Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pesticide Formulations
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS 49
FORMULATIONS: AN OVERVIEW
50 CHAPTER 4
sifiable concentrate is an example of a Abbreviations in trade or brand
liquid concentrate (LC). Wettable pow- names are often used to describe the
ders (WP), soluble powders (SP), and formulation (e.g., WP for wettable
water-dispersible granules/dry flowables powders), how the pesticide is used (e.g.,
(WDG/DF) are examples of concen- TC for termiticide concentrate), or the
trated materials sold in solid form. characteristics of the formulation (e.g.,
Other formulations are sold ready- LO for a low-odor formulation). The
to-use. You can apply ready-to-use amount of active ingredient (a.i.) and
products with no further dilution or the kind of formulation are listed on the
mixing. Examples include liquids pre- product label. Numbers in a product’s
pared as end-use dilutions and aerosol trade or brand name may also indicate
(A), dust (D), pellet (P), granule (G), the amount of active ingredient it con-
and most bait (B) formulation products. tains. For example, 80 WDG indicates
Manufacturers package many spe- that this dry product contains 80%
cialized pesticides, including products by weight of active ingredient and is a
intended for residential uses by non- water-dispersible granule. In this case,
occupational users, in ready-to-use a 10-pound bag of product contains
formulations. 8 pounds of a.i. and 2 pounds of inert
Concent rates a re of ten less ingredient. Liquid formulations usually
expensive per treatment /unit area state the amount of a.i. in pounds per
treated than ready-to-use formula- gallon. For example, 4F means 4 pounds
tions. However, this cost savings may of the a.i. per gallon in a flowable for-
be offset by other considerations. For mulation. Some common formulation
example, concentrates are usually more abbreviations are listed in Table 4.1.
toxic than dilute formulations of the A single active ingredient is often
same active ingredient. More handling sold in several kinds of formulations.
is required to mix and load them. As a Below is a short description of common
result, concentrates present a higher formulations, along with the pros and
exposure risk to the user. cons of each. If more than one formu-
A = Aerosol PS = Pellets
AF = Aqueous flowable RTU = Ready-to-use
B = Bait S = Solution
C = Concentrate SP = Soluble powder (or soluble packet;
D = Dust see WSP)
DF = Dry flowables (see WDG) ULV = Ultra-low volume
E = Emulsifiable concentrate W = Wettable powder
EC = Emulsifiable concentrate WDG = Water-dispersible granules (see DF)
F = Flowable WP = Wettable powder
G = Granules WS = Water soluble
GL = Gel WSB = Water-soluble bag (see WSP:
L = Liquid water-soluble packet)
LC = Liquid concentrate WSC = Water-soluble concentrate
LV = Low volatile WSL = Water-soluble liquid
M = Microencapsulated WSP = Water-soluble powder (or water-
P = Pellets soluble packet; see WSB)
PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS 51
lation is available for your pest control • Do I have the necessary appli-
site and situation, choose the best one cation equipment?
for the job. Base your decision on:
• Can the formulation be applied
• Legal, labeled uses. appropriately under the condi-
• The signal word. tions in the application area?
LIQUID FORMULATIONS
52 CHAPTER 4
• May damage treated plants or RTU products are produced for pest
surfaces (petroleum-based sol- management professionals (who treat
vents or overdosing may cause structural and institutional pests) and
phytotoxicity). for nonoccupational users.
• Easily absorbed through skin of Advantages:
humans or animals.
• Convenient; neither measuring
• Splashes and spills are relatively nor mixing is required.
difficult to clean up and/or
• Some are packaged and sold in—
decontaminate.
or with—an application device.
• Many have a strong odor. If this is the case, no loading is
required.
• Solvents may cause equipment
“wear and tear.” For example, • Less personal exposure risk due
rubber or plastic hoses, gaskets, to reduced toxicity and handling.
pump parts, and other exposed
surfaces may deteriorate. Disadvantages:
• Limited availability.
• May cause pitting or discolor-
ation of painted finishes or other • High cost per unit of active
treated surfaces. ingredient.
• Flammable; should be used and The time saved and convenience of
stored away from heat or open using RTU products may outweigh the
flame. product cost.
• May be corrosive. Concentrate Solutions
(C, LC, or WSC/WSL)
Solutions (S)
Other solutions are available as
Some pesticide active ingredients concentrates that require dilution with
dissolve readily in a liquid solvent, such a liquid solvent before you apply them.
as water or a petroleum-based diluent. Often the solvent is water, but it may
When mixed, they form a solution also be a refined oil or petroleum-based
that does not settle out or separate. solvent. When diluted with the label-
Formulations of these pesticides usually specified carrier, these formulations
contain the active ingredient, solvent form true solutions.
