20mm, the water content per cubic meter of concrete is 186 kg, sand required as
percentage of total aggregate is 35% (by absolute volume).
ADJUSTMENTS
Required Percentage adjustment
Change in conditions:
Water content: Sand in total
Aggregate:
1) For decrease in water cement 0% -4%
Ratio by (0.6-0.38) this is
0.22 - +1.5%
2) Sand falling under zone I +3% 0%
3) Compaction factor (0.1)
+3% -2.5%
Therefore, water content required = 186 kg

Sand content as percentage of total aggregates by absolute volume = 35% - 2.5%
= 32.5%
7) Determination of cement content:-
Water-cement ratio = 0.38
Water = 191.6kg.
Cement = 191.6/0.38 =504.15 kg/m
8) Determination of fine aggregates:-
Using equation V=
As per IS 10261 – 1982.
V = absolute volume of fresh concrete, which is equal to gross volume (m) minus
Volume of entrapped air = 1- 0.2 = 0.98

W = mass of water (kg) per cubic meter of concrete = 191.6 kg.
C = mass of cement (kg) per cubic meter of concrete is 504.15 kg.
P = ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume is 32.5 % i.e., 0.325,
Fa = total mass of fine aggregate (kg) per cubic meter of concrete.
Sc, Sfa = specific gravities of cement and fine aggregates, 3.12 and 2.64
Fa = 676.44 kg.
10) Determination of coarse aggregates:-
Ca =
C = total mass of coarse aggregate (kg) per cubic meter of concrete.
Ca =
Ca= 1605.1 kg
The mix proportion then becomes
Water: cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate
191.6 : 504.15 : 676.44 : 1605.1
0.38 : 1 : 1.26 : 2.42
11) Actual quantities required for the mix per bag of cement
The mix is 0.38: 1 : 1.26: 2.42.
For 50 kg of cement, the quantities of materials are worked out as below.

1) Cement = 50 kg.
2) Sand = 63 kg
3) Coarse aggregate = 121 kg
4) Water = 19 lit
Quantities per bag of cement
Water = 19 lit
Cement = 50 kg
Coarse aggregate = 121 kg

Concrete cubes were casted based upon the above data & design criteria of size
150mm×150mm×150mm at the same time cement cubes were also casted and tested for 28
days of its strength and these results are represented in the next chapter, at the same time
replaceable materials are used in the place of cement & admixtures for concrete .
Variations of properties of concrete like workability, initial setting time, etc. are
discussed.
CHAPTER 5
EFFECT OF MATERIALS ON PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
5.1INTRODUCTION
In this present work, the main object is to resolve the behavior of concrete in
compression by adding Sugar and Jaggery as admixtures into the concrete and sugar cane
ash as replaceable material of cement. Sugar and Jaggery were added separately by
weight of cement as 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1% into the concrete. Baggase ash
obtained from the industries is added at five percentages as 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25% by the
weight of cement in to the concrete. For which cubes were casted to estimate the
compressive strength of concrete. Workability of concrete was studied by performing the
slump cone test and compaction factor test. For every dosage of admixture, slump cone
and compaction factor tests were performed to record the workability of fresh concrete.
For each dosage of admixture, six number of cube specimens were casted and tested for
evaluating the strength characteristics. Among these three numbers of cube specimens
were tested for determining the 7 days compressive strength and further three specimens
were used for determining the 28 days compressive strength.
5.2 MATERIALS USED:

