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ALEKSANDRAS STULGINSKIS UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering
Department of Mechanics
Eglė Jotautienė

Theoretical Mechanics
Practicums

KAUNAS - AKADEMIJA
2012
UDK 629.1:631.374

Eglė Jotautienė

Theoretical Mechanics
Practicums

Reviewers: Assoc. Prof. dr. Sigitas Petkevičius, Department of Mechanical

Engineering;
Lector dr. Rytis Skominas, Department of Civil Constructions.

Approval:
28 August 2012, Meeting of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minutes
No. 01.

Technology in the field of Environmental Engineering Sciences (General direction

of Engineering) and Water Engineering (Direction of Civil Engineering) branches
of study committee meeting, 2012-10-30, Minutes No.18

© Eglė Jotautienė, 2012

© Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2012

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 CONTENTS

PREFACE 4

Problem 1. Statics of Solid Body

5

Problem 2. Analysis of Trusses

8

Problem 3. Body Equilibrium with Friction Force 11

Problem 4. Determine the Support Reaction in Three Dimensions

14

Problem 5. Body Movement and Rotation

17

References
21

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 Preface

Mechanical science evolution is closely related to the development of the productive

events of human history. With the advancement of technologies, the requirements for engineers
are continuously increasing. Many technical issues developing now require the first-year
students to become proficient in basic subjects such as mathematics, physics, theoretical
mechanics, strength of materials, etc.
Theoretical mechanics for engineering study students is not only the basic study objective,
but it is also a tool to be applied in practice. It is important to acquire the fundamental
background be able to apply the concepts of mechanics and analysis techniques in practice
because it is not easy to apply the mathematical formulations to practical problems.
This Practicums book is designed for students of engineering profile.

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 Problem 1. Statics of Solid Body
The tasks are for the following topics:
 Force composition and decomposition;
 System equilibrium of intersecting force;
 Parallel force system equilibrium;
 Creation of planar force system equilibrium equations and definition forces, acting on the
support.

A force F, gravitational weight G force, moment M and the distributed force with intensity
q are acting on the homogeneous beam (see Figure 1, 2). Determine the reactions at beam
supports when dimensions are given in meters and load – kilo newton. Task data and schema are
presented in Table 1 and Figure 1, 2.

Table 1. Task data [6,7]

Variant F G M q α
kN kN kNּm k/Nm degree
1. 10 - 20 1 30
2. 12 8 10 4 60
3. 8 - 5 6 60
4. 14 - 8 3 30
5. 6 7 1 45
6. 10 6 4 2 60
7. 8 6 5 - 45
8. 16 7 6 2 60
9. 6 6 4 2 30
10. 10 8 9 1 30
11. 4 - 7 2 45
12. 10 6 8 - 45
13. 12 - 6 2 30
14. 10 6 10 1 45
15. 4 4 4 - 60
16. 20 10 - 2 45
17. 25 5 - 0,5 45
18. 20 10 10 - 30
19. 15 14 8 - 45
20. 10 - 6 0,5 30

Methodological advice. In order to perform the task you need to know the static axioms,
force projections in axis, moment of force about point, supports reactions, principles of the
resulting equilibrium equations. In calculating the reaction of supports, the first step is to indicate
the reaction forces in the drawing, second - to choose the coordinate axes, and then present the
calculation scheme. The planar in force system requires the three equations of equilibrium [1,2]:

F x = 0; Fy = 0; M 0 = 0. (1.1)

5
Solving these equations three parameter are obtained. For the verification, the moment
equilibrium equation for the next point also can be solved. If the problem is solved correctly, the
same answer will be obtained.

6
Fig. 1. Task schema [6,7]

7
Fig. 2. Task schema [6,7]

8
 Problem 2. Analysis of Trusses
The tasks are for the following topics:
 Stress evaluation of truss using the method of joins;
 Stress evaluation of truss using the method of sections.

Forces F1, F2, F3 are acting on a planar truss (see Figure 3, 4). Determine the reactions at
truss supports, the forces in each member of the truss using the method of joins and in three
members using the method of sections (the parameters of members are presented in Table 2)
Dimensions given in meters, and loads – kilo newtons. Task data and schema are presented in
Table 2, Figure 3, 4.