(carrier or diluent), and one or more
other ingredients. Solutions are suit- Advantages:
able for any type of sprayer, indoors or
outdoors. Consequently, they are reg- • Relatively easy to handle, trans-
istered for many sites, including struc- port, and store; easy to pour and
tural, institutional, public health, and measure.
household pest control; livestock and • No agitation necessary.
poultry pest management; space sprays
in barns and warehouses; and treatment • Not abrasive; do not cause
of food and fiber crops, turf, and orna- excessive equipment wear.
mental plants. • Do not plug screens or nozzles.
Ready-to-Use (RTU) • Do not usually leave visible
Low-Concentrate Solutions residues on treated surfaces.
Ready-to-use formulations require Disadvantages:
no further dilution before application.
• Limited availability, especially
They consist of a small amount of
water-based solutions.
active ingredient (often 1% or less
per unit volume). Some ready-to-use • Spills and splashes may be
products contain petroleum-based difficult to clean up and/or
solvents; others are water-based. Many decontaminate.
PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS 53
• Some a re ea si ly absorbed Disadvantages:
through sk in of humans or
• Not all ants, cockroaches, and
animals.
rodents will feed on liquid baits.
The other benefits and draw- • You must ref ill or replace
backs of concentrated solutions vary. liquid-containing bait stations
They depend on the concentration of frequently.
active ingredient, solvent or diluent
used, application site, and application For information about solid-for-
equipment. mulation baits, refer to “Baits” in the
“Dry or Solid Formulations” section.
Liquid Baits
Some insecticides and rodenticides Ultra-Low Volume
are now formulated as liquid baits. Most Ultra-low-volume concentrates
liquid insecticides are concentrated have almost 100% active ingredient.
sugar solutions. They are packaged in They are designed to be used “as is”
ready-to-use bait stations to kill ants or diluted with only small quantities
and cockroaches. of specified solvents. These special-
As a rule, liquid rodenticide baits purpose formulations are most suitable
are mixed with water and placed in spe- for outdoor applications, such as in
cially designed bait stations. They are agricultural, forestry, ornamental,
useful in sites where sanitation is poor and mosquito cont rol programs.
because traditional food-based baits ULV products are applied as very fine
“compete” with other food sources. As droplets at very low rates per unit area
is the case with solid baits, you must (or volume).
place bait stations in safe, strategic loca-
tions while following label directions Advantages:
and taking care to protect children and • Relat ively eas y to ha ndle,
nontarget organisms. transport, and store.
Advantages: • Little or no agitation required.
• Liquid ant baits are very useful • Not abrasive to equipment.
in controlling sugar-feeding • Do not plug screens and nozzles.
ants.
• Leave little visible residue on
• Ants that will feed on liquid baits treated surfaces.
carry this material to the colony.
Disadvantages:
• Liquid rodenticide baits will
often control rodents in areas • High drift hazard due to small
where food is abundant, but water droplet size.
is scarce or lacking altogether. • Specialized equipment required.
• Easily absorbed through skin of
humans or animals; high dermal
and inhalation exposure risk
(concentrated product applied as
fine droplets).
• Products and/or solvents may
cause rubber or plastic hoses,
gaskets, and pump parts and
other surfaces to deteriorate.
OPEN CLOSED
• Calibrat ion and applicat ion
must be performed with special
A bait station used in rodent control in the closed and open positions. care because ULV products are
Bait formulations are placed inside the tamper-resistant station. applied in concentrated form.
54 CHAPTER 4
Invert Emulsions lation is a flowable. However, some use
Invert emulsions contain a water- the letter “L,” meaning that an insoluble
soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil car- material is presented in “liquid” form.)
rier. These products require a special Most flowables are prepared by first
kind of emulsifier that allows the pes- impregnating them onto a dry carrier,
ticide to be mixed with a large volume such as clay. Then, the active ingredi-
of petroleum-based carrier, usually fuel ent plus carrier (or the active ingredient
oil. Invert emulsions are less susceptible alone) are ground into a fine powder.
to drift because oil evaporates more Next, the fine powder is suspended in a
slowly than water. When applied on a very small amount of liquid (and perhaps
hot, dry day, a water-based droplet will other inert ingredients). The resulting
become smaller as the water portion product is a thick liquid suspension.
