Water and Wastewater Treatment

(CE F342)
Introduction to water sources and their
assessment of potential
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
Module 1 Lecture 2
Norms expected for any water source

• Sufficient

• Safe

• Acceptable

• Accessible

• Affordable

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Water Sources

Usable fresh water 0.0072% of world’s stock of water

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Sources of water for extraction of
water supplies
• Rain water
– Harvested from roof tops
– Conserved and held in catchments
• Surface water
– From rivers
– From diversion and storage
– From natural reservoirs
• Ground water
• Wells (open and borewells)
• Springs
• Infiltration galleries
• Reclaimed water
– Desalinated water
– Treated wastewater 4
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Water Sources - Aspects to be
considered
• Quantity, quality, accessibility and reliability
– Must meet the MDD (at the end of the design period!) and should replenish the
depleted fire water reserves within 72 hours
– Must meet the demands during droughts (years with lowest precipitation)

• Competing uses and cost

– In-stream uses, irrigational, municipal and industrial uses
– Municipal and industrial uses are more valued uses

• Potential assessment (assessing safe and sustainable water yield)

– Deciding on the number of sources (single or multiple)
– Development of sources and water extraction (grey infrastructure)

• Management and protection of water sources

– Protect, support and enhance rivers, lakes, wetlands, forests, etc.
– Provide natural infrastructure for water and for helping in the efficient and
sustainable management of water
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Water availability and Population

Asia – 60 % of global population – 36 % of global runoff

South America – 5 % of global population – 25 % of global runoff
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Access and reliability of water
sources

Source: IWMI 7
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Water sources evaluation

• Surface water sources (more population served)

• Larger communities
Vs
• GW sources (more prevalent)
• Smaller communities
• less subject to seasonal fluctuations and long-term droughts.
• the aquifer provides natural storage.
• frequently available near the point of demand, the cost of
transmission is reduced significantly
• Most often aesthetically pleasing and to some extent protected from
contamination
• But prone to natural problems like fluorides hardness, iron toxics
like arsenic
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Hydrology in a nutshell

• Hydrologic Cycle

• Measurement , Estimation and analysis of Precipitation

• Hydrological processes

• Losses from precipitation, Runoff, Ground water

• Water balance

• Concept of catchment or watershed

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Hydrological cycle and
processes

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Losses from precipitation to
runoff
• Losses in the production
of runoff after
precipitation

• Interception

• Depression storage
Losses
• Evaporation

• Transpiration
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Analyzing Rainfall

• Space and time –The average rainfall

– Spatial and temporal averaging

• Intensity
– How hard it rains

• Duration
– How long it rains at any given intensity

• Frequency
– How often it rains at a given intensity and duration
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Spatial Rainfall- Heterogeneity

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Concept of a watershed

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Yield

• First considerations in selecting a water supply source is

the ability of the source to provide an adequate quantity
of water. One measure of quantity is yield.
• Yield is the average flow/runoff available over a long
period of time

• Runoff
– Normally expressed in mm
– or
– m3/s
– or
– ha-m in a specific time

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Estimation/computation of
Runoff
Hydrograph analysis

Extension of runoff records

– Flow duration curves
Empirical Formulae

Rainfall-Runoff Correlation

Runoff simulation models

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Analysis of runoff

• How much rainfall becomes runoff that reaches the

stream/ storm sewer

• How quickly does it reach?

• How often will the runoff cause inundation/floods

• Will the stream flow be sufficient for a water supply?

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Analysis of runoff

• If the proposed surface water supply is to be the sole

source of water, what is the long-term or “safe” yield that
could be used for design.

• Most often the components of the design are:

• Determination of the allowable withdrawal, for ecological health of
the river or stream as well as for other/ downstream users
• Analysis of flow duration analysis (flow duration or yield curve)
• Low flow conditions analysis and drought analysis

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Flow duration Analysis

• Discharge vs %age of time

the flow was equaled or
exceeded

• Also called Discharge

frequency curve

• Arranged in descending
order of discharge and
plotting position (Probability)
of any discharge is found
• Frequency = 100P
• P = m/N+1 (Weibull formula)
• Dependable flows can be
found
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Flow duration Analysis

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Ground water

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Water Table

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Aquifers

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Drilled well with submersible
pump

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Yield Assessment for Wells
• Groundwater is at atmospheric pressure in the gravity
wells and at higher pressure in pressure wells
• Groundwater flow through aquifers is described by
Darcy’s equation
V is velocity in m/day
V  Ki K is coefficient of permeability
i is hydraulic gradient
Q  AKi
A is flow cross sectional area

• Pumping of water from a gravity/pressure well at constant

rate results in the drawdown of water table
• Flow of groundwater is horizontal and radially inwards
• Once equilibrium is established (rate of replenishment = rate of
pumping) drawdown curve becomes stable
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Reservoir storage

• All options except construction of reservoirs / storage

assume availability of plenty of water (much beyond
demand) throughout (all the seasons)
– Water available in the river/stream or canal during all the
seasons is more than demanded

• Reservoirs is preferred when temporal availability is highly

variable (too much during rainy season otherwise too little)
– River/stream gauge records form basis for the design and
sizing of dams and reservoirs
– Non-availability of river gauge data, demands assessment of
the potential through the use of both the catchment
characteristics and the long term rainfall data

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Reservoir storage
• Long term gauge records are used to
size the reservoir

• Positive deficiency (water draft – river

runoff) indicates the need of damming
and impounding reservoir creation

• Flow Mass curves are used for

finding the reservoir storage
– Cumulative runoff and cumulative
draft of water are plotted against
time (one year)
– Evaporation and percolation/seepage
losses of reservoir
• Base flow to be maintained in the
river/stream downstream
– Storage capacity of the impounding
reservoir is obtained by drawing
parallel draft of water curves tangent
to the top most and bottom most
points of the cumulative runoff curve
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Water supply systems

Source: www.pacificwater.org

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Waste water systems
• Need to safely dispose waste water

• Not contaminate water supply

• Should not create public health hazard by

being accessible to children OR to
vectors

• Not violate laws regarding disposal and

pollution

• Pollute waterbodies used for recreation

water supply or destroy fragile water
ecosystem

• Not create nuisance due to odour,

unsightly appearance
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Terminology for reading

• Grey Infrastructure: conventional piped drainage and water

treatment systems (ie. pipes, tanks, conventional treatment
systems including energy-intensive water treatment systems
and processes such as membranes and reverse osmosis)

• Green Infrastructure: the emerging trend for systems such as

Bio-filtration, ponds, wetlands, rain gardens and other natural
land and plant based ecological treatment systems and
processes.

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 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Next Lecture : Estimating water demand