Table 2. Task data[6,7]

F1 F2 F3 a h α number of
Variant
kN kN kN m m degree members
1 4 9 2 2.0 - 30 7,8,9
2 10 3 4 2.5 - 60 5,6,7
3 2 12 6 3.0 - 60 8,11,13
4 10 10 5 4.0 - 60 5,6,7
5 2 4 2 - 2.0 60 4,5,6
6 3 7 5 4.0 3.0 - 8,9,10
7 4 6 3 4.0 - 60 4,6,7
8 5 7 7 3.2 - 45 3,4,5
9 10 8 2 5.0 - 60 6,7,8
10 3 4 5 4.4 3.3 - 9,10,11
11 2 6 8 2.5 3.0 - 6,7,8
12 5 7 2 4.0 - 60 4,5,6
13 4 6 2 4.8 3.6 - 4,5,6
14 3 5 5 3.0 - 60 4,5,6
15 2 2 10 4.0 6.0 - 8,9,10
16 5 6 2 5.0 - 60 5,6,7
17 4 4 10 4.0 6.0 - 8,9,10
18 5 2 8 - 5.0 60 1,4,8
19 8 4 10 5.0 10.0 60 4,5,6
20 2 3 5 4.0 6.0 - 6,7,8

Methodological advice. First step is to find the reactions of truss supports. For this
purpose, you should apply the three equilibrium equations:

F x = 0; F y = 0; M 0 = 0. Solve for the three unknown member forces and verify

their correct direction. Forces in each member of the truss may be obtained by applying the two
force equations of joint equilibrium (  Fx = 0; F y = 0. ) [3,4]. Continue to analyse each of

the other joints, where again it is necessary to choose a joint having at most two unknowns and at
least one known force. The forces in the truss members are determined by the method of sections
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where first you make a “cut” section where forces are to be determined. Before isolating an
appropriate section, it may be necessary to determine truss external reactions. Three equilibrium
equations are available to solve for the members forces at the cut section.

10
Fig. 3. Task schema [6,7]

11
Fig. 4. Task schema [6,7]

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 Problem 3. Body Equilibrium with Friction Force

The tasks are for the following topic:

 Body equilibrium with friction force.

The weight forces G1 and G2 are acting on the mechanical system (see Figure 5, 6).
Determine the minimum (at variants 1-20, 25, 26, 29, 30) and the maximum (at variants 21 – 24,
27, 28) forces and the reactions at supports when the system is in equilibrium. The weight forces
G1, G2, dimentions a, b, c, angle α and coefficient of static friction f are given in Table 3. In the
variants 1-20, the friction force is evaluated only between the wheel and the slipper brake.

Table 3. Task data [6,7]

G1 G2 a b c α f
Variant
kN kN m m m degree
1 1.0 10 0.20 0.10 0.04 30 0.10
2 1.1 - 0.10 0.15 - 30 0.15
3 1.3 14 0.45 0.40 0.05 45 0.20
4 1.8 15 0.10 0.40 0.06 - 0.25
5 1.5 16 0.20 0.30 0.04 45 0.30
6 1.6 18 0.15 0.10 - 45 0.35
7 2.0 20 0.20 0.50 0.05 30 0.40
8 2.2 18 0.20 0.10 - 30 0.35
9 2.1 20 0.10 0.20 - 30 0.30
10 1.8 22 0.30 0.30 0.04 45 0.25
11 1.9 24 0.40 0.50 0.06 - 0.20
12 2.0 25 0.10 0.25 - 30 0.15
13 1.6 20 0.10 0.10 - 45 0.10
14 1.7 24 0.10 0.25 0.04 60 0.15
15 1.8 20 0.10 0.15 - 45 0.20
16 1.2 15 0.20 0.45 0.04 45 0,25
17 1.3 12 0.15 0.15 - 45 0.30
18 1.4 14 0.20 0.30 0.05 60 0.35
19 1.7 16 0.50 0.20 0.06 30 0.40
20 1.6 18 0.10 0.15 - - 0.45

Methodological advice. Between the wheel and slipper brake (1-20 variants) the friction
forces are acting. According to Coulomb law, the friction force Ftr = fN [5]. Here N is the normal
force, f is the coefficient of static friction. The mechanism must be disassembled into two bodies
at friction contact points. Plot the separate parts, add the support reactions and the reactions of
normal and friction forces. Write to each part three equilibrium equations and one friction
balance equation. Solve for the unknown forces and verify their correct direction.

13
Fig.5. Task schema [6,7]

14
Fig. 6. Task schema [6,7]

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 Problem 4. Determine the Support Reactions in Three Dimensions

The tasks are for the following topic:

 Development of spatial force system equilibrium equations and definition of support
reactions.