The materials used in this investigation are fine aggregates ( river sand), ordinary
Portland cement ( Ultratech), 10 and 20 mm crushed coarse aggregates which is available
locally, Sugar cane ash, Admixtures (sugar and jaggery).
5.2.1. FINE AGGREGATES
Locally available river sand passing through 4.75 mm IS Sieve was used. The specific
gravity of the sand was found as 2.64 and confirming to zone III of table 3.15 of IS 383-
1970.
5.2.2. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
53 Grade ordinary Portland cement (Ultratech cement PVT limited) conforming to IS:
12269 was used. The Specific gravity of the cement was 3.12, the initial and final setting
times were found as 90 minutes and 280 minutes respectively.
5.2.3. COARSE AGGREGATE
Crushed rock aggregate available from local sources has been used. The size of coarse
aggregate was 20mm and 10mm. its specific gravity 2.62.
5.2.4. SUGAR CANE ASH
Sugar cane ash obtained from agricultural and industrial waste is collected; it is sieved
in IS 90 microns sieve and should be clean from organic impurities.
5.2.5. ADMIXTURES
Admixtures are sugar and jaggery used in the project which is easily available from
the markets. Sugar as white crystalline solid form is used.
5.3 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS:
The most common cement is used is ordinary Portland cement. Out of the total
production, ordinary Portland cement accounts for about 80-90 percent. Many tests were
conducted to cement some of them are consistency tests, setting tests, etc. Locally available
free of debris and nearly riverbed sand is used as fine aggregate. The sand particles should
also pack to give minimum void ratio, higher voids content leads to requirement of more
mixing water. In the present study the sand conforms to zone III as per the Indian standards.
The specific gravity of sand is 2.64. Those fractions from 4.75 mm to 150 micron are termed
as fine aggregate,. The crushed aggregates used were 20mm nominal maximum size and are
tested as per Indian standards and results are within the permissible limit. The specific gravity
of coarse aggregate is 2.62. The sugarcane baggese ash are pozzolonic, rough, vascular
particles whose maximum sizes can vary extensively from 80- 90 µ..The chemical
composition of SBA was determined by X – ray diffraction method and scanning electron

microscope and were compared with the properties of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) since
SBA was partially replaced for cement. From the Table it is evident that SBA possesses
pozzolonic properties and it can be replaced for cement.
TABLE 11 COMPOSITION OF SBA AND OPC
OXIDES SBA OPC
SiO2 67.81% 20.98%
Al2O3 19.41% 5.42%
Fe2O3 3.85% 3.92%
Cao 4.03% 62.85%
Mgo 1.11% 1.76%
Na2 0.35% 0.28%
K2o 1.69% 0.53%
So3 0.66% 2.36%
Loss in ignition 1.09% 1.9%
5.4 TESTS CONDUCTED
5.4.1. NORMAL CONSISTENCY TEST:
For finding out initial setting time, final setting time and soundness of cement, and
strength a parameter known as standard consistency has to be used. It is pertinent at this stage
to describe the procedure of conducting standard consistency test. The standard consistency
of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit a vicat plunger having 10
mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a depth of 33-35 mm from the top of the
mould. The apparatus is called vicat apparatus. This apparatus is used to find out the
percentage of water required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency
The following procedures are adopted to find standard consistency. Take about 500
grams of cement and prepare a paste with a weighed quantity of water (say 24 percent by
weight of cement) for the first trial. The paste must be prepared in a standard manner and
filled in to the vicat mould within 3-5 minutes. After completely filling the mould, shake the
mould to expel air. A standard plunger, 10mm diameter, 50 mm long is attached and brought
down to touch the surface of the paste in the test block and quickly released allowing it to
sink in to the paste by its own weight. Take the reading by noting the depth of penetration of
the plunger. Similarly, conduct trails with higher and higher water/cement ratios percentage
of water which allows the plunger to penetrate
only to a depth of 33-35 mm from the top is
known as the percentage of water required to
produce a cement paste of standard consistency.
This percentage is usually denoted as ‘p’. The

test is required to be conducted in a constant temperature (27+2) and constant humidity(0%).
Fig No :8 VICAT’S APPARATUS
5.4.2. SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:

