Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Saud H. Al-Saiari
BS, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, 2004
PROJECT
MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
at
FALL
2011
ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEMS UNDER NORMAL AND FAULT CONDITIONS
A Project
by
Saud H. Al-Saiari
Approved by:
______________________________, Committee Chair
Turan Gonen, Ph.D
__________________________
Date
ii
Student: Saud H. Al-Saiari
I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University
format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to
iii
Abstract
of
by
Saud H. Al-Saiari
The analysis of Power Systems under normal and fault conditions represents one
of the most important and complex task in Power Engineering. The studies and detection
of these faults are necessary to ensure that the reliability and stability of the power system
do not suffer a decrement as a result of a critical event such a fault. This project will
conduct a research, analyze the behavior of a system under fault conditions and evaluate
_________________________________
Date
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to God for granting me with wisdom and the
My sincere appreciation and gratitude goes to Professor Turan Gonen, who was my advisor
during the development of this project, for his guidance and assistance. I also appreciate his
My thanks and gratitude is due also to my wife Sara for her encouragement without which
this work would not have been completed. Acknowledgement is extended to my friend Jorge
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………v
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………..ix
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….x
1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Overview………………................................................................... 1
2.1 General…………………………………………………………….. 4
3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………… 10
3.3.3 Transformers…………………………………………………… 21
4.2.2 Matlab………………………………………………………… 67
vii
5. CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………….……....73
References …………………………………………………………………..……... 92
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
10. Table 4.10 Fault sequence currents for double line-to-ground fault……… 65
12. Table 4.12 Fault sequence currents for line-to-line fault ………………… 66
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
5. Figure 3.5 Transmission line diagram with equal series and equal mutual
impedances…………………………………………………………………. 20
xi
1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
During normal operating conditions, current will flow through all elements of the
electrical power system within pre-designed values which are appropriate to these
elements’ ratings. Any power system can be analyzed by calculating the system voltages
the phase will establish a connection with another phase, the ground or both in some
cases [4]. A falling tree on a transmission lines could cause a three-phase fault where all
phases share a point of contact called fault location. In different occasions, fault could be
Faults can be defined as the flow of a massive current through an improper path
which could cause enormous equipment damage which will lead to interruption of power,
personal injury, or death. In addition, the voltage level will alternate which can affect the
if the voltage is below a minimum level. As a result, the electrical potential difference of
the system neutral will increase [2]. Hence, People and equipment will be exposed to the
In order to prevent such an event, power system fault analysis was introduced.
The process of evaluating the system voltages and currents under various types of short
2
circuits is called fault analysis which can determine the necessary safety measures & the
required protection system [4]. It is essential to guarantee the safety of public [10]. The
analysis of faults leads to appropriate protection settings which can be computed in order
to select suitable fuse, circuit breaker size and type of relay [2].
The severity of the fault depends on the short-circuit location, the path taken by
fault current, the system impedance and its voltage level. In order to maintain the
continuation of power supply to all customers which is the core purpose of the power
system existence, all faulted parts must be isolated from the system temporary by the
protection schemes. When a fault exists within the relay protection zone at any
transmission line, a signal will trip or open the circuit breaker isolating the faulted line.
To complete this task successfully, fault analysis has to be conducted in every location
assuming several fault conditions. The goal is to determine the optimum protection
scheme by determining the fault currents & voltages. In reality, power system can consist
of thousands of buses which complicate the task of calculating these parameters without
the use of computer software such as Matlab. In 1956, L.W. Coombe and D. G. Lewis
There are two types of faults which can occur on any transmission lines; balanced
faults & unbalanced faults. In addition, unbalanced faults can be classified into single
line-to-ground faults, double line faults and double line-to-ground faults. The most
common types taking place in reality are as follow: Line-to-ground fault: this type of
fault exists when one phase of any transmission lines establishes a connection with the
3
ground either by ice, wind, falling tree or any other incident. 70% of all transmission
Line-to-line fault: as a result of high winds, one phase could touch anther phase &
line-to-line fault takes place. 15% of all transmission lines faults are considered line-to-
Double line-to-ground: two phases will be involved instead of one at the line-to-
ground faults scenarios. 10% of all transmission lines faults are under this type of faults
[11].
Three phase fault: in this case, falling tower, failure of equipment or even a line
breaking and touching the remaining phases can cause three phase faults. In reality, this
type of fault not often exists which can be seen from its share of 5% of all transmission
lines faults [11].In order to analyze any unbalanced power system, C.L. Fortescue
introduced a method called symmetrical components in 1918 to solve such system using
a balanced representation [6]. In this project, literature review section will be provided to
summarize the methods used to analyze such cases. Then, a description of the
symmetrical components methods will be discussed in detail. Its mathematical model will
be presented. After that, a 6-bus system will be under fault for analysis. This analysis will
take place using the manual calculations. These results will be compared later with the
results of Matlab codes. These results will be discussed in the final chapter and a
Chapter 2
2.1 General
power systems. The generation of electric power takes place in a power plant. Then the
voltage level of the power will be raised by the transformer before the power is
transmitted. Electric power is proportional to the product of voltage and current this is the
reason why power transmission voltage levels are used in order to minimize power
The primary objective of all power systems is to maintain the continuous power
supply. During normal operating conditions, current will flow through all elements of the
electrical power system within pre-designed values which are appropriate to these
elements’ ratings. However, natural events such as lightning, weather, ice, wind, heat,
failure in related equipment and many other unpredictable factors may lead to undesirable
situations and connection between the phases conductors of a transmission lines or the
phase conductors to ground, these types of events are known as faults. A falling tree on a
transmission lines could cause a three-phase fault where all phases share a point of
contact called fault location. In different occasions, fault could be a result of insulation
Faults can be defined as the flow of a massive current through an improper path
which could cause enormous equipment damage which will lead to interruption of power,
personal injury, or death. In addition, the voltage level will alternate which can affect the
5
if the voltage is below a minimum level. As a result, the electrical potential difference of
the system neutral will increase. Hence, People and equipment will be exposed to the
Any power system can be analyzed by calculating the system voltages and
The fault currents caused by short circuits may be several orders of magnitude
larger than the normal operating currents and are determined by the system impedance
between the generator voltages and the fault, under the worst scenario if the fault persists,
it may lead to long-term power loss, blackouts and permanently damage to the
equipment. To prevent such an undesirable situation, the temporary isolation of the fault
from the whole system it is necessary as soon as possible. This is accomplished by the
The process of evaluating the system voltages and currents under various types of
short-circuits is called fault analysis which can determine the necessary safety measures
& the required protection system to guarantee the safety of public [4].
computed in order to select suitable fuse, circuit breaker size and type of relay [2].
The severity of the fault depends on the short-circuit location, the path taken by
fault current, the system impedance and its voltage level. In order to maintain the
continuation of power supply to all customers which is the core purpose of the power
system existence, all faulted parts must be isolated from the system temporary by the
6
protection schemes. When a fault exists within the relay protection zone at any
transmission line, a signal will trip or open the circuit breaker isolating the faulted
line [4].
location assuming several fault conditions. The goal is to determine the optimum
protection scheme by determining the fault currents & voltages. In reality, power system
can consist of thousands of buses which complicate the task of calculating these
parameters without the use of computer softwares such as Matlab. In 1956, L.W. Coombe
Many exiting texts offer an extensive analysis in fault studies and calculation.
Two worth mentioning are Analysis of Faulted Power System by Paul Anderson and
Gonen. In addition to offer a very illustrative and clear analysis in the fault studies, they
also offer an impressive guideline for the power systems analysis understanding in
general.
There are two types of faults which can occur on any transmission lines; balanced
faults and unbalanced faults also known as symmetrical and asymmetrical faults
respectively. Most of the faults that occur on power systems are not the balanced three-
phase faults, but the unbalances faults. In addition, faults can be categorized as the shunt
faults, series faults and simultaneous faults [1]. In the analysis of power system under
fault conditions, it is necessary to make a distinction between the types of fault to ensure
7
the best results possible in the analysis. However, for this project only shunt faults are to
be analyzed.