of the droplet evaporates. Invert emul- Flowables combine many of the
sion droplets do not “shrink” as rapidly characteristics of liquid emulsifi-
when applied in the same weather con- able concentrates and dry wettable
ditions. This means less drift and more powders. They appear in the “Liquid
pesticide on target. Invert emulsions are Formulations” section because the end-
thick mixtures, with the consistency of use product is a thick liquid. Flowables
mayonnaise. In addition, invert emul- are often used for the same types of pest
sions are applied as very large droplets, control operations as ECs.
which reduce drift. Advantages:
The oil phase of this kind of
formulation also serves as a sticker- • Easy to handle and apply; low
spreader. This quality improves rainfast exposure risk.
properties and surface coverage. It also
increases absorption and/or penetra- • Generally not phytotoxic.
tion. This, in turn, reduces loss due to • Seldom clog nozzles.
runoff. Invert emulsions are relatively
uncommon. They are most often used • Splashes are less likely than with
in weed control on rights-of-way to other liquid formulations.
reduce the chance of drift to susceptible
nontarget plants or sensitive areas. Disdvantages:
PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS 55
• The ready-to-use type (often • Hazardous if punctured, over-
sold in pressurized sealed con- heated, or used near an open
tainers that serve as application flame.
devices).
• May be dif f icult to direct
• Those made for use in electric or material released to a single
gasoline-powered aerosol gener- target site or pest.
ators that release the formulated
product as a smoke or fog. Formulations for Smoke or Fog
Generators
Ready-to-Use Aerosols Formulations for smoke or fog gen-
erators are not packaged and sold under
Ready-to-use aerosol formulations
pressure. They are used in machines
are usually small, self-contained units
that break the liquid formulation into
that release pesticide when the nozzle
a fine mist or fog (aerosol). Using a
valve is triggered. An inert pressurized
rapidly whirling disk or heated surface,
gas pushes the pesticide through a fine
the machines produce and distribute
opening when the gas is released, cre-
very fine droplets. These formulations
ating fine droplets. These products are
are used mainly for insect control in
effective in greenhouses, in small areas
structures such as greenhouses, barns,
inside buildings, or in localized outdoor
and warehouses and for outdoor mos-
areas. Commercial models, which hold
quito and biting fly control.
5 to 10 pounds of pesticide, are usually
refillable. Advantages:
Advantages: • Easy way to fill an entire space
with pesticide.
• Easy to use; convenient.
• Portable. Disadvantages:
Dusts (D)
Most dust formulations are ready-
to-use and contain a low percentage of
active ingredient (usually 10% or less
by weight). A few dust formulations,
however, are concentrates and contain
56 CHAPTER 4
a much higher percentage of active Advantages:
ingredient. These concentrates must
• Usually ready-to-use; no
be mixed with dry inert carriers before
mixing.
application.
Arlene Blessing,
ingredients plus a very fine, dry inert
carrier made from talc, chalk, clay, might cause damage.
nut hulls, or volcanic ash. The size of • Applied with simple
individual dust particles varies, but all application equipment.
are quite small. Due to their small size,
dusts need careful handling to prevent • Effective in hard-to-reach
nontarget exposure, including drift. indoor areas.
They are not water-soluble. Therefore,
Disadvantages:
do not mix them with a liquid solvent.
Dusts are always used dry. They • Easily drift off target during Dust formulations
are often used as seed treatments and application. are always used dry.
in some other agricultural operations. • Residues do not adhere to treated
Some ornamental and garden pest man- surfaces, including foliage, as
agement products aimed at homeowners well as liquids do; may easily
are dust formulations. In structures, wash off or blow away.
dust formulations are useful to treat
cracks and crevices and for spot treat- • May irritate eyes, nose, throat,
ments to control insect pests. Dusts are and skin; pose a relatively high
also a good tool to control lice, fleas, inhalation exposure risk to han-
and other external parasites on pets and dlers.
livestock. • Dampness may cause product to
Special dusts known as tracking clump and equipment to clog;
powders are effective for insect and difficult to apply in damp or
rodent monitoring and control. These humid environments.
products are finely ground dusts with
an adsorbed stomach poison. Insects • Some k inds of applicat ion
and rodents walk through the dust, pick equipment and devices are hard
it up on their legs and bodies or feet to calibrate.
and fur, and ingest the poisonous dust • Difficult to get an even distri-
when grooming. Tracking powders are bution of particles.
effective in sites and situations where
bait acceptance is poor (for example, Granules (G)
where food is abundant).
NOTE: Another option is to use Granular formulations are similar
a nontoxic powder, such as talc or flour, to dust formulations; however, granular
to monitor and track rodent activity in particles are larger and heavier. Like
buildings. dusts, they are not water-soluble. They
are ready-to-use–not intended to be
mixed with water and applied as a liquid
suspension. The coarse particles that
serve as carriers for granular formula-
tions are adsorptive substances like
clay or absorptive plant material such
as ground corncobs or walnut shells.
