Name : Muh.

Aqrim S
ID : 1913441012
Class : ICP of Chemistry Education

HYDROGEN RESUME

Hydrogen is a very unique element, the lightest and simplest atom that
contains 1 proton and 1 electron. Hydrogen has the lowest density, combined with
almost every other element that reactively forms a hydride. Hydrogen has a mid-
scale electronegativity so it has various properties.
On earth most hydrogen elements in compounds such as water, oil, plant
and animal tissue. At room temperature the hydrogen molecule is a gas that is
odorless, tasteless, colorless and very little soluble in water. Hydrogen dissolves
easily in several metals (pt), usually as atoms rather than as diatomic molecules.
The hydrogen molecule is non-polar, has a low boiling point of ~ 20.4 K and a
freezing point of ~ 14.4 K as due to weak van der waals forces.

Hydrogen isotopes
Hydrogen is naturally known to have 3 isotopes, namely normal hydrogen
, 1 , Deuterium, D or 2 , and radioactive tritium, T or 3 . This increase in the
1H 1H H
1
third molar mass of the isotope is followed in parallel with the increase in boiling
point and bond energy.

Chemical aspects
The chemical properties of hydrogen atoms are determined by 3 hydraulic
processes, namely:
1. Losing the only electron valence
2. Binding of one electron
3. The formation of electron pairs as single covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonding
Regarding bond formation, hydrogen has additional properties that are
very unique. The characteristic nature of the H + proton is that there is absolutely
no protection to the nuclear / nuclear charge from the influence of the electron
shell which is completely empty, resulting in unique forms of activity such as
1. Formation of many compounds which are often non-stoichiometrically with
metal elements called hydrides
2. Formation of hydraulic bridge bonds in electron-deficient compounds
3. Formation of hydrogen bonds
If the hydrogen atom is bound to other atoms, X, especially F, O, N, or Cl,
so that the XH bond is polar with a positive region on the H atom, then this H
atom can interact with other negative species or electron-rich species to form
hydrogen bonds (X- H+ ---- Y; H --- Y = hydrogen bond). Although the details
vary greatly, it is generally believed that the characteristic is caused by the large
electrostatic force between H and Y atoms. Consequently, the distance between
the XH bond and the hydrogen bond will be long, even if it remains a single
covalent bond, rather than the normal XH bond length without hydrogen bonds.
Hydrate
Solids that are made up of certain molecules and water molecules are called
hydrates. The amount of water is usually certain and is bound to cations through
oxygen atoms (a) or to anions or electron-rich species through hydrogen atoms
(b). usually hydrate compounds release their crystalline water when heated, and
can obtain anhydrous (non-hydrate) compounds which have different properties.

Hydrogen Ion
When strong acids such as HCl and HNO3 are dissolved in water,
hydrogen ions will dissociate completely from their anions and interact strongly
with water molecules. It has been assumed that this hydrogen ion is strongly
hydrated with water molecules forming hydroxonium or hydronium ions which in
turn form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules to form H9O4+ species.

Dihydrogen preparation
Because hydrogen elements are obtained as natural compounds, H2
molecules must be provided or made from their compounds.
1. Electrolysis of water with a Pt / C electrode catalyst Na 2SO4 salt electrolyte
will produce hydrogen gas in the cathode chamber and oxygen in the anode
chamber.
2. The reaction of metals with acids will produce salt and hydrogen gas, with the
condition that the metal M must be located on the left (H) in the Nernst
voltage series (electrochemical series) and the acid is non-oscillator.
3. The reaction of metals with water in some circumstances such as in cold
water, hot water, hot water vapor, or hot metal.

Hydride
Binary hydrogen compounds are named hydride derivatives. Hydrogen,
which forms binary compounds with almost all elements, has electronegativity
only above the average price of all elements in the periodic table. As a result,
hydrogen is nonmetallic, electronegatively weak and forms ionic hydride
compounds with very eletropsotive metals, and forms covalent hydride
compounds with all non-metallic elements, and hydrogen forms metallic hydrides
with several transition metals.
1. Ionic hydride
All ionic hydrides are white solids and are formed only by highly
electropositive metals, namely alkali and alkaline earth groups except for Be and
Mg. These ionic crystals consist of metal cations and hydride anions, H-. evidence
of the existence of this hydride anion can be found in the electrolysis of lithium
hydride in melt lithium chloride.
2. Covalent hydride
Hydrides form covalent compounds with all non-metals except noble
gases and with low electropositive metals such as gallium, Ga and lead, Sn.
Almost all simple covalent hydrides are gases at room temperature. There are 3
categories of covalent hydride: covalent hydride with hydrogen atom is almost
neutral, covalent hydride with hydrogen atom is strongly positive, and covalent
hydride with hydrogen atom is rather negative, especially in boron-deficient
electron compounds.
3. Ionic hydrides
Some transition metals form Third Category hydrides, namely metallic
hydrides. These compounds are often non-stoichiometric, for example the highest
ratio of hydrogen titanium is found in compounds in the formula TiH 1, 9. The
nature of this compound is very complex, thought to be composed of (Ti4 +) (H- )
1.9 (e-) 2.1. The existence of free electrons is thought to provide metallic properties
and high conductivity of the types of compounds concerned. Most of these
hydrides are believed to be prepared by heating metals with hydrogen under high
pressure.

Water and Hydrogen Bonding

Water is composed of simple triatomic molecules, but the behavior of
water is very complex, and some things are rather unique. This unique property of
water arises mainly from its molecular structure and the resultant intermolecular
forces. Oxygen atoms in water are described as forming outermost sp3 hybrid
orbitals, with 2 pairs of nonbonding electrons. The very high electronegative
properties of oxygen atoms further lead to the formation of hydrogen bonds
between water molecules which is very strong as well. Hydrogen atoms with
partial positive charges will be strongly attracted by oxygen atoms from
neighboring water molecules with hydrogen bonds. So in a water molecule, each
pair of oxygen is able to form two hydrogen bonds from the two pairs of lone
electrons.