Series faults represent open conductor and take place when unbalanced series
impedance conditions of the lines are present. Two examples of series fault are when the
system holds one or two broken lines, or impedance inserted in one or two lines. In the
real world a series faults takes place, for example, when circuit breakers controls the lines
and do not open all three phases, in this case, one or two phases of the line may be open
while the other/s is closed [1]. Series faults are characterized by increase of voltage and
The shunt faults are the most common type of fault taking place in the field. They
One of the most important characteristics of shunt faults is the increment the current
suffers and fall in voltage and frequency. Shunt faults cab be classified into four
categories [5].
1. Line-to-ground fault: this type of fault exists when one phase of any
wind, falling tree or any other incident. 70% of all transmission lines faults are
2. Line-to-line fault: as a result of high winds, one phase could touch anther
phase & line-to-line fault takes place. 15% of all transmission lines faults are
3. Double line-to-ground: falling tree where two phases become in contact with
the ground could lead to this type of fault. In addition, two phases will be
4. Three phase fault: in this case, falling tower, failure of equipment or even a
line breaking and touching the remaining phases can cause three phase faults.
In reality, this type of fault not often exists which can be seen from its share of
method called symmetrical components in 1918 to solve such system using a balanced
representation [6]. This method is considered the base of all traditional fault analysis
The theory suggests that any unbalanced system can be represented by a number
of balanced systems equal to the number of its phasors. The balanced systems
representations are called symmetrical components. In three-phase system, there are three
sets of balanced symmetrical components can be obtain; the positive, negative and zero
sequence components. The positive sequence consists of set of phasors which has the
9
same original system sequence. The second set of phasors has an opposite sequence
which is called the negative sequence. The zero sequence has three components in phase
with each other. The symmetrical components theory will be discuss into more detail in
Chapter 3
3.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the mathematical model that is used in the analysis of
faulted power systems and the assumptions that are used in this project's analysis.
impedance called Zf between the ground and each phase. The short circuit will be called a
solid fault when Zf is equal to zero. This type of fault is considered the most sever short
circuit which can affect any electrical system. Fortunately, it is rarely taking place in
reality. Fortescue segregated asymmetrical three-phase voltages and currents into three
Analyzing any symmetrical fault can be achieved using impedance matrix method
or Thevenin’s method. Fortescue’s theorem suggests that any unbalanced fault can be
solved into three independent symmetrical components which differ in the phase
sequence. These components consist of a positive sequence, negative sequence and a zero
sequence.
each other by 120o with the same sequence as the original phases. The positive sequence
currents and voltages follow the same cycle order of the original source. In the case of
11
typical counter clockwise rotation electrical system, the positive sequence phasor are
shown in Fig 3.1. The same case applies for the positive current phasors. This sequence is
also called the “abc” sequence and usually denoted by the symbol “+” or “1” [9].
Va1
Vb1
This sequence has components that are also equal in magnitude and displayed
from each other by 120o similar to the positive sequence components. However, it has an
opposite phase sequence from the original system. The negative sequence is identified as
the “acb” sequence and usually denoted by the symbol “-” or “2” [9].The phasors of this
sequence are shown in Fig 3.2 where the phasors rotate anti- clockwise. This sequence
components,
12
Va2
Vc2
In this sequence, its components consist of three phasors which are equal in
magnitude as before but with a zero displacement. The phasor components are in phase
with each other. This is illustrated in Fig 3.3. Under an asymmetrical fault condition, this
sequence symbolizes the residual electricity in the system in terms of voltages and
currents where a ground or a fourth wire exists. It happens when ground currents return to
the power system through any grounding point in the electrical system. In this type of
faults, the positive and the negative components are also present. This sequence is known
Zero Sequence
Components
The addition of all symmetrical components will present the original system
Va Va 0 Va1 Va 2
Vb Vb 0 Vb1 Vb 2 (3.1)
Vc Vc 0 Vc1 Vc 2
a 10 (3.2)
a 2 1 120
a3 10
From the above definition and using the “a” operator, it can be translated into a
Va 0 Vb0 Vc 0 (3.3)
Vb1 a 2Va1
(3.4)
Vc1 aVa1
Vb 2 aVa 2
(3.5)
Vc 2 a 2Va 2
Now, the original system phasors Va, Vb and Vc can be expressed in terms of
Va Va 0 Va1 Va 2
Vb Va 0 a 2Va1 aVa 2 (3.6)
Vc Va 0 aVa1 a Va 2 2
Va 1 1 1 Va 0
V 1 a 2
b a Va1 (3.7)
Vc 1 a a 2 Va 2
Defining A as:
1 1 1
A 1 a 2 a (3.8)
1 a a 2
Va Va 0
V A V (3.9)
b a1
Vc Va 2
This equation can be reversed in order to obtain the positive, negative and zero
Va 0 Va
1
Va1 A Vb (3.10)
Va 2 Vc
1 1 1
1
A 1 a
1
a 2 (3.11)
3
1 a 2 a
These equations can be applied for the phase voltages and currents. In addition, it can
express the line currents and the line-to-line voltages of any power system under fault
conditions.
Due to the extensive information about sequence impedances and sequence network
machines and other rotating machines have generally different values. For a synchronous
machine the selection of its positive-sequence impedance depends on the time that is
assume to elapse from the instant the fault initiates to the instant at which values are
16
desired (e.g., for relay response, breaker opening, or sustained fault conditions), therefore
subtransnient reactance of the synchronous machine the one usually taken for fault
The subtransient and negative-sequence reactances are the same in the case of a
X d'' X q''
Z 2 jX 2 j (3.11)
2
little more complicated since it varies widely and depends on the pitch of the armature
coils. The zero-sequence impedance is much smaller than the corresponding positive,
by connecting the three armature windings in series and applying a single-phase voltage
[1].
sources are present in its equivalent model. It is also considered a bilateral device which
means the line behavior remains the same way no matter the direction of the current. It is
Due to these characteristics the phase sequence of the applied voltage makes no
difference, this means that the a-b-c (positive-sequence) voltages produce the same
transmission line for its positive- and negative-sequence are the same, provided that the
line is transposed. A transmission line is transposed when the phase conductors of the
line physically exchange positions along the length of the line [7].
Ia
a Zaa a’
Ib Zab
b Zbb b’
Va Va'
Zbc
c Ic Zcc Zca c’
Vb Vb'
Vc n Ia + Ib + Ic= In n’ Vc'
Where,
18
Z aa Z ab Z ac
Z abc Zba Z bb Z bc (3.13)
Z ca Z cb Z cc
then,
where,
Z012 A Zabc A
1
(3.18)
Z 00 Z 01 Z 02
Z012 Z10 Z11 Z12 (3.19)
Z 20 Z 21 Z 22
Z s 0 2 Z m 0 Z s 2 Z m 2 Z s1 Z m1
Z012 Z s1 Z m1 Z s 0 Z m0 Z s 2 2Z m 2 (3.20)
Z s 2 Z m 2 Z s1 2Z m1 Z s 0 Z m0
19
Zbc aZ ca a 2 Z ab ,
1 (3.25)
3
Zbc a 2 Z ca aZ ab ,
1 (3.26)
3
Therefore,
The resultant matrix from Equation 3.20 is not symmetrical this means that the
result obtained from Equation 3.27 will show a non desirable result such as mutual
There are two solutions to this problem, one is to completely transpose the line
and the other one is to obtained equal mutual impedances by placing the conductors with
20
transposed line with equal series and equal mutual impedances. [1]
Ia
a Zs a’
Ib Zm
b Zs b’
Va Va'
Zm
c Ic Zs Zm c’
Vb Vb'
Vc n Ia + Ib + Ic= In n’ Vc'
Figure 3.5 Transmission line diagram with equal series and equal mutual impedances
For a transposed line such as the one represented in Figure 3.5 the mutual
impedances are
Zs Zm Zm
Z abc Z m Zs Z m (3.30)
Z m Z 21 Z s
D
Z s ra re j 0.1213ln e l , (3.31)
Ds
21
D
Z m re j 0.1213ln e l, (3.32)
Deq
And,
Z s 2 Z m 0 0
Z012 0 Zs Zm 0
, (3.34)
0 0 Z s Z m
Z0 0 0
Z 012 0 Z1 0 , (3.35)
0 0 Z 2
As it can be seen from equations 3.34 and 3.35, the result is desirable since there
is no mutual coupling among the three sequences. This means that each sequence
network only produce voltage drop in their respective sequence network. [1]
3.3.3 Transformers
phase transformer. This is known as a three-phase transform bank. The positive and
negative sequence currents in a transformer are the same. However, the zero-sequence
series impedances of three-units are a little different than the positive-, and negative-
22
sequence series impedance, but in practice all the sequences impedances are assumed to
Z0 Z1 Z 2 Ztrf (3.36)
transformer connection.