INTIAL SETTING TIME:
Lower the needle gently and bring it in contact with the surface of the test block and
release quickly. Allow it to penetrate into the test block. In the beginning the needle will
completely pierce through the test block. But after some time when the paste starts losing its
plasticity, the needle may penetrate only to a depth of 33-35 mm from the top. The period
elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at which the
needle penetrates the test block to a depth equal to 33-35 mm from the top is taken as initial
setting time.
FINAL SETTING TIME:
Replace the needle (C) of the vicat apparatus by a circular attachment (F). The cement
shall be considered as finally set when, upon, lowering the attachment gently cover the
surface of the test block, the center needle makes an impression, while the circular cutting
edge of the attachment fails to do so. In other words the paste has attained such hardness that
the center needle does not pierce through the paste more than 0.5 mm.
5.4.3. WORKABILITY:
The workability of fresh concrete is a composite property. It is difficult to define
precisely all the aspects of the workability in a single definition. IS: 6461 (Part-VII) – 1973
defines workability as the property of freshly mixed concrete which determines the ease and

homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. According to the
IS 1199-1959, workability of fresh concrete has been performed. Workability of concrete can
also depend on the type structure, thickness of structural element and place of casting. For
development of above said characteristics, it is necessary to add admixtures into the concrete.
Subsidence of concrete after lifting of slump cone is slump value in mm and ratio between
partially compacted concrete and fully compacted is compaction factor.
The following tests are commonly employed to measure workability
1. Slump test 2. Compaction factor test
5.4.3.1. SLUMP CONE TEST:
Slump test is most commonly used method of measuring consistency of concrete
which can be employed either in laboratory (or) at the site of work. it is not a suitable method
of very wet (or) very dry concrete. It does not measure all the factors contributing to
workability, nor it is always representative of place ability of concrete from batch to batch
Slump indicates characteristics of concrete slumps evenly it is called true slump. If
one half of the cone slides down, it is called shear slump, the slump value is measured as the
difference is between the height of mould and average value of the subsidence. Shear slump
also indicates that the concrete is non-cohesive and shows characteristics of segregation.
METHODOLOGY:
i). The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly and free from super flows moisture
and adherence of any old set concrete before commencing the test
ii). The mould is placed smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent base plate
iii).The mould is filled in 3 (or) 4 layers in the mould
iv). Each layer is tamped 25 times by a tamping
v). After the top layer is compacted, the concrete is struck off level with a trowel and
tamping is done properly.
vi).The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and
carefully in vertical direction. This allows the concrete to subsided concrete is
measured and noted as h1.
vii).The different in height (h0-h1)/h0 intake

Fig No: 9 shows the slump test of concrete
Fig No : 10 Results of slump test

5.4.3.2. COMPACTION FACTOR TEST:
The compaction factor test is designed primarily for use in the laboratory but it can
also be used in the field. It is more precise and sensitive to the slump
This test works on the principle of determining the degree of compaction achieved by
a standard amount of work done by allowing the concrete to fall through a standard height.
The degree of compactor factor is measure by density ratio i.e. ratio of density actually
achieved in the test to identify of same concrete fully compacted this test measure the
inherent characteristics of the concrete which relates very close to the workability
requirements of concrete and such it is one of the good tests to depict the workability of
concrete.
i. The sample of concrete to be tested is placed in the upper hopper up to the brim. The
trap door is opened so that the concrete falls in to the lower hoper then trap of the
lower hopper is opened and concrete is allowed to fall into the cylinder.
ii. In the case of a dry mix, it is likely that the concrete may not fall an opening the trap
door.
iii. In such a case, slight poking by a rod may be required to set concrete in motion.
iv. The excess concrete remaining above the top level of the cylinder is then cutoff with
the trowel.
v. The outside of the trowel is wiped clean. The concrete is filled up exactly up to the
top level of the cylinder
vi. It’s weight is measured , the weight is known as weight of partially compacted
concrete, the emptied the cylinder and then refilled with the concrete from the same
sample in layer
vii. The layers are tamped by tamping rod uniformly giving 25 blows. The top surface of
fully compacted concrete is then carefully and weighed , the weight is known as fully
compacted concrete
C.F = weight of partially compacted concrete

