3.

0 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

Figure 3 shows the process flow diagram for manufacturing pill, tablets,
drugs (pharmaceutical industry).
4.0 PROCESS DESRIPTION PLANT

Pharmaceutical processes are broadly distinguished in a batch reactor (the

overwhelming majority) and in continuous (growing minority). The process flow diagram
based on the figure 3 is the process for manufacturing a pill, tablets, drugs in a
pharmaceutical industry using the batch reactor. By using a batch reactor, the cost for
pharmaceutical manufacturing is cheaper and economic benefits. The raw material that are
used for the manufacturing process are organic reagents, inorganic reagents, organic solvents,
water, excipients and coatings. The assessment starts with a late-stage organic key
intermediate (KI) molecule. The inorganic and the organic reagent are pass through the first
batch reactor. In the batch reactor the chemical reaction take place in a closed system. The
mixture is discharger out from the batch reactor and enter the filter number one. In the part,
there will be addition of organic solvent. After the mixture is filter, it will pass through the
dryer to eliminate excess materials. Then, the desired material will undergo the same process
as earlier pass through batch reactor and filter to ensure complete mixing. Later, the mixture
will be flow into liquid- liquid extraction column to separates compound based on the
solubilities of two different immiscible liquids. The products that discharged from the liquid-
liquid extraction column will enter the distillation column. In the distillation column there
will be addition of organic solvents, the mixtures separated into its components part based on
the differences in volatilities. Then the required component will undergo filtration process
and eliminate the unneeded components. Then the required components will pass through the
crystallizer, where the liquid solution will change to pure solid crystalline. The crystal will be
transfer into the centrifuge and there will addition solvents. In the centrifuge it will separate
the liquid that have different weights. The unneeded materials will discharge as waste while
needed materials will be flow into the filter and dryer. After it will pass through the blender
to undergo blending process where it will be mix with the excipients. Excipients will be used
to bulk up the formation of solid. Then, it will discharge from the blender and enter the tablet
press to compress the powder into a tablet of a uniform size and weight. Lastly, the tablet will
be transfer into the tablet coating to hold together in acid conditions and break down in non-
acid condition by applying a thin polymer-based film to the tablet.
5.0 EQUIPMENT LIST & UNIT DESCRIPTION
Equipment
Batch Liquid Reactor (R1, R2)
Filter (F1, F2, F3, F4)
Dryer (D1, D2)
Functions
 A batch liquid reactor is a closed
system which does not has continuous
flow of reactants entering the system or
products leaving the systems while the
reaction takes place.
 For example, in our experiments the
reactants are placed in beaker and
conical flask. The reactants are mixed
together later on in the batch liquid
reactor.
 For process industry, batch liquid
reactors are usually used when a
company wants to produce a range of
products involving different reactants
and reactor conditions.
 Filter equipment used to remove
unwanted substances from fluids as they
pass through the filtering elements.
 Filters are also used primarily in system
that required fluid to be free of
particulates or debris and to protect the
equipment.
 Dryers are used to remove liquids or
moisture from bulk solids, powders,
parts and other fluids.
 Various temperature levels and drying
principles are applied in industrial
dryers
Liquid-liquid Extraction  Liquid-liquid extraction involves the
separation of the constituents (solutes)
of a liquid solution by contact with
another insoluble liquid
 Solutes are separated based on their
different solubility’s in different liquids.
Separation is achieved when the
substances constituting the original
solution is transferred from the original
solution to the other liquid solution

Distillation Column  Distillation is used to separate mixtures

of liquids by exploiting differences in
the boiling points of the different
component
 Fractionating columns are used in small
scale laboratory distillations as well as
for large scale industrial distillations.

Crystalize  Crystallization is a process by which a

chemical is converted from a liquid
solution into a solid crystalline state.
 Crystallization consists of nucleation
and crystal growth where the process
happens.

Centrifuge  A centrifuge is a device, which applies a

high rotational speed to separate
components of different densities
 The main application of centrifuges is
to separate large amounts of solids
from liquids on a continuous basis.
Blender  Blending the process of thoroughly
combining different materials to
produce a homogenous product.

Tablet Coating  Tablet coating, it can strengthen the

tablet, control the release of active
ingredients, improve its taste, provide
colour, make it easier to package and
 handle, and protect it from moisture

Tablet Press  A tablet press is a mechanical device

that compresses powder into tablets of
uniform size and weight.
 Usually a tablet is formed by the
 combined pressing action of two
punches and a die.