shown in Figure 3.6. If the zero sequence current path is not indicated in the diagram this
Some points are important to highlight, zero sequence current flows inside the
delta windings for a delta-delta bank but prevents it to flow outside the windings by not
Also, it is important to notice that there is no existing path that allows the flow of
bank. The reason is no zero-sequence current is present in any given winding on the wye
side of the transformer bank since it has an ungrounded wye connection. [1]
23
P S n
Ia0 Ia0
3Ia0 3Ia0
Ia0 Ia0
N0
Z0
P S
P S n n
N0
Ia0 Z0
P S
n
P S
Ia0
3Ia0
Ia0
N0
Z0
P S
P S
N0
Z0
P S
P S
N0
Z0
P S
P S n n
N0
made of three indentical single-phase transformers with three windings are shown in
figure 3.7. It is important to note that for a three-phase transformer bank made with three
24
identical single-phase transformers with three windings the wye-wye connection with
delta tertiary is the only one that allows the flow of zero-sequence current from either
T ZT
N0
T
P S ZP ZS
P S
T ZT
N0
P S ZP ZS
P S
T ZT
N0
S ZP ZS
P P S
T ZT
N0
that interferes with the normal current flow in a power system and forces voltages and
accurate fault analysis of an asymmetrical three-phase system. When the fault is caused
by an unbalance in the line impedance and does not involve a ground, or any type of
hand, when the fault occurs and there is an inter-connection between phase-conductors or
between conductor(s) and ground and/or neutral it is known as a shunt fault. [3]
Statistically, series faults do not occur as often as shunt faults does. Because of
this fact only the shunt faults are explained here in detail since the emphasis in this
frequent fault, it is the most dangerous. Some of the characteristics of a three-phase fault
are a very large fault current and usually a voltage level equals to zero at the site where
where F is the fault point with impedances Zf and Zg . Figure 3.9 shows the sequences
F
a
b
c
Iaf Iaf Iaf
Zf Zf Zf
+ F0 + F1 + F2
Va0 Va1 Z1 Va2
Z0 + Z2
- - o -
N0 N1 1.0 0 N2
-
From Figure 3.9 it can be noticed that the only one that has an internal voltage
source is the positive-sequence network. Therefore, the corresponding currents for each
Ia0 0
Ia2 0 (3.37)
1.00
I a1
Z1 Z f
27
1.00
I a1 ( 3.38)
Z1
I af 1 1 1 0
I bf 1 a
2
a I a1 (3.39)
I cf 1 a a 2 0
1.00
I af I a1 ,
Z1 Z f
1.0240
I bf a 2 I a1 , (3.40)
Z1 Z f
1.0120
I cf aI a1
Z1 Z f
Since the sequence networks are short-circuited over their own fault impedance
Va 0 0
Va1 Z f I a1 (3.41)
Va 2 0
Vaf 1 1 1 0
Vbf 1 a
2
a Va1 (3.42)
Vcf 1 a a 2 0
Therefore,
28
Vaf Va1 Z f I a1
Vbf a 2Va1 Z f I a1240 (3.43)
Vcf aVa1 Z f I a1120
If Zf equals to zero,
1.00
I af
Z1
1.0240
I bf , (3.45)
Z1
1.0120
I cf
Z1
Vaf 0
Vbf 0 (3.46)
Vcf 0
Va 0 0
Va1 0 (3.47)
Va 2 0
The single line-to-ground fault is usually referred as “short circuit” fault and
occurs when one conductor falls to ground or makes contact with the neutral wire. The
29
the fault point with impedances Zf. Figure 3.11 shows the sequences network diagram.
Phase a is usually assumed to be the faulted phase, this is for simplicity in the fault
F
a
b
c
Iaf Ibf = 0 Icf = 0
+
Vaf Zf
-
n
Ia0
F0
+
Va0 Z0
Iaf - N0
Ia1
F1
+ Z1
3Zf Va1 +
- N1 1.0
-
Ia2
F2
+
Va2 Z2
- N2
Since the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence currents are equals as it can be
1.00
I a 0 I a1 I a 2 (3.48)
Z 0 Z1 Z 2 3Z f
Since
I af 1 1 1 Ia0
I bf 1 a
2
a I a1 (3.49)
I cf 1 a a 2 I a 2
I af I a 0 I a1 I a 2 (3.50)
it can also be
I af 3I a 0 3I a1 3I a 2 (3.51)
Vaf Z f I af (3.52)
The voltage at faulted phase a can be obtained by substituting Equation 3.49 into
Vaf 3Z f I a1 (3.53)
but,
therefore,
Va 0 Va1 Va 2 3Z f I a1 (3.55)
31
With the results obtained for sequence currents, the sequence voltages can be
obtained from
Va 0 0 1 1 1 Ia0
V 1.00 1 a 2 a I a1
b1 (3.56)
Vc 2 0 1 a a 2 I a 2
By solving Equation
Va 0 Z 0 I a 0
Va1 1.0 Z1 I a1 (3.57)
Va 2 Z 2 I a 2
If the single line-to-ground fault occurs on phase b or c, the voltages can be found
Vaf 1 1 1 Va 0
Vbf 1 a
2
a Va1 (3.58)
Vcf 1 a a 2 Va 2
as
transmission system and occurs when two conductors are short-circuited. One of the
characteristic of this type of fault is that its fault impedance magnitude could vary over a
wide range making very hard to predict its upper and lower limits. It is when the fault
impedance is zero that the highest asymmetry at the line-to-line fault occurs [3].
32
is the fault point with impedances Zf. Figure 3.13 shows the sequences network diagram.