Weight of fully compacted concrete

Fig No : 11 Compaction factor apparatus
5.4.4. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE:
The following procedure may be adopted for finding the compressive strength of concrete
1. Calculate the volume of the concrete required for casting the specimens
2. Take the based on the grade of concrete
3. The volume of the coarse aggregate can be taken as volume of the required concrete.
Then using bulk density of coarse aggregate. The other materials weights can be
determined
4. Pour the required quantity of cement over the weighed sand and mix in dry condition
5. Add water at 0.6 water cement ratio and mix thoroughly to get concrete of uniform
color.
6. Place the green concrete in mould in three equal layers and compact with vibrator
help the specimen in the moulds at 90% relative humidity
7. Remove the specimens from moulds after 24 hours of casting and keep in curing tank
8. Take out the specimens on the day of casting and take the dimensions of the concrete
cubes correct to 1mm and find the weight of the each specimen
9. Keep the cubes on the compression plate of the compression testing machine such
that the load is applied on the sides as cast

10. Apply the load at a uniform rate of 40 kg/sq. minute. Note the loads at first crack and
at crushing make a note of the type of fracture
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT:
Specimens of each percentage (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1%) were casted according
to the nominal mix proportion and the size of cube specimen was 150 mm x 150 mm x 150
mm. According to the IS: 10086-1982, cube moulds were used in the experimentation.
Specimens were casted in cube mould and filled with concrete in three layers. Hand
compaction was applied with tamping rod. Finished the top surface smoothly and de-molded
after 24 hrs. Specimens were marked with marker and allowed to dry for some time and
immersed in the curing pond. Demoulding of cube specimen was difficult after 24 hrs for
specimens casted with admixture of 0.05% and 0.1% because of extension of setting time.
Specimens casted with 0.05% admixture were demoulded after 48 hrs and for 0.1% after 72
hrs. The specimens were kept into the curing pond for curing @ temp 27±2° for a period of
28days. After completion of curing period, specimens were removed from curing pond, kept
for drying and tested in CTM with 2000 KN Capacity. Fig. shows the casted cube specimens.
During the experimentation of casting, it was clearly observed lower ranking of bleeding and
segregation.
The following procedure may be adopted for finding the compressive strength of cement
i. Take 600 grams of standard sand and 200 grams of cement in a non-porous tray and
mix them in a trowel for one minute, then add water of quantity (p/4+3) percent of
combined weight of cement and sand
ii. Mix the three ingredients thoroughly until the mixture is of uniform colour
iii. The time of mixing should not be less than 3 minutes not more than 5 minutes
iv. Immediately after mixing the mortar is filled into the cube of size 70.6 mm in three
layers, each layer is compacted by 25 blows with 8 mm diameter rod or vibrating
equipment for 2 minutes
v. In the above manner 12 cubes are casted for testing at different times
vi. Keep the compacted cube in the mould at a temperature of 25 to 29 and at least 90%
relative humidity for 24 hours
vii. Where the facility of standard temperature and humidity is not available, the cubes
may be kept under wet gunny bag to simulate 90 percent relative humidity
viii. After 24 hours the cubes are removed from the mould and immersed in clean fresh
water taken out for testing

ix. These cubes are tested for compressive strength at the period 1 day, 3 days, 7 days,
and 28 days. The periods being considered from the completion of vibration. The
compressive strength shell be average of three for each period
Fig No : 12 CASTED CUBE SPECIMENS
Fig No : 13 COMPRESSIVE TESTING MACHINE
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ON NORMAL CONSISTENCY:
TABLE 12.NORMAL CONSISTENCY FOR SUGAR CANE ASH
WEIGHT OF WEIGHT % OF DEPTH OF NORMAL
S.NO
CEMENT(GRAMS) OF ASH REPLACEMENT PENETRATION(mm) CONSISTENCY (P %)
1 300 0 0% 6 31.5%
2 285 15 5% 5 36%

3 270 30 10% 7 43%
4 255 45 15% 6 48%
5 240 60 20% 5 52.5%
6 225 75 25% 5 56%
NORMAL CONSISTENCY
60.00%
50.00%
NORMAL CONSISTENCY
40.00%
30.00% NORMAL CONSISTENCY
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0 5 10 15 20 25
% OF ASH REPLACEMENT
Graph No : 2 Normal consistency v/s % of Ash replacement
TABLE 13 NORMAL CONSISTENCY FOR SUGAR & JAGGERYADMIXTURE
WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF DEPTH OF NORMAL

