HYDROGEN

Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe

and the third most abundant on the surface of the
globe, is being visualized as the major future source of
energy
Hydrogen , chemical element that exists as a gas at room
temperature. When hydrogen gas burns in air ,it forms
water

French chemist Antoine Lavoisier named hydrogen from

the Greek words for “ Water former”.

Hydrogen has the smallest atoms of any element. A

hydrogen atom contains one proton, and only one electron
❖ Pure hydrogen exists as hydrogen gas , in which pairs of
hydrogen atoms bond together to make molecules

❖ Exists as a diatomic (H2) molecule and is called dihydrogen

❖ Hydrogen is the essential constituent of all acids and alkalis

❖ Hydrogen combines with other elements by losing or gaining

of electrons

❖ Hydrogen is highly reactive in atomic form

HOW WAS HYDROGEN FOUND

❖ Discovered by Henry Cavendish

❖ Hydrogen was discovered in London

❖ It was discovered in the year of 1766

❖ Inflammable air
POSITION OF HYDROGEN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
❖ Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table and
represented by the symbol H

❖ Hydrogen, with only one proton ,is the simplest element. Usually
placed in Period I and group I of the periodic table

❖ Hydrogen can combine chemically with almost every other

element and forms more compounds than does any other
element.
These compounds include water, minerals, and hydrocarbons

❖ Hydrogen has some similarities with both alkali metals (group 1)

and halogens (groups 17)
SIMILARITIES WITH ALKALI METALS

❑ Electronic configurations

Only one electron in the outer most shell

❑ Electropositive nature

Tendency to lose only one electron and form a unit

positive ion
❑ Oxidation state

Both exhibit (+1) Oxidation state

Eg : HCl , NaCl
❑ Tendency to form compound with electronegative
elements
H++Cl-→ 𝐻𝐶𝑙

❑ Reducing nature
❑ Electrolysis
During electrolysis both are discharges at cathode

𝐻𝐶𝑙 → H++Cl-
at cathode H+ + e- →1/2 H2

𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 → Na++Cl-
at cathode Na+ + e- →1/2 H2
DISIMILARITIES WITH ALKALI METALS

❑ Physical state : H2 – gas Alkali metal- Solid

❑ Nature : H2 – Non metal Alkali metal- Metal

❑ Atomicity: H2 – Diatomic Alkali metal- Monoatomic

❑ Nature of Oxides : H2 – Neutral Alkali metal- Basic

❑ Ionisation energy: H2 – High Alkali metal- Having low I.E

❑ Compounds Forming: HCl – covalent Alkali metal- Ionic

SIMILARITIES WITH HALOGENS

❑ Electronic configurations

One electron is short from the next noble

gas
❑ Electronegative nature

Tendency to gain of electrons

❑ Oxidation state

Both exhibit (-1) Oxidation state

Eg : NaH , HCl

❑ Atomicity : Both are Diatomic molecules

❑ Both are gases

❑ Both are non metals

❑ React with other non metals to form covalent
compounds
CH4 CCl4

❑ Ionisation energy
Both having high ionization energy
❑ Electrolysis
During electrolysis both are discharged at
anode

𝐿𝑖𝐻 → Li++H-
at cathode H- →1/2 H2 + e-
𝐿𝑖𝐶𝑙 → Li++Cl-
at cathode Cl- →1/2 Cl2 + e-
Protium 1H ( Ordinary hydrogen)

❖ Molecular formula 1H
❖ Atomic number 1 ( p=1, e=1)
❖ Mass number 1 (n=0)
❖ Electronic configuration 1s 1
❖ Most abundant isotope of hydrogen (99.98%)
❖ Most common, most stable
❖ Non radioactive
Deuterium 2H ( Heavy hydrogen)

❖ Molecular formula 2H / D2
❖ Atomic number 1 ( p=1, e=1)
❖ Mass number 2 (n=1)
❖ Electronic configuration 1s 1
❖ Abundance (0.016%)
❖ Stable isotope
❖ Used to prepare heavy water ( D 2O)
❖ Non radioactive
Tritium 3H ( Radioactive
Hydrogen)

❖ Molecular formula 3H
❖ Atomic number 1 ( p=1, e=1)
❖ Mass number 3 (n=2)
❖ Electronic configuration 1s1
❖ Abundance (10-15%)
❖ Unstable isotope
❖ Radio active isotope, B particle emitter
❖ Half life is about 12 years
maximum change occur in physical property of
isotopes but minimum change occur in chemical
property of isotopes
Different forms of hydrogen

1. Atomic Hydrogen ( Simple Hydrogen)

❑ Produced molecular hydrogen is passed through

a electric arc (2273K) between tongston
electrodes
2. Nacent Hydrogen

❑ It is formed by specific chemical reaction formation

of nascent hydrogen by base, acid and water
Adsorbed Hydrogen/ Occuluded Hydrogen

❑ Occlusion : The property of metal to adsorb any gas

is called occlusion
❑ Adsorbed H is hydrogen present at the outer surface
of metal
❑ Metals like Pd, Pt ,Au , Ni have a property of
adsorbing hydrogen at normal or higher temperature

Collidal Pd> Pd> Pt>au>Ni

Molecular Hydrogen ( Allotropes of hydrogen)

Ortho and para isomers/Nuclear isomers/Proton spin

isomers

➢ Molecular form of hydrogen with same spin of

proton is called ortho hydrogen.

➢ Total spin of proton

PREPARATION OF DIHYDROGEN

I. General method of preparation

1. From Water
All the metals which are placed above than H2 when react
with water they evolve H2 .

Three types of water is used