Phase b and c are usually assumed to be the faulted phases; this is for simplicity in the
F
a
b
c
Iaf = 0 Ibf Icf = -Ibf
Zf
Zf
I af 0
Ibf I cf (3.60)
Vbc Z f I bf
33
Ia0 0 (3.61)
1.00
I a1 I a 2 (3.62)
Z1 Z 2 Z f
If Zf = 0,
1.00
I a1 I a 2 (3.63)
Z1 Z 2
The fault currents for phase b and c can be obtained by substituting Equations
Va 0 0
Va1 1.0 - Z1 I a1 (3.65)
Va 2 Z 2 I a 2 Z 2 I a1
fault when not clear in appropriate time. The major problem when analyzing this type of
fault is the assumption of the fault impedance Zf , and the value of the impedance towards
3.14 where F is the fault point with impedances Zf and the impedance from line to ground
Zg . Figure 3.15 shows the sequences network diagram. Phase b and c are assumed to be
the faulted phases, this is for simplicity in the fault analysis calculations. [1]
F
a
b
c
Iaf = 0 Ibf Icf
Zf Zf
Zg Ibf +Icf
N
n
+ F0 + F1 + F2
Va0 Va1 Z1 Va2
Z0 + Z2
- -
N0 N1 1.0 0o - N2
-
I af 0
Vbf ( Zf Zg ) Ibf ZgIcf (3.68)
Vcf ( Zf Zg ) Icf ZgIbf
1.00
Ia1
( Z 2 Zf )( Z 0 Zf 3Zg )
( Z 1 Zf )
( Z 2 Zf ) ( Z 0 Zf 3Zg )
( Z 0 Zf 3Zg )
Ia 2 [ ]Ia1 (3.69)
( Z 2 Zf ) ( Z 0 Zf 3Zg )
( Z 2 Zf )
Ia 0 [ ]Ia1
( Z 2 Zf ) ( Z 0 Zf 3Zg )
Iaf 0 Ia 0 Ia1 Ia 2
(3.70)
Ia 0 ( Ia1 Ia 2)
If Zf and Zg are both equal to zero, then the positive-, negative-, and zero-
1.00
Ia1
( Z 2)( Z 0)
( Z 1)
( Z 2 Z 0)
( Z 0)
Ia 2 [ ]Ia1 (3.71)
( Z 2 Z 0)
( Z 2)
Ia 0 [ ]Ia1
( Z 2 Z 0)
I af 0 (3.72)
Now, substituting Equations 3.71 into Equation 3.49 to obtain phase b and c fault
currents
I bf I a 0 a 2 I a1 aI a 2
(3.73)
I cf I a 0 aI a1 a 2 I a 2
I n 3I a 0 Ibf I cf (3.74)
V 0 a Z 0 Ia 0
Va1 1.0 Z 1Ia1 (3.75)
Va 2 Z 2 Ia 2
Vaf Va 0 Va1 Va 2
Vbf Va 0 a 2Va1 aVa 2 (3.76)
Vcf Va 0 aVa1 a Va 2 2
Va 2
Ia 2
Z2 (3.79)
Va 0
Ia 0
Z0
The resultant phase voltages from the relationship given in Equation 3.78 can be
expressed as
Chapter 4
Ward and Hale is used in the following section [2]. The mathematical model previously
confirm the results obtained by hand. Figure 4.1 shows the 6-network system. The
parameters of the system are given in Appendix A and were taken from Faulted Power
1 4 3
Y
1
2
7
9 8
6 3 2
6
5
Y 2
Y
10 5
Hand calculation was done based on the mathematical model and Equations
explained in Chapter 3 and shows the computations for total fault current, buses voltages,
fault currents for each line, sequence currents and phase currents for each shunt fault at
bus 4.
Vk (0)
Ik (F ) (4.1)
(Z Z f )
1
kk
where k is the number of the bus where the fault takes place,
V4 (0)
I4 (F )
(Z Z f )
1
44
10
(4.2)
[(0.13269 j 0.57694) 0]
1.689183 77.04782
V1 ( F ) V1 (0) Z14 I 4
1.050 (0.02254 j 0.17266)(1.689183 77.04782 ) (4.4)
0.75776 2.137
40
V3 ( F ) V3 (0) Z34 I 4
10 (0.14333 j 0.53368)(1.689183 77.04782 ) (4.5)
0.0752526.769
V4 ( F ) V4 (0) Z 44 I 4
10 (0.13269 j 0.57694)(1.689183 77.04782 ) (4.6)
00
V6 ( F ) V6 (0) Z 64 I 4
10 (0.06881 j 0.34726)(1.689183 77.04782 ) (4.7)
0.40269 2.59
Vl ( F ) V4 ( F ) V (F ) 0 Vl ( F )
Il 4 ( F ) l (4.8)
( Zl 4 )Actual ( Zl 4 ) Actual ( Zl 4 ) Actual
For line between bus 1 and bus 4 and applying Equation (4.8) with l = 1
V1 ( F )
I14 ( F )
( Z14 ) Actual
(4.9)
0.75776 2.137
1 79.936
(0.16 j 0.74)
For line between bus 3 and bus 4 and applying Equation (4.8) with l = 3
V3 ( F )
I 34 ( F )
( Z 34 ) Actual
(4.10)
0.0752526.769
0.2894 63.231
(0 j 0.26)
For line between bus 6 and bus 4 and applying Equation (4.8) l = 4
41
V6 ( F )
I 64 ( F )
( Z 64 ) Actual
(4.11)
0.40269 2.59
0.4812 79.1848
(0.194 j 0.814)
The sequence currents at bus 4 for a single line-to-ground fault are given by
V4 (0)
I 40 I 41 I 42
( Z Z Z 442 3Z f )
0
44
1
44
10
(4.13)
(0.00756 j 0.24138) 2(0.13269 j 0.57694) 0
0.70338 78.931
1 1 1 I 40
I 4abc ( F ) AI 4012 1 a 2 a I 41 (4.14)
1 a a 2 I 42
1 1 1 0.70338 78.931
1 1240 1120 0.70338 78.931
1 1120 1240 0.70338 78.931
2.1101 78.931
0
0
42
I 4a ( F ) 2.1101 78.931
(4.15)
I 4b ( F ) I 4c ( F ) 0
I 4 ( F ) 3I 40 3(0.70338 78.931 )
(4.16)
2.1101 78.931
Vi 0 ( F ) 0 Z i04 I 40
Vi1 ( F ) Vi (0) Z i14 I 41 (4.17)
Vi 2 ( F ) 0 Z i24 I 42
V10 ( F ) 0 Z140 I 40
0 (0.0112 j 0.11474)(0.70338 78.931 ) (4.18)
0.08108 163.355
V12 ( F ) 0 Z142 I 42
0 (0.02254 j 0.17266)(0.70338 78.931 ) (4.20)
0.1224 176.368
V30 ( F ) 0 Z 340 I 40
0 (0)(0.70338 78.931 ) (4.21)
00
43
V31 ( F ) V3 (0) Z 34
1 1
I4
10 (0.14333 j 0.53368)(0.70338 78.931 )
(4.22)
0.61282.513
V32 ( F ) 0 Z342 I 42
0 (0.14333 j 0.53368)(0.70338 78.931 ) (4.23)
0.3889176.035
V40 ( F ) 0 Z 44
0 0
I4
0 (0.00756 j 0.24138)(0.70338 78.931 ) (4.24)
0.1698 170.72
V41 ( F ) V4 (0) Z 44
1 1
I4
10 (0.13269 j 0.57694)(0.70338 78.931 )
(4.25)
0.58391.3426
V42 ( F ) 0 Z 442 I 42
0 (0.13269 j 0.57694)(0.70338 78.931 ) (4.26)
0.416178.11
V60 ( F ) 0 Z 640 I 40
0 (0.01706 j 0.05554)(0.70338 78.931 )
(4.27)
0.0408 151.85
V61 ( F ) V6 (0) Z 64
1 1
I4
10 (0.06881 j 0.34726)(0.70338 78.931 )
(4.28)
0.75090.0461
V62 ( F ) 0 Z 642 I 42
0 (0.06881 j 0.34726)(0.70338 78.931 ) (4.29)
0.249179.86
44
Vl 2 ( F ) V42 ( F ) Vl 2 ( F ) 0.416178.11
I 2
l 4 (F ) (4.32)
( Zl24 )line ( Zl24 )line
For line between bus 1 and bus 4 and applying Equations 4.30 through 4.32,
with l = 1
V10 ( F ) V40 ( F )
I140 ( F )
( Z140 )line
0.08108 163.355 0.1698 170.72
(4.33)
(0.8 j1.85)
0.0446 63.96
V11 ( F ) V41 ( F )
I141 ( F )
( Z141 )line
0.9278 0.479 0.58391.3426
(4.34)
(0.16 j 0.74)
0.455 81.365
V12 ( F ) V42 ( F )
I142 ( F )
( Z142 )line
0.1224 176.368 0.416178.11
(4.35)
(0.16 j 0.74)
0.3888 81.98
1 1 1 I140 ( F )
I14 ( F ) AI14 ( F ) 1 a 2
abc 012
a I141 ( F ) (4.36)
1 a a 2 I142 ( F )
1 1 1 0.0446 63.96
1 1240 1120 0.455 81.365
1 1120 1240 0.3888 81.98
0.0446 63.96
0.455 81.365
0.3888 81.98
For line between Bus 3 and Bus 4 and applying Equations 4.29 through 4.31
with l = 3
V30 ( F ) V40 ( F )
I 340 ( F )
( Z 340 )line
(4.38)
00 0.1698 170.72
00
(0)
V31 ( F ) V41 ( F )
(F )
1
I 34 1
( Z 34 )line
(4.39)
0.61282.513 0.58391.3426
0.1179 65.15
( j 0.266)
V32 ( F ) V42 ( F )
I 342 ( F ) (4.40)
( Z342 )line
46
0.3889176.035 0.416178.11
0.1156 64.65
( j 0.266)
I 34abc ( F ) AI 34012 ( F )
1 1 1 I 340 ( F )
1
1 a 2 a I 34 (F )
(4.41)
1 a 2 2
a I 34 ( F )
1 1 1 00