S.NO % OF ADMIXTURE
CEMENT(GRAMS) ADMIXTURE PENETRATION(mm) CONSISTENCY(P%)
1 300 0 0% 6 30%
2 300 0.075 0.025% 5 36%
3 300 0.15 0.05% 7 43%
4 300 0.225 0.075% 6 48%
5 300 0.3 0.10% 5 52.5%

NORMAL CONSISTENCY
60%
50%
% of water added
40%
30% normal consistency
20%
10%
0%
0.00% 0.03% 0.05% 0.08% 0.10%
% Of Admixture added
Graph No : 3 Normal consistency v/s % of admixture added

DISCUSSIONS ON RESULTS:
Sugar cane baggase ash which have similar properties like cement require
more water when compare to normal cement. High amounts of silica and alumina require
more water content for the mix. By increasing the dosage of ash it results in increase in water
content and hence there will be is increase in normal consistency.
Sugar and jaggery when added to the cement increases setting time .Hence for the
consistency the water requirement by addition of dosage of admixture results in decreases in
normal consistency of cement..
6.2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF SETTING TIME

TABLE 14 RESULTS FOR SETTING TIME WHEN ASH IS REPLACEABLE
WEIGHTOF WEIGHT OF % OF DEPTH OF SETTING TIME

S.NO
CEMENT(GRAMS) ASH(GRAMS) REPLACEMENT PENETRATION (mm) (MINS)
1 300 0 0 5 65'20"
2 285 15 5 6 67'21"
3 270 30 10 7 69'43"
4 255 45 15 6 72'13"

5 240 60 20 5 74'50"
6 225 75 25 6 77'30"
Chart Title
setting time
% of Replacement
Graph No : 4 Setting time v/s % of Ash replacement

TABLE 15 SETTING TIME FOR SUGAR AND JAGGERY ADMIXTURES:
WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF DEPTH OF SETTING TIME

S.NO % OF ADMIXTURE
CEMENT(GRAMS) ADMIXTURE PENETRATION(mm) (MINS)
1 300 0 0% 6 65'20"
2 300 0.075 0.025% 7 70'45"
3 300 0.15 0.05% 6 74'52"
4 300 0.225 0.075% 6 78'48"
5 300 0.3 0.10% 5 81'56"

Setting time
90
80
70
60
Time in min's
50
setting time
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.1
% of Admixture added
Graph No : 5 Setting time v/s % of Admixture added

When ash is added into the water the reactions between ash and water tends to slow
down the hydrolysis cycle and increases the setting time gradually with increase of dosage of
sugar cane ash. The admixtures like sugar and jaggery when added, it tends to increase the
setting time of cement by creating a thin layer between the cement particles and slowdowns
the setting action of cement.
6.3. RESULTS AND DISSCUSIONS ON WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE:
TABLE 16 RESULTS OF SLUMP TEST OF CONCRETE FOR SUGAR CANE ASH
REPLACEBLE % OF REPLACEABLE
S.NO SLUMP (mm)
MATRIAL MATEERIAL
1 SUGAR CANE ASH 0 15

SLUMP CONE TEST
40
35
30
slump in (MM)
25
20 SLUMP
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
% of Ash replacement
Graph No: 6 Slump v/s % of Ash replacement

TABLE 17 RESULTS FOR SLUMP TEST OF CONCRETE FOR SUGAR AS
ADMIXTURE
S.NO ADMIXTURE % OFADMIXTURE SLUMP (mm)
1 SUGAR 0 15
2 SUGAR 0.025 20
3 SUGAR 0.05 35
4 SUGAR 0.075 60
5 SUGAR 0.1 80
SLUMP CONE TEST

90
80
70
60
slump in mm
50
SLUMP
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.1