The forces F1, F2 and weight G are acting on the construction (see Figure 7, 8). Determine
support reactions of the construction and the magnitude of force F2. Dimensions given in
centimeters, and loads – kilo newton. Task data are presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Data[6,7]
Forces kN Dimensions cm
Variant

F1 F2 G a b c R r

1 - 2 1 20 30 15 15 10
2 4 6 1 25 20 8 15 10
3 10 - 5 40 30 20 25 15
4 - 2 1 30 90 20 30 10
5 3 5 2 60 20 40 20 5
6 4 4 2 50 30 - - -
7 2 - 1 15 10 20 20 5
8 6 - 2 60 40 60 - -
9 10 8 2 20 30 40 20 15
10 4 - 4 60 40 20 - -
11 2 - 20 20 30 10 15 5
12 4 - 2 20 10 30 10 10
13 20 - 18 400 400 450 - -
14 3 - 2 30 20 40 15 10
15 5 - 3 30 40 20 20 15
16 1 4 2 40 30 20 20 10
17 - 3 1 30 10 5 18 6
18 4 6 3 20 40 15 20 10
19 5 7 3 20 15 10 30 40
20 1 4 2 30 40 20 20 10

Methodological advice. In solving the problem, all forces acting on the mechanical system
must be shown. Applying the six scalar equations of equilibrium, the three-dimensional
equilibrium problem can be solved. For verification, the moment equilibrium equation for the
new chosen axes can be solved.

16
Fig. 7. Task schema [6,7]

17
Fig. 8. Task schema [6,7]

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 Problem 5. Body Movement and Rotation
The tasks are for the following topic:
 Investigation of point movement;
 Definition of point (body) kinematic parameter.

A mechanism acted by weight (see Figure 9, 10) is moving under the given law of sliding
motion. Determine speed, tangential and normal acceleration, absolute acceleration of point M
located on the mechanism when given rod s of body 1.
Task data and schema are presented in Table 5, Figures 9, 10.

Table 5. Task data [6, 7]

Radii, cm x=f(t), s, m
cm; t, s
Variant
R2 r2 R3 r3
1 40 25 20 - 5+40t2 0.3
2 20 15 10 - 2+50t2 0.1
3 30 20 40 - 60t2 0.4
4 15 10 15 - 6+20t2 0.1
5 15 10 15 - 8+40t2 0.3
6 20 15 15 - 3+40t2 0.4
7 15 10 20 - 80t2 0.6
8 20 15 10 - 4+20t2 0.3
9 15 10 20 - 5+80t2 0.2
10 25 15 10 - 50t2 0.3
11 60 45 36 - 10+100t2 0.5
12 80 - 60 45 8t2 0.1
13 100 60 75 - - 45
14 58 45 60 - 50t2 0.5
15 80 - 45 30 8+40t2 0.1
16 100 60 30 - 5+60t2 0.5
17 45 35 105 - 7+90t2 0.2
18 35 10 10 - 4+30t2 0.5
19 40 30 15 - 3+80t2 0.2
20 15 - 40 35 70t2 0.4

Methodological advice. Solving problem of finding a mechanism to determine velocity of

point M when the wheels are connected directly to wheels or to belt. For this purpose, you should
apply the expressions [1, 5]:
V=ωR; ω1/ω2=r2/r1;
here ω; ω1; ω2 are the angular velocities; R1, r1, r2 are the radii of the wheels.

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Fig.9. Task schema [6,7]

20
Fig. 10. Task schema [6, 7]
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 References

1. Hibbeler R.C. Engineering mechanics: Statics&Dynamics. - Prentice Hall, Inc., USA

2004.-688 p.

2. Sandor B.I. Engineering mechanics: Statics&Dynamics - Prentice Hall, Inc., USA 2002.-
928 p

3. Bedford A., Fowler W. Engineering mechanics. - Prentice Hall, Inc., USA 2002.-580 p.

4. Meriam J. L., Kraige L. G. Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics. Fifth edition. John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., USA. 2002 – 710 p.

5. Beer F.P., Russell Johnston E. Jr. Vector Mechanics for Engineers. Statics&Dynamics. –
McGraw Hill Companies, Inc., USA 1997.-1280 p.

6. Jotautienė E., Bozys J. Teorinės mechanikos savarankiško darbo užduotys ir metodiniai

patarimai. Statika. Kinematika. Dinamika. Akademija, 2007 – 39p.

7. Teorinės mechanikos namų darbai ir metodiniai patarimai jiems atlikti. I dalis.

Akademija, 1998 – 57p.

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