1 1240 1120 0.1179 65.15
1 1120 1240 0.1156 64.65
For line between Bus 6 and Bus 4 and applying Equations 4.30 through 4.32
with l = 6
V60 ( F ) V40 ( F )
I 0
64 ( F )
( Z 640 )line
0.0408 151.85 0.1698 170.72
(4.43)
(0.9 j 2.06)
0.0586 62.86
V61 ( F ) V41 ( F )
(F )
1
I 64 1
( Z 64 )line
0.75090.0461 0.58391.3426
(4.44)
(0.194 j 0.814)
0.2003 81.068
47
V62 ( F ) V42 ( F )
I 642 ( F )
( Z 642 )line
0.249179.86 0.416178.11
(4.45)
(0.194 j 0.814)
0.1999 81.09
I 34abc ( F ) AI 34012 ( F )
1 1 1 I 340 ( F )
1
1 a 2 a I 34 (F )
(4.46)
1 a 2 2
a I 34 ( F )
1 1 1 0.0586 62.86
1 1240 1120 0.2003 81.068
1 1120 1240 0.1999 81.09
The sequence currents at bus 4 for a single line-to-ground fault are given by
I 40 0 (4.49)
V4 (0)
I 41 (4.50)
( Z Z 442 Z f )
1
44
48
10
0.8446 77.048
2*(0.13269 j 0.57694) 0
I 42 I 41 0.8446102.95 (4.51)
1 1 1 I 40
1 a 2 a I 41
1 a a 2 I 42
1 1 1 0
1 1240 1120 0.8446 77.048
1 1120 1240 0.8446102.95
0
1.4628 167.05
1.462812.95
I 4b ( F ) I 4c ( F ) j 3I 41
j 3(0.8446 77.048 ) (4.53)
1.4628 167.05
I 4c ( F ) I 4b ( F ) 1.462812.952 (4.54)
Vi 0 ( F ) 0 Zi04 I 40
Vi1 ( F ) Vi (0) Zi14 I 41 (4.55)
Vi 2
(F ) 0Z I
2 2
i4 4
V10 ( F ) 0 Z140 I 40
0 (0.0112 j 0.11474)(00 ) (4.56)
00
V12 ( F ) 0 Z142 I 42
0 (0.02254 j 0.17266)(0.8446102.95 ) (4.58)
0.1475.5123
V30 ( F ) 0 Z 340 I 40
0 (0)(00 ) (4.59)
00
V31 ( F ) V3 (0) Z 34
1 1
I4
10 (0.14333 j 0.53368)(0.8446 77.048 )
(4.60)
0.5331.82
V32 ( F ) 0 Z342 I 42
0 (0.14333 j 0.53368)(0.8446102.95 ) (4.61)
0.4667 2.083
V40 ( F ) 0 Z 44
0 0
I4
0 (0.00756 j 0.24138)(00 ) (4.62)
00
V41 ( F ) V4 (0) Z 44
1 1
I4
10 (0.13269 j 0.57694)(0.8446 77.048 ) (4.63)
0.4990.002
50
V42 ( F ) 0 Z 442 I 42
0 (0.13269 j 0.57694)(0.8446102.95 ) (4.64)
0.5 0.002
V60 ( F ) 0 Z 640 I 40
0 (0.01706 j 0.05554)(00 ) (4.65)
00
V61 ( F ) V6 (0) Z 64
1 1
I4
10 (0.06881 j 0.34726)(0.8446 77.048 ) (4.66)
0.7011 0.742
V62 ( F ) 0 Z 642 I 42
0 (0.06881 j 0.34726)(0.8446102.95 ) (4.67)
0.2991.74
Vl 0 ( F ) V40 ( F ) Vl 0 ( F ) 00
I 0
l4 (F ) (4.68)
( Zl04 )line ( Zl04 )line
For the line between bus 1 and bus 4 and applying Equations 4.68 through 4.70,
with l = 1
V11 ( F ) V41 ( F )
I141 ( F )
( Z141 )line
0.9037 0.895 0.4990.002
(4.72)
(0.16 j 0.74)
0.535 79.8
V12 ( F ) V42 ( F )
I 2
14 ( F )
( Z142 )line
0.1475.5123 0.5 0.002
(4.73)
(0.16 j 0.74)
0.46799.91
1 1 1 I140 ( F )
1 a 2 a I141 ( F )
1 a a 2 I142 ( F )
1 1 1 00
1 1240 1120 0.535 79.8
1 1120 1240 0.46799.91
For line between bus 1 and bus 4 and applying Equations 4.68 through 4.70,
with l = 3
V31 ( F ) V41 ( F )
(F )
1
I 34 1
( Z 34 )line
0.5331.82 0.4990.002
(4.76)
( j 0.266)
0.1418 63.373
V32 ( F ) V42 ( F )
I 2
34 ( F )
( Z 342 )line
0.4667 2.083 0.5 0.002
(4.77)
( j 0.266)
0.141116.7570
1 1 1 I 340 ( F )
1
1 a 2 a I 34 (F )
1 a 2 2
a I 34 ( F )
1 1 1 00
1 1240 1120 0.1418 63.37
1 1120 1240 0.141116.76
For line between bus 6 and bus 4 and applying Equations 4.68 through 4.70,
with l = 6
V61 ( F ) V41 ( F )
(F )
1
I 64 1
( Z 64 )line
0.7011 0.742 0.4990.002
(4.81)
(0.194 j 0.814)
0.242 79.17
V62 ( F ) V42 ( F )
I 2
64 ( F )
( Z 642 )line
0.2991.74 0.5 0.002
(4.82)
(0.194 j 0.814)
0.240100.810
( F ) AI 64 ( F )
abc 012
I 64 (4.83)
1 1 1 I 340 ( F )
1
1 a 2 a I 34 (F )
1 a 2 2
a I 34 ( F )
1 1 1 00
1 1240 1120 0.242 79.17
1 1120 1240 0.240100.81
I 64a ( F ) 00
( F ) 0.242 79.17
b
I 64 (4.84)
I 64c ( F ) 0.240100.81
The sequence currents at bus 4 for a single line-to-ground fault are given by
54
V4 (0)
I 41 (4.85)
Z 440 3Z f
1
( Z 44 Z 442 )
Z 442 Z 440 3Z f
10
I 41
(0.59277.048 )(0.24188.206 )
[(0.59277.048 ) ] (4.86)
(0.59277.048 ) (0.24188.206 )
1.3107 78.83
V4 (0) Z 44
1 1
I4
I 42 2
Z 44
10 (0.13269 j 0.57694)(1.3107 78.83 )
(0.13269 j 0.57694) (4.87)
0.2256.136
0.59277.048
0.3813 70.91 /109.105
V4 (0) Z 44
1 1
I4
I 40
( Z 44 3Z f )
0
1 1 1 I 40
1 a 2 a I 41
1 a a 2 I 42
55
1 1 1 0.934797.94
1 1240 1120 1.3107 78.83
1 1120 1240 0.3813109.105
0.000291.52
1.935146.77
2.11354.33
I 4 ( F ) I 4b ( F ) I 4c ( F )
(4.90)
1.935146.77 2.11354.33 2.80397.92
Vi 0 ( F ) 0 Z i04 I 40
Vi1 ( F ) Vi (0) Z i14 I 41 (4.91)
Vi 2 ( F ) 0 Z i24 I 42
V10 ( F ) 0 Z140 I 40
0 (0.0112 j 0.11474)(0.934797.94 ) (4.92)
0.10813.51
V12 ( F ) 0 Z142 I 42
0 (0.02254 j 0.17266)(0.3813109.105 ) (4.94)
0.06611.66
V30 ( F ) 0 Z 340 I 40
0 (0)(0.934797.94 ) (4.95)
00
V 1
3 (F ) V3 (0) Z34
1 1
I4
10 (0.14333 j 0.53368)(1.3107 78.83 ) (4.96)
0.2829.98
V32 ( F ) 0 Z342 I 42
0 (0.14333 j 0.53368)(0.3813109.105 ) (4.97)
0.214.07
V40 ( F ) 0 Z 44
0 0
I4
0 (0.00756 j 0.24138)(0.934797.94 ) (4.98)
0.2266.146
V41 ( F ) V4 (0) Z 44
1 1
I4
10 (0.13269 j 0.57694)(1.3107 78.83 ) (4.99)
0.2266.137
V42 ( F ) 0 Z 442 I 42
0 (0.13269 j 0.57694)(0.3813109.105 ) (4.100)
0.2266.152
V60 ( F ) 0 Z 640 I 40
0 (0.01706 j 0.05554)(0.934797.94 ) (4.101)
0.05425.02
V61 ( F ) V6 (0) Z 64
1 1
I4
10 (0.06881 j 0.34726)(1.3107 78.83 ) (4.102)
0.5360.033
57
V62 ( F ) 0 Z 642 I 42
0 (0.06881 j 0.34726)(0.3813109.105 ) (4.103)
0.1357.897
Vl 0 ( F ) V40 ( F ) Vl 0 ( F ) 0.2266.146
I l04 ( F ) (4.104)
( Zl04 )line ( Zl04 )line
Vl 2 ( F ) V42 ( F ) Vl 2 ( F ) 0.2266.152
I l24 ( F ) (4.106)
( Zl24 )line ( Zl24 )line
For line between bus 1 and bus 4 and applying Equations 4.104 through 4.106,
with l = 1
V10 ( F ) V40 ( F )
I140 ( F )
( Z140 )line
(4.107)
0.10813.51 0.2266.146
0.059112.89
(0.8 j1.85)
V11 ( F ) V41 ( F )
I1
14 ( F )
( Z141 )line
(4.108)
0.822 1.035 0.2266.137
0.79 81.53
(0.16 j 0.74)
V12 ( F ) V42 ( F )
I142 ( F )
( Z142 )line
(4.109)
0.06611.66 0.2266.152
0.212111.27
(0.16 j 0.74)
1 1 1 I140 ( F )
1 a 2 a I141 ( F )
1 a a 2 I142 ( F )
1 1 1 0.059112.89
1 1240 1120 0.79 81.53
1 1120 1240 0.212111.27
0.5297 88.21
0.9082168.64
0.955032.53
For line between bus 3 and bus 4 and applying Equations 4.104 through 4.106,
with l = 3
V30 ( F ) V40 ( F )
I 340 ( F )
( Z 340 )line
(4.112)
00 0.2266.146
00
(0)
V31 ( F ) V41 ( F )
(F )
1
I 34 1
( Z 34 )line
(4.113)
0.2829.98 0.2266.137
0.22 65.01
( j 0.266)
59
V32 ( F ) V42 ( F )
I 342 ( F )
( Z 342 )line
(4.114)
0.214.07 0.2266.152
0.067121.45
( j 0.266)
1 1 1 I 340 ( F )
1
1 a 2 a I 34 (F )
1 a 2 2
a I 34 ( F )
1 1 1 00
1 1240 1120 0.22 65.01