Graph No: 7 Slump v/s % of Admixture
TABLE 18 RESULTSOF SLUMP TEST OF CONCRETE FOR JAGGERY AS ADMIXTURE
S.NO ADMIXTURE % OF ADMIXTURE SLUMP (mm)
1 JAGGERY 0 15
2 JAGGERY 0.025 15
3 JAGGERY 0.05 30
4 JAGGERY 0.075 50
5 JAGGERY 0.1 80
SLUMP CONE TEST

90
80
70
60
slump in mm
50 SLUMP
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.1
Graph No: 8 Slump v/s % of Admixture added

TABLE19 RESULTS OF COMPACTION FACTOR OF CONCRETE FOR SUGAR CANE ASH
S.NO REPLACEBLE % OF REPLACEABLE COMPACTION FACTOR

MATRIAL MATEERIAL
1 SUGAR CANE ASH 0 0.834

Graph No : 9 Compaction factor v/s % of Ash replacement
Compaction factor
0.89
0.88
0.87
compaction factor
0.86
0.85 compaction factor
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0 5 10 15 20 25
% of Ash replacement
TABLE20 RESULTS OF COMPACTION FACTOR OF CONCRETE FOR SUGAR AS

ADMIXTURE
COMPACTION
S.NO ADMIXTURE % OF ADMIXTURE
FACTOR
1 SUGAR 0 0.834
2 SUGAR 0.025 0.848
3 SUGAR 0.05 0.860
4 SUGAR 0.075 0.879
5 SUGAR 0.1 0.914

Compaction factor
0.94
0.92
0.9
compaction factor
0.88
0.84
0.82
0.8
0.78
0 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.1
Graph No: 10 Compaction factor v/s % of Admixture added

TABLE 21 RESULTS OF COMPACTION FACTOR OF CONCRETE FOR JAGGRY AS
ADMIXTURE
COMPACTION
FACTOR
1 JAGGERY 0 0.834
2 JAGGERY 0.025 0.841
3 JAGGERY 0.05 0.85
4 JAGGERY 0.075 0.865
5 JAGGERY 0.1 0.89

Compaction factor
0.9
0.89
0.88
0.87
compaction factor
0.86
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.8
0 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.1
Graph No: 11 Compaction factor v/s % of Admixture added

DISCUSSUONS ON WORKABILITY RESULTS:
Concrete has been prepared with addition of two different admixtures (Sugar and
Jaggery) with three different percentages as 0 %, 0.25%, 0.05%, 0.075%and 0.1%. All test
results were compared with conventional concrete and results were tabulated in tabulated.
Based on the experimental results, as the percentage of admixtures increased, consequently
both slump and compaction factor also increased. Addition of Sugar and Jaggery to the
concrete greatly influenced the setting property and clear collapse of slump witnessed during
the experimentation. Setting of cube specimens after 24 hrs was difficult. During the
demoulding after 24 hrs, cube specimens were exhibited cracks. So, demoulding of specimens
carried out after 48 hrs for 0.05% of admixture and 72 hrs for 0.1%.The basic reason for
extending the setting of time is adsorption of sugar and jaggery acted as thin layer over the
cement particles and it slows down the hydration process. Formation of calcium ions will
increase the solubility and discouraging the formation of calcium hydroxide. By this reason
setting property of concrete has been improved.
4. RESULTS AND DISSCUSION COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Determination of compressive strength of concrete is very important, because the
compressive strength is a criteria of concrete quality. This strength will help us to arrive the
optimal proportion for replacement. The compressive strength was performed according to
IS:516-1959.The compressive strength for 7 day, 14 day and 28 day of various mix with w/c
ratio (0.38) were determined and given in tables below.