The active ingredient either coats the
outside of the granules or is absorbed
into them. The amount of active ingre-
dient is relatively low, usually ranging
from 1% to 15%.
A bulb duster used for applying dust Because many granular formula-
formulations to cracks, crevices, and tions use carriers that absorb moisture,
voids in buildings. humidity will affect particle size and
PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS 57
mass. This, in turn, will affect flow • Application equipment is not as
rate. Also, different “batches” convenient to calibrate as spray
of the same formulation equipment. Released particles
may differ slightly in size are measured by weight instead
or shape and density. of by volume.
Purdue Pesticide Programs
Arlene Blessing,
not dissolve in water. When mixed with very alkaline
water, they form a suspension. They water.
will settle out quickly without constant • If not mixed
agitation to keep them suspended. properly, may
To prepare a spray suspension, you clog nozzles and
must form a slurry. Mix a WP with a screens.
small amount of water, and then dilute
this slurry mixture further. • Residues may be visible
Wettable powders are effective for on treated surfaces.
most pest problems and in most types Wettable powders
of spray equipment where agitation is Water-Dispersible Granules are dry, finely ground
possible. They have excellent residual formulations that look
(WDG) or Dry Flowables (DF) like dusts.
activity and do not usually harm treated
surfaces. When you apply a WP spray Water-dispersible granular formu-
suspension to a target, most of the lations are wettable powder formulations
pesticide remains on the surface. This compressed into dust-free, granule-
is true even for porous materials, such sized particles. Most come with a prod-
as concrete, plaster, and untreated uct-specific measuring device, with
wood. In such cases, only the water dry ounce (or pound) increment marks
carrier penetrates the porous material. based on product density (weight per
Wettable powder particles remain on unit volume). Because of this and the
PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS 59
powders ranges from 15% to 95%; may serve as a food supply for
it usually is more than 50%. Soluble the target pest or other pests.
powders have all the advantages of
WPs but only one of the disadvantages: • May not work in situations where
inhalation hazard during mixing. Not pests have many other food or
many pesticides are available in this water sources.
formulation because very few active
ingredients dissolve in water. For information about liquid baits,
see “Liquid Formulations” above.
Baits (B)
Pastes, Gels, and Other
A bait formulation is an active
ingredient mixed with food or another Injectable Baits
attractive substance. The bait either Pastes and gel baits are mainly
attracts the pests or is placed where used in the pest control industry for
the pests will find it. Many baits are ants and cockroaches. In fact, insecti-
solid (blocks, granules, or pellets), but cides formulated as pastes and gels are
some are liquids, pastes, or gels. The now the primary formulations used in
amount of active ingredient in most cockroach control. They are designed
bait formulations is quite low, usually to be injected or placed as either a bead
less than 5%. or dot inside small cracks and crevices
Baits are used inside buildings of building elements where insects
to control ants, cockroaches, f lies, tend to hide or travel. Two basic types
and other insects. Outdoors, they of tools are used to apply pastes and
can control vertebrate pests, such as gels: syringes and bait guns. The bait
rodents, other mammals, and birds as is forced out of the tip of the device
well as snails, slugs, and some insects. by applying pressure to a plunger or
Applicators must place bait stations in trigger.
safe, strategic locations while following
label directions to protect children and Advantages:
nontarget organisms. • Odorless; no vapors.
Advantages: • Low human toxicity.
• Ready-to-use. • Last for long periods.
• Entire area need not be covered
For reta
il
60 CHAPTER 4
OTHER FORMULATIONS
PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS 61
• Easy to mix, handle, and apply. Advantages:
• Timed release of active ingre- • Accurate premeasured unit doses.
dient prolongs effectiveness (i.e., • Increased handler safety; greatly
may result in fewer applications; reduced exposure risk.
application timing may be less
critical). • Lower risk of spills.