1 1120 1240 0.067121.45
0.1536 67.83
0.2543 171.03
0.265343.27
For line between bus 6 and bus 4 and applying Equations 4.104 through 4.106,
with l = 6
V60 ( F ) V40 ( F )
I 640 ( F )
( Z 640 )line
(4.117)
0.05425.02 0.2266.146
0.0782114.04
(0.9 j 2.06)
60
V61 ( F ) V41 ( F )
(F )
1
I 64 1
( Z 64 )line
(4.117)
0.5360.033 0.2266.137
0.373 80.97
(0.194 j 0.814)
V62 ( F ) V42 ( F )
I 642 ( F )
( Z 642 )line
(4.118)
0.1357.897 0.2266.152
0.109106.97
(0.194 j 0.814)
( F ) AI 64 ( F )
abc 012
I 64 (4.119)
1 1 1 I 640 ( F )
1
1 a 2 a I 64 (F )
1 a 2 2
a I 64 ( F )
1 1 1 0.0782114.04
1 1240 1120 0.373 80.97
1 1120 1240 0.109106.97
0.1928 91.52
0.4714164.59
0.460337.73
computer can be utilized to perform fault analysis in well-organized, effective, faster and
logical means. The goal of including this part is to confirm the hand calculations found
previously. In addition, the code can be used to accomplish this task where hand
calculations can’t handle a larger system and the analysis become difficult. In addition,
the power flow solution will be determined using an electrical program called ASPEN in
The purpose of the power flow study is to analyze the flow of power during
normal condition which is called steady state. It is an essential step before studying
further complicated analysis such as designing a system. Since the power flow is a
nonlinear problem, a real-time software will be used to determine the power flow solution
for this system. The initial values are set to reference values initially. Each bus will be
classified based on its known parameters such as voltage, angel, reactive and real power.
The system has one slack bus and one generator bus. The rest are defined as load buses.
After that, there are several methods used to solve set of equations to find the system
solution.
Using data provided in the Appendix A from [2], the system was modeled using
ASPEN OneLiner as seen from the simulation figures below. In [2], the author provided a
full power flow solution. The goal of this section is to confirm the solution given with the
62
ASPEN simulation. However, the solution will not be utilized in the fault analysis and
As seen from the above figures, the power flow solution was provided on the
system single line diagram. In Figure 4.2, the solution was displayed in term of reactive
and real power flowing between buses. Also, line losses and currents were given in
Figure 4.4 and 4.3. ASPEN used Newton Raphson method to solve the system. The
transformer phase shift feature was disabled based on an e-mail from ASPEN technical
support which can be found in Appendix C. the solution of the power flow will be
provided below for ASPEN and the given solution from [2].
65
4.2.2 Matlab
Matlab was selected as the simulation tool in this project due to several reasons.
Our background of Matlab was the main reason behind this choice. In addition, any code
can be edited and modified easily to handle any future cases using the command edit
window. Also, Matlab contains many built-in functions to resolve different electrical
problem. Matlab has also many unique features that allow users to develop an algorithm
in order to resolve any specific case. These features will not be discussed in this part.
However, a short introduction will be provided about Matlab since it the most common
done using matrix operations. It was driven from the description “Matrix Laboratory”
[11] the program was created in 1984 by Mathworks who established afterward a
community called Matlab Central [11]. Most of that community’ members are engineers
from all around the world. Users can write their codes using the M-files available in
Matlab. M-files is a script that will perform series of commands. This script can be edited
and modified based on the user’s needs at any stage. The script will perform specific
The Matlab code used to solve the problem statement in this project starts by
identifying the system input arguments. These variables are manly reactance of the
system transformers, branches and generators. This step is to form the system admittance.
After that, the fault analysis calculations were done for the three-phase, single line-to-
ground, line-to-line and double line-to-ground faults using the pre-defined functions from
68
Hadi Saadat’s known codes. The code can be seen in Appendix B with the output results
In this section, the results of hand calculations and the Matlab code using
symmetrical components method will be discussed. This discussion will be done for all
types of fault listed earlier. Then, the comments and recommendations will be provided
based on that. The accuracy of the hand calculations will be confirmed by comparing its
results with the code’s output. The system consists of six buses, two generators and seven
branches as seen in Figure 4.1. All data was provided in Appendix A. The results are
From the above tables, it can be seen that the results from the simulation output
matches the hand calculations results provided earlier with small error. The error does not
exceed 0.1 per unit value. In addition, both results confirmed the final results of the
system analysis provided in Paul Anderson’s Book. Also, the admittance matrix formed
in the hand calculations’ part is almost identical to the matrix generated by Matlab using
As seen from the above tables which also confirm the content of [11], the
outcome of the simulation stage in this project can be listed in the following points:
1 In three-phase fault, the voltages at faulted bus phases dropped to zero during
the fault. The faulted bus is bus number four where Phase A, B and C has a
fault. In addition, only Phase A has current since it is the faulted phase in this
3 Since Phase B and Phase C are in contact in line-to-line fault, the voltages at
both phases are equal. The fault current are passing from B to C. in Phase A,
4 In double line-to-ground fault, Phase B and C voltages are equal to zero. The
faulted current is flowing through both phases only. In addition, this type of
fault is the most sever fault on the system which can be seen from its current
value.
