Water and Wastewater Treatment

(CE F342)
Unit Operations and Processes –Screening
and Aeration
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
Module 3-2
Unit operations

• Procedure producing physical, chemical and biological

changes
• Helps in understanding inherent processes in various
treatments
• Helps to analyse treatment process by development of
physical, mathematical models for treatments
• Helps to sequence various treatments to achieve
desired effluent quality

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Objectives of water treatment

To remove

• Color, dissolved gases and murkiness

• Objectionable taste and odour

• Pathogens

• Hardness

• Suitable for variety of uses

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Unit operations

• Gas transfer
– Aeration

• Ion transfer
– Chemical coagulation, Chemical precipitation, Ion exchange,
Adsorption

• Solute stabilization
– Chlorination, liming, re carbonation, super chlorination

• Solids transfer (Solids separation)

– Straining, sedimentation, floatation, filtration

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Unit operations

• Interfacial contact

• Miscellaneous operations
– Disinfecting, Copper sulfating, Fluoridation, Thermal desalination

• Solids concentration and stabilization

– Thickening, centrifuging, chemical conditioning, elutriation,
biological floatation, sludge digestion, incineration, drying

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General Characteristics of GW and
SW to be considered for treatment

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 Typical water
treatment
process
sequence for
SW Source

Source: Peavy ,Rowe and

Tchbanoglous,2013

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Typical water treatment process
sequence for GW Source

Typical water
treatment
process
sequence for
GW Source

Source: Peavy ,Rowe and

Tchbanoglous,2013

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Typical water treatment process
sequence SW vs GW source

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Typical operations

• Screening
• To remove relatively large floating, suspended debris OR sand and
grit that settles very rapidly which may damage equipment
• Aeration
• removes excess and objectionable gases
• Primary sedimentation
• (also called settling or clarification) removes the particles that will
settle out by gravity alone within a few hours
• Rapid mixing and coagulation
• use chemicals and agitation to encourage suspended particles to
collide and adhere into larger particles
• Flocculation
• process of gently mixing the water, encourages the formation of
large particles of floc that will more easily settle
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Typical operations

• Secondary clarifier
• slows the flow enough so that gravity will cause the floc to settle.
• Re-carbonation (in GW source)
• readjusts the water pH and alkalinity and may cause additional
precipitation of hardness-causing ions.
• Filtration
• removes particles and floc that are too small or light to settle by
gravity
• Sludge processing
• dewatering and disposing of solids and liquids collected from the
settling tanks
• Disinfection
• added disinfectant inactivate any remaining pathogens before the
water is distributed if provided sufficient contact time
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Screening

• Unit operation – Solid transfer by straining

• To remove relatively large floating, suspended debris OR

sand and grit that settles very rapidly which may damage
equipment.

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Classification of Screens

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Coarse screens

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Coarse screening

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Fine screening

• In conjunction with or without

bar screens

• To avoid clogging a
continuous cleaning of
screens are required

• Called automatic strainers

• So it is made automated by
rotating a drum with
perforated hole of 6 mm size
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Coarse and Fine screens used in
conjunction

https://hubert.nl/screens/
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Microstrainer

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Aeration

• Unit operation - Gas transfer

• Remove undesirable gases (degasification) OR to add
oxygen to convert undesirable constituents to a more
manageable form (oxidation)
• process by which the area of contact between water and
air is increased, either by natural methods or by
mechanical devices.
• Removes tastes and odours
• reduces the concentration of volatile organic compounds.
• increases DO
• Removes H2S, CO2, Methane, Radon
• Convert iron and manganese from soluble to insoluble states
(oxidation)

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Aeration - Free fall / gravity
Type
• Cascade

• Inclined apron

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Aeration – Free fall / gravity

• Slat tray/ coke

• Gravel bed

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Aeration – Spray and Diffusion
type

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To ensure proper aeration

• Generate maximum practicable area of interface for

given volumes of Liquid/ water and gas/air

• Avoiding formation of interfacial films,

• Providing longer exposure times without compromising

on total treatment time

• Ventilating aerator

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 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Thank You