62 CHAPTER 4
combinations of fertilizers and pesti- homeowners commonly use these for
cides. Such products are convenient their lawns. Dealers or growers may
because they allow the applicator to custom mix pesticides with fertilizers to
control pests and apply nutrients at meet specific crop requirements.
the same time. Some are prepackaged:
PESTICIDE MIXTURES
ADJUVANTS
64 CHAPTER 4
pesticide. Surfactants are particularly • Read and follow the label. Is
helpful when treating plants with waxy an adjuvant recommended? If
or hairy leaves (see Figure 4.1). so, what type? Do not make
Surfactants are classified by how substitutions. Note that some
they split apart into charged atoms or product labels may recommend
molecules, called ions. an adjuvant for one type of use
or site but prohibit any kind of
• A nionic surfactants have a
adjuvant for another labeled
negative charge. They are most
use or site. Many end-use for-
often used with contact pesti-
mulated products already have
cides, which control the pest by
adjuvants, and adding adju-
direct contact instead of being
vants “on the fly” can decrease
absorbed systemically.
efficacy. Suppose, for example,
• Cationic surfactants have a posi- that a certain product
tive charge. Do not use them as is formulated with a Side view of leaf
“stand-alone” surfactants—often, wetting agent. If you add
they are phytotoxic. another wetting agent
when you mix and load
• Nonionic surfactants have no
a foliar-applied spray,
electrical charge. They are often
the product may not
used with systemic products
give better spreading
and help sprays penetrate plant
and coverage. Instead,
cuticles. They are compatible
the extra adjuvant may
with most pesticide products.
increase runoff, reduce
A pesticide can behave very dif- deposition, and even
Education Manual
• Use only those adju-
this reason, you must follow label
vants manufactured for
directions when choosing one of these
agricultural or horticul-
additives. Selecting the wrong sur-
tural uses. Do not use
factant can reduce efficacy and damage
industrial products or
treated plants or surfaces.
household detergents in
The terms used when talking about
pesticide spray mixes.
pesticide additives can be confusing.
People sometimes use the words “adju- • Remember t hat no
vant” and “surfactant” interchangeably. adjuvant is a substitute
However, an adjuvant is ANY sub- for good application
stance added to modify properties of a practices. With surfactant
pesticide formulation or finished spray.
A surfactant is a specific kind of adju- • Take adjuvant performance Figure 4.1
vant—one that affects the interaction claims “with a grain of salt.” Surfactants increase the
of a spray droplet and a treated surface. Be skeptical of claims such ability of the pesticide to
as “improves root uptake” or spread evenly over the
All surfactants are adjuvants, but not all
surface of a leaf or fruit.
adjuvants are surfactants. For example, “keeps spray equipment clean”
drift control additives and safeners are unless a reliable source can
not surfactants. provide research-based evidence
to support them. Only use
Choosing the Right adjuvant products that have been
Adjuvant tested and found effective for
your intended use.
Here are some factors to con-
sider when deciding whether to use an • Test spray mixes with adjuvants
adjuvant and how to choose the right on a small area before pro-
one for a particular site and situation. ceeding with full-scale use.
PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS 65
SUMMARY
66 CHAPTER 4
Review Questions
Write the answers to the following questions, and then check your answers with those in Appendix A.
1. The name “X-Pest 5G” on a pesticide label 6. Which dry/solid formulation is mixed in
indicates a: water and reduces the risk of inhalation
exposure during mixing and loading?
A. Granular pesticide with 5% active ingredient.
B. Granular pesticide with 5% inert ingredients. A. Soluble powder (SP).
C. Gel pesticide with 5% active ingredient. B. Water-dispersible granule (WDG) or dry
flowable (DF).
2. Which is the pesticide formulation process by C. Wettable powder (WP).
which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid?
7. Which type of dry/solid pesticide formulation
A. Emulsion.
consists of particles that are the same weight
B. Solution.
and shape?
C. Suspension.
A. Bait.
3. Which liquid pesticide formulation consists of B. Granule.
a small amount of active ingredient (often 1% C. Pellet.
or less per unit volume)?
8. W hich is an advantage of microencapsulated
A. Microencapsulated (M).
materials?
B. Ready-to-use (low-concentrate) solution
(RTU). A. Delayed or slow release of the active
C. Ultra-low volume (ULV). ingredient prolongs their effectiveness.
B. Their pesticidal activity is independent
4. Which liquid pesticide formulation may of weather conditions.
approach 100% active ingredient? C. They usually require only short restricted-
entry intervals.
A. Aerosol (A).
B. Emulsifiable concentrate (EC).
9. Which type of adjuvant functions as a wetting
C. Ultra-low volume (ULV).
agent and spreader (i.e., physically altering
the surface tension of spray droplets)?
5. Which is a disadvantage of both EC and ULV
formulations? A. Buffer.
B. Extender.
A. Difficult to handle, transport, and store.
C. Surfactant.
B. Require constant agitation to keep in
suspension.
10. Which type of adjuvant increases the viscosity
C. Solvents may cause rubber or plastic hoses,
of spray mixtures?
gaskets, pump parts, and other surfaces to
deteriorate. A. Sticker.
B. Extender.
C. Thickener.
REVIEW QUESTIONS 67
68 CHAPTER 4