73
Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS
In this project, fault analysis was done for a 6-bus system where bus number four
was the main focus of this report. The analysis was carried manually using symmetrical
components method. The results were compared with software solutions to validate the
hand calculations’ accuracy. The error was acceptable and below 0.1 p.u. for all type of
fault as discussed in the previous chapter. The following observations have been made
1 In three-phase fault, the voltages at faulted bus phases dropped to zero during
the fault. The faulted bus is bus number four where Phase A, B and C has a
fault. In addition, only Phase A has current since it is the faulted phase in this
3 Since Phase B and Phase C are in contact in line-to-line fault, the voltages at
both phases are equal. The fault current are passing from B to C. in Phase A,
4 In double line-to-ground fault, Phase B and C voltages are equal to zero. The
faulted current is flowing through both phases only. In addition, this type of
74
fault is the most sever fault on the system which can be seen from its current
value.
75
APPENDIX A
Summary
Line and Bus Totals Actual Max MW MVAR
Transmission Lines 5 750 Total Load 67.500 18.000
Transformers Fixed 2 250 Total Losses 5.112 17.666
LTC 0 250 Line Charging -4.618
Phase Shifters 0 0 Fixed Cao/Reac 0.0
Total Lines 7 750 System Mismatch -0.002 -0.001
Non reg
Buses (Including 5 500 Total Generation 72.610 31.047
Swing)
Generator 1 190
Total Buses 6 500
78
6 4 0 0.2100 -0.5552
80
APPENDIX B
Matlab code
% This code is to perform Fault Analysis of 6-bus system. The sys. data
% was provided by Paul Anderson's book as one of its examples. The
% following functions "Copyright (C) 1998 H. Saadat" were utilized to
% calculate the fault at bus number 4:
% 1)symfaul
% 2)lgfault
% 3)dlgfault
% 4)llfault
clc
System Data:
% the 6-bus system: line positive sequence parameters
PosSeqData=[ 0, 1, 0.02, 0.24;
0, 2, 0.03, 0.48;
1, 4, 0.16, 0.74;
1, 6, 0.24, 1.036;
2, 3, 1.446, 2.1;
2, 5, 0.564, 1.28;
3, 4, 0, 0.266;
6, 4, 0.194, 0.814;
5, 6, 0, 0.6];
% the 6-bus system: line negative sequence parameters
NegSeqData=PosSeqData;
% the 6-bus system: line zero sequence parameters
% without the mutual coupling
ZerSeqData=[ 0, 2, 0, 0.032;
0, 4, 0, 0.266;
0, 6, 0, 0.6;
1, 4, 0.8, 1.85;
1, 6, 0.98, 2.084;
2, 3, 3.78, 5.26;
2, 5, 2.82, 3.84;
6, 4, 0.90, 2.06];
82
Sequence matrices:
% Positive Sequence Matrix:
Z1bus=[ 0.02253+1i*0.21503 -0.00609+1i*0.04974 0.02635+1i*0.16117
0.02254+1i*0.17266 0.02118+1i*0.12825 0.01831+1i*0.16379;
-0.00609+1i*0.04974 0.04422+1i*0.38094 -0.01594+1i*0.15713 -
0.00786+1i*0.13434 -0.00698+1i*0.22306 0.00023+1i*0.15223;
0.02635+1i*0.16117 -0.01594+1i*0.15713 0.16244+1i*0.73912
0.14333+1i*0.53368 0.06192+1i*0.27007 0.07295+1i*0.32786;
0.02254+1i*0.17266 -0.00786+1i*0.13434 0.14333+1i*0.53368
0.13269+1i*0.57694 0.06506+1i*0.27818 0.06881+1i*0.34726;
0.02118+1i*0.12825 -0.00698+1i*0.22306 0.06192+1i*0.27007
0.06506+1i*0.27818 0.16569+1i*0.80649 0.13256+1i*0.46538;
0.01831++1i*0.16379 0.00023+1i*0.15223 0.07295+1i*0.32786
0.06881+1i*0.34726 0.13256+1i*0.46538 0.13034+1i*0.61119];
% Negative Sequence Matrix:
Z2bus=Z1bus;
% Zero Sequence Matrix:
Z0bus=[0.36392+i*1.11336 0+1i*0 0+1i*0 -
0.0112+1i*0.11474 0+1i*0 0.02526+1i*0.3412;
0+1i*0 0+1i*0.032 0+1i*0.032 0+1i*0
0+1i*0.032 0+1i*0 ;
0+1i*0 0+1i*0.032 3.75+1i*5.292 0+1i*0
0+1i*0.032 0+1i*0 ;
-0.0112+1i*0.11474 0+1i*0 0+1i*0 0.00756+1i*0.24138
0+1i*0 -0.01706+1i*0.05554;
0+1i*0 0+1i*0.032 0+1i*0.032 0+1i*0
2.82+1i*3.872 0+1i*0;
0.02526+1i*0.3412 0+1i*0 0+1i*0 -0.01706+1i*0.05554
0+1i*0 0.03849+1i*0.047472];
Results:
Warning: Invalid escape sequence appears in format string. See help sprintf for valid
escape sequences.