Based on the test results, as percentage of admixture increases from 0 to 0.1% the
compressive strength of concrete also increased. Maximum strength of concrete was related on
workability of concrete and it can be achieved by high degree of workability. The compressive
strength of concrete measured for both admixtures after 7 and 28 days. From table, it is clear
that, as the percentage of admixture increased, the compressive strength in both cases
increased. The only reason for improvement of strength was bonding. Sugar and Jaggery had
good bonding property and it was proved that in olden day's jaggery was used as bonding
material in construction
TABLE 22 RESULTS ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE FOR SUGARCANE
ASH FOR 7 DAYS:
COMPRESIVE STRENGTH FOR 7 DAYS

REPLAECEBLE % OF
S.NO
MATERIAL REPLACEMENT
PEAK LOAD(KN) PEAK STRESS(MPa)
1 Sugarcane ash 0 873.9 38.84
4 Sugarcane ash 15 1004.6 44.64

Chart Title
stress (N/mm2)
% of replacement
Graph No :12 Stress v/s % of Ash replacement

TABLE 23 RESULTS ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE FOR SUGAR AS
ADMIXTURE FOR 7 DAYS:

1 SUGAR 0 873.9 38.84
2 SUGAR 0.025 915.3 40.68
3 SUGAR 0.05 957.6 42.56
4 SUGAR 0.075 1010 44.89
5 SUGAR 0.1 825.5 36.69

Peak stress(MPa)
46
44
42
peak stress
40 peak stress
38
36
34
0 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.1
% of admixture added
Graph No :13 Stress v/s % of Admixture added

TABLE 24 RESULTS ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE FOR JAGGREY AS

1 JAGGERY 0 873.9 38.84
2 JAGGERY 0.025 906.8 40.3
3 JAGGERY 0.05 948.5 42.15
4 JAGGERY 0.075 989.6 43.98
5 JAGGERY 0.1 866.2 38.49

Chart Title
stress
% of admixture

ASH FOR 14 DAYS:
REPLAECEBLE % OF COMPREESIVE STRENGTH FOR 14 DAYS

S.NO
MATERIAL REPLACEMENT
3 Sugarcane ash 10 1096 48.76
4 Sugarcane ash 15 1113.5 49.48

Chart Title
stress in n/mm2
% of admixture replaced
Graph No :15 Stress v/s % of Ash Replacement

TABLE 26 RESULTS ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE FOR SUGAR AS

1 SUGAR 0 949.5 42.2
2 SUGAR 0.025 1019.6 45.31
3 SUGAR 0.05 1130.8 50.26
4 SUGAR 0.075 1243.5 55.26
5 SUGAR 0.1 1055.2 46.9

Chart Title
stress

TABLE27 RESULTS ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE FOR JAGGERY AS

1 JAGGERY 0 949.5 42.2
2 JAGGERY 0.025 49.48 49.48
3 JAGGERY 0.05 1236.8 54.96
4 JAGGERY 0.075 1258.5 55.93
5 JAGGERY 0.1 1097 48.76

Chart Title
stress

ASH FOR 28 DAYS:
REPLAECEBLE % OF COMPREESIVE STRENGTH FOR 28 DAYS

S.NO
MATERIAL REPLACEMENT PEAK LOAD(KN) PEAK STRESS(MPa)
5 Sugarcane ash 20 1019.6 45.31

Chart Title
stress in (N/MM2)
Graph No :18 Stress v/s % of Ash Replacement

TABLE29 RESULTS ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE FOR SUGAR AS
ADMIXTURE FOR 28 DAYS :
COMPRESIVE STRENGTH FOR 28
DAYS
PEAK
PEAK LOAD(KN)
STRESS(MPa)
1 SUGAR 0 1155.6 51.36
2 SUGAR 0.025 1228.9 54.62
3 SUGAR 0.05 1361.2 60.5
4 SUGAR 0.075 1435 63.78
5 SUGAR 0.1 1243.6 55.26

Chart Title
stress in (N/MM2)

TABLE20 RESULTS ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE FOR JAGGERY AS
ADMIXTURE FOR 28 DAYS :

1 JAGGERY 0 1155.6 51.36
2 JAGGERY 0.025 1355.9 60.26
3 JAGGERY 0.05 1476.8 65.63
4 JAGGERY 0.075 1449 64.4
5 JAGGERY 0.1 1323 58.8

Chart Title
stress in (N/MM2)

The compressive strength of concrete is increased by 14.93% for 15% replacement of
sugar cane ash. The compressive strength of concrete has been decreased by addition of ash
beyond 15%. The compressive strength of concrete has been increased by 15.57% at the
dosage level of 0.075% beyond to that there will be decrease in compressive strength of of
concrete. Whereas for jaggery admixture there is increase in the compressive strength
of13.23% at 0.075% addition of admixture.
The compressive strength of concrete for jaggery admixture has been increased by
32.53% at the dosage of 0.75% for 14 days .The compressive strength of concrete is increased
by 30.9% for 0.075% dosage level.
There is no much more increase in the compressive strength of concrete for ash
replacement for 28 days. The compressive strength has been slightly decreased from 5%
replacement There is slightly increase of compressive strength of concrete for sugar and
jaggery admixture for 28 days.