> In symfaul at 34
In zimp at 57
Balanced three-phase fault at bus No. 4
Total fault current = 1.6892 per unit
Bus Voltages during fault in per unit
4 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.5174 0.1972
6 0.4027 -2.5905
Ifabcm =
2.1101
0.0000
0.0000
0 0 0 0.0196 - 0.0401i 0
-0.0092 + 0.0156i
0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 0 0
0
-0.0196 + 0.0401i 0 0 0 0
-0.0267 + 0.0522i
0 0 0 0 0
0
0.0092 - 0.0156i 0 0 0.0267 - 0.0522i 0
0
Positive Sequence currents
Ink1 =
0 0 0 0.0683 - 0.4500i 0
0.0299 - 0.1637i
0 0 0.0718 - 0.1392i 0 0.0401 -
0.1457i 0
0 -0.0718 + 0.1392i 0 0.0496 - 0.1069i 0
0
-0.0683 + 0.4500i 0 -0.0496 + 0.1069i 0 0
-0.0311 + 0.1980i
0 -0.0401 + 0.1457i 0 0 0
0.0112 - 0.0803i
-0.0299 + 0.1637i 0 0 0.0311 - 0.1980i -0.0112 +
0.0803i 0
Negative Sequence currents
Ink2 =
0 0 0 0.0544 - 0.3855i 0
0.0192 - 0.1179i
0 0 0.0496 - 0.1069i 0 0.0112 -
0.0803i 0
0 -0.0496 + 0.1069i 0 0.0496 - 0.1069i 0
0
-0.0544 + 0.3855i 0 -0.0496 + 0.1069i 0 0
-0.0311 + 0.1980i
0 -0.0112 + 0.0803i 0 0 0
0.0112 - 0.0803i
-0.0192 + 0.1179i 0 0 0.0311 - 0.1980i -0.0112 +
0.0803i 0
0 0 0 -0.0584 + 0.2028i 0
-0.0193 + 0.0618i
0 0 -0.0347 + 0.0536i 0 -0.0121 +
0.0423i 0
0 0.0347 - 0.0536i 0 -0.0347 + 0.0536i 0
0
0.0584 - 0.2028i 0 0.0347 - 0.0536i 0 0
0.0317 - 0.1039i
86
0 0.0121 - 0.0423i 0 0 0
-0.0121 + 0.0423i
0.0193 - 0.0618i 0 0 -0.0317 + 0.1039i 0.0121 -
0.0423i 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Positive Sequence currents
Ink1 =
0 0 0 0.0944 - 0.5250i 0
0.0384 - 0.1866i
0 0 0.0859 - 0.1586i 0 0.0455 -
0.1614i 0
0 -0.0859 + 0.1586i 0 0.0637 - 0.1263i 0
0
-0.0944 + 0.5250i 0 -0.0637 + 0.1263i 0 0
-0.0451 + 0.2363i
0 -0.0455 + 0.1614i 0 0 0
0.0167 - 0.0959i
-0.0384 + 0.1866i 0 0 0.0451 - 0.2363i -0.0167 +
0.0959i 0
Negative Sequence currents
87
Ink2 =
0 0 0 -0.0805 + 0.4605i 0
-0.0277 + 0.1407i
0 0 -0.0637 + 0.1263i 0 -0.0167 +
0.0959i 0
0 0.0637 - 0.1263i 0 -0.0637 + 0.1263i 0
0
0.0805 - 0.4605i 0 0.0637 - 0.1263i 0 0
0.0451 - 0.2363i
0 0.0167 - 0.0959i 0 0 0
-0.0167 + 0.0959i
0.0277 - 0.1407i 0 0 -0.0451 + 0.2363i 0.0167 -
0.0959i 0
88
APPENDIX C
ASPEN results
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AREA INTERCHANGE SUMMARY
SOLUTION OPTIONS
Enforce generator Q lim its [X]
Enforce LTC controls [X]
Enforce inter-area MW interchange [ ]
Enforce gen. remote volt. control [X]
Enforce switched shunt control [X]
Enforce phase shifter MW control [ ]
FILE COMMENTS:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS NAME VOLTS-PU ____GENERATION_ ____LOAD_______ ____SHUNT_____ __LINE
FLOWS__ ___LINE LOSSES_
ACTUAL KV ANGLE MW MWAR MW MVAR MW MVAR TO BUS NAME MW MVAR
MW MVAR
Bus1 13.8 1.0500 47.6 21.8 0.0 0.0 -0.0 -1.9 -------------------------------------------------------
14.5 KV 0.0 BUS4 13.8 1L 25.5 13.5 1.2 5.6
BUS6 13.8 1L 22.2 10.1 1.3 5.6
BUS2 13.8 1.1000 25.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -------------------------------------------------------
89
BUS6 13.8 0.9191 0.0 0.0 25.0 2.5 0.0 -1.5 -------------------------------------------------------
12.7 KV -12.2 BUS4 13.8 1L -4.4 -0.0 0.0 0.2
Bus1 13.8 1L -20.8 -4.6 1.3 5.6
TAP 13.46/ 13.80 BUS5 13.8 1T 0.2 3.6 0.0 0.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOLTAGE VIOLATION SUMMARY
3 BUSES HAVE VOLTAGE UNDER 0.950 PU:
_______BUS_NAME_________KV_AREA_______KV______PU_____TYPE_
4 BUS4 13.8 1 12.828 0.9296 PQ
5 BUS5 13.8 1 12.686 0.9193 PQ
6 BUS6 13.8 1 12.683 0.9191 PQ
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OVERLOADED LINE SUMMARY
_______BUS1___________________________BUS2__________________________AMPS____RATING___PERCEN
T
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LTC TRANSFORMER SUMMARY
_______BUS1___________________________BUS2____________________ ____TAP1/TAP2__
_____CONTROLLED BUS_________ __Min/Max____PU____FLAG
6 BUS6 13.8kV - 5 BUS5 13.8kV 1T 2 13.46 13.80 5 BUS5 13.8kV 0.900 1.100 0.919
4 BUS4 13.8kV - 3 BUS3 13.8kV 1T 2 12.55 13.80 3 BUS3 13.8kV 0.900 1.100 1.001
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR SUMMARY
__SCHEDULED__ ________________SOLVED________________
_______BUS_NAME_________KV_AREA_TYPE_MVARAT_____QMIN_____QMAX__ MW PU MW MVAR
MVA PF PU
1 Bus1 13.8 1 3 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.050 47.61 21.78 52.36 0.909 1.050
2 BUS2 13.8 1 0 100.00 -12.50 12.50 25.00 1.100 25.00 9.27 26.66 0.938 1.100
Total Generation in Summary = 72.612MW
Type: 0=Holds V, 1=Area slack; 2=Fixed P+jQ; 3=System slack.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD SUMMARY
_______BUS_NAME_________KV_AREA________KV_____PU________MW_____MVAR______MVA_____PF__
90
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHUNT SUMMARY
_______BUS_NAME_________KV_AREA________KV_____PU________MW_____MVAR______MVA_____PF__
1 Bus1 13.8 1 14.490 1.050 0.00 -1.87 1.87 -0.000
4 BUS4 13.8 1 12.828 0.930 0.00 -1.27 1.27 -0.000
6 BUS6 13.8 1 12.683 0.919 0.00 -1.48 1.48 -0.000
Total shunt in Summary = 0.000MW+j -4.616MVAR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SWITCHED SHUNT SUMMARY
_______BUS_NAME_________KV_AREA________KV_____PU________MVAR__
Total sw itched shunt in Summary = j 0.000MVAR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTERAREA TIE-LINE SUMMARY
AREA 1 AREA 1
0.000 MW TOTAL EXPORT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DELETED, OUT-OF-SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND OPEN SWITCHES:
NONE.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ticket #215270
Ticket Saud & Jorge, CSU
open Name:
Status: Sacramenro
Department: Support Email: 0conan0@gmail.com
Create Date: 06/23/2011 6:26 pm Phone: (916) 798-7663
Subject: transformer sequence modling
Ticket Thread
Thu, Jun 23 2011 6:26pm
aspenModel.zip (0.6 mb)
we are two master students working on our project on fault analysis. Aspen is the main
simulation program that we are using.
we are using an existing test system taken from Paul Anderson's book called "Analysis of
Faulted Power Systems Appendix E p480". this system also known as IEEE 6-bus
system.
as part of our project, the system has been built using Aspen OneLiner. the power flow
91
test and the fault analysis were done. we have found that there some mismatches between
Aspen's results and Paul Anders's.
this can be seen clearly from the primary & the secondary sides of each transformer. there
is a phase shift across the transformer in power flow and the fault analysis. this phase
shift does not exist in Paull Anderson's book even though the transformer is a Y-Delt.
we have attached the aspen model of our system. In addition, our concerns of Aspen's
results were indicated and attached to this ticket.
Sat, Jul 9 2011 8:52pm
This will be published in Turan Gunen new book which will contain this case study of
power flow and fault analysis
Mon, Jul 11 2011 10:02am - staff
We had some technical issue with our trouble ticket system. I found no reply to your
question in our log file. Can you let me know if someone from ASPEN had answered
your question?
-Thanh.
Mon, Jul 11 2011 2:00pm
Not yet. I'm checking the status of this ticket every couple of days and so far didn't get
any feedback.
Thanks
Wed, Aug 17 2011 1:17pm - staff
Hi Saud,
You can turn off the phase shift modeling in ASPEN software in the Network | Option
screen.
-Thanh.
92
REFERENCES
[1] Turan Gonen, “Electric Power Transmission System Engineering, Analysis and
Design”, Crc Press Taylor and Francis Group.
[2] Paul M. Anderson, “Analysis of Faulted Power Systems”, The Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1995.
[3] Miroslav D. Markovic, “Fault Analysis in Power Systems by Using the Fortescue
Method”, TESLA Institute, 2009.
[4] Jun Zhu. “Analysis Of Transmission System Faults the Phase Domain”, Texas A&M
University. Master Thesis, 2004.
[5] C.L. Wadhwa, “Electrical Power Systems”, pp 306, New Age International, 2006
[7] http://helios.acomp.usf.edu/~fehr/carson.pdf
[10]. T.K Nagsarkar and M.S Sukhija, “Power System Analysis”, New York Oxford
University Press, pp.14-25, 2005
[11] Hadi Saadat. Power System Analysis. Milwaukee Scholl of Engineering. WBC
McGraw-Hill.