7. CONCLUSION:
i. Collapse Slump was observed in both the admixtures at a dosage of 0.1%.
ii. Workability increases when the dosage of admixture was increased.
iii. Compressive strength of concrete enhances when dosage of admixture is increased.
iv. Concrete with Jaggery as admixture, gives better strength values than the Sugar.
v. Segregation and bleeding was very less due to the usage of these admixtures.
vi. Setting time of the concrete increases as the dosage of admixture was increased.
vii. When compared to sugar cane ash the optimum percentage that it can be replaced is
15% with cement to increase compressive strength of concrete.
viii. The compressive strength of concrete is increased by 14.93% for 15% replacement of
sugar cane ash.
ix. The compressive strength of concrete has been increased by 15.57% at the dosage
level of 0.075% for sugar, beyond to that there will be decrease in compressive
strength of concrete for 7 days.
x. Whereas for jaggery admixture there is increase in the compressive strength of
13.23% at 0.075% addition of admixture for 7 days.
xi. The compressive strength of concrete for jaggery admixture has been increased by
32.53% at the dosage of 0.75% for 14 days.
xii. The compressive strength of concrete is increased by 30.9% for 0.075% dosage level
for 14 days.
xiii. There is no much more increase in the compressive strength of concrete for ash
replacement for 28 days.
xiv. The compressive strength of concrete for sugar and jaggery admixture has been
increased by 16.3 % for 28 days.
xv. Strength of the concrete improved with little extra cost and utility in specified
situations.

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ABSTRACT

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 1

4.1.1Specific Gravity of Cement:

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 2

5.2.4. SUGAR CANE ASH

5.4.3.1. SLUMP CONE TEST

5.4.3.2. COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

5.4.4. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 3

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 4

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 5

2.1.1. Chemical admixtures

2.1.2. Mineral admixtures and blended cements

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 7

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 8

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 9

Fig 1: Sugar and Jaggery admixtures

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 10

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 11

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 12

3.3 PROCEDURE FOR MIX DESIGN AS PER IS: 10262-1982

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 13

(b) Selection of water/cement ratio:

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 14

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 15

Maximum size of aggregate (mm) Entrapped Air, as % of volume of concrete

(d) Selection of water content and fine to total Aggregate ratio:

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 16

(e) Calculation of cement content:

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 17

3.4 TESTS CONDUCTED FOR DATA STIPULATIONS:

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 18

Specific gravity of cement, G=

3.4.1.2 TEST FOR AGGREGATES:

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 19

3.4.2. ABSORPTION AND MOISTURE CONTENT:

Formula used is Water absorption = x 100%

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 21

TABLE 7 FOR GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION:

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 22

Fig No : 6 Sieves of coarse aggregate

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 23

3.4.6. FINENESS OF CEMENT:

Fig No:7 IS 90 MICRON SIEVE

Specific gravity of cement, G

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 25

Specific gravity of the given coarse aggregate of 10 mm size and 20 mm size,

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 26

Table 8 for Sieve analysis for fine aggregate

% wt. Cumulative % wt. % passing

3 1.18mm 210 63 87.6 37

4 600µm 86 80.2 167.8 19.8

5 300µm 27 95.6 263.4 4.4

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 27

Wt. retained %age wt. Cumulative %age wt. %age passing

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 28

3) Target mean strength of concrete:-

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 29

4) Selection of water-cement ratio

Graph No : 1 showing water cement ratio

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 30

Therefore, water content required = 186 kg