CARRIER AIDED DISTANCE PROTECTION SCHEMS FOR EHV TRANSMISSION LINES

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SUBSTATION - SSA Length (Zone) Intended to be covered by Distance Protections (21) at SSA & SSB SUBSTATION - SSB

21 SSB : Zone-2 Reach 21 SSA : Zone-2 Reach

F3A F3B 50%

0% 20% 50% 80% 100%
100% 80% 20% 0%
F1 F2B
F2A
21 Carrier Aided Channel for Transfer Tripping (through PLCC or Fibre Optic)
21
21 SSA : Zone-1 Reach
21 SSB : Zone-1 Reach

21 SSA : Zone-2 Reach

21 SSB : Zone-2 Reach

Scheme-1: PUP Under-Reaching Transfer Trip ( Mostly in Practice for Lines of 50kM and above. However may be accepted upto minimum limit 15kM )
PUP Scheme feature: Pickpup of Zone-1 in a 21 relay sends carrier to other end 21 relay
Fault at F1 Zone-1, 2, 3 Pickup at SSA & SSB. F1 is within Zone-1 of both 21 SSA and 21 SSB. So Zone-1 21 SSA and Zone-1 of 21 SSB exchange carriers. But since Zone-1 picked up at both ends,
both ends trip in Zone-1
Fault at F2A Zone-1, 2, 3 Pickup at SSA and Zone-2 & 3 pickup at SSB. Zone-1 SSA send carrier to 21 SSB. SSA end trips in Zone-1 and SSB trips in Accelerated Zone-2 (Zone-2 time delay is eliminated).
Fault at F2B Zone-1, 2, 3 Pickup at SSB and Zone-2 & 3 pickup at SSA. Zone-1 SSB send carrier to 21 SSA. SSB end trips in Zone-1 and SSA trips in Accelerated Zone-2 (Zone-2 time delay is eliminated).
Fault at F3A Very Close to CT Location. Two Sub-Cases (a) SSA has Too High SC MVA than SSB and (b) SSB has Too High SC MVA than SSA. Further to be discussed.
Fault at F3B Very Close to CT Location.Two Sub-Cases (a) SSA has Too High SC MVA than SSB and (b) SSB has Too High SC MVA than SSA. Further to be discussed.

Scheme-2: POP Over-Reaching Transfer Trip ( Should be adopted for Lines below 50kM. However should be definitely adopted below 15kM )
POP Scheme feature: Pickpup of Zone-2 in a 21 relay sends carrier to other end 21 relay
Fault at F1 Zone-1, 2, 3 Pickup at SSA & SSB. F1 is within Zone-2 of both 21 SSA and 21 SSB. So Zone-2 of 21 SSA and Zone-2 of 21 SSB exchange carriers. But since Zone-1 picked up at both ends,
both ends trip in Zone-1
Fault at F2A Zone-1, 2, 3 Pickup at SSA and Zone-2 & 3 pickup at SSB. So Zone-2 of 21 SSA and Zone-2 of 21 SSB exchange carriers. SSA end trips in Zone-1 and SSB trips in Accelerated Zone-2.
Fault at F2B Zone-1, 2, 3 Pickup at SSB and Zone-2 & 3 pickup at SSA. So Zone-2 of 21 SSA and Zone-2 of 21 SSB exchange carriers. SSB end trips in Zone-1 and SSA trips in Accelerated Zone-2.
Fault at F3A Very Close to CT Location. Two Sub-Cases (a) SSA has Too High SC MVA than SSB and (b) SSB has Too High SC MVA than SSA. Further to be discussed.
Fault at F3B Very Close to CT Location. Two Sub-Cases (a) SSA has Too High SC MVA than SSB and (b) SSB has Too High SC MVA than SSA. Further to be discussed.

Advantages of Scheme-2 (POP) over Scheme-1 (PUP) for Short Lines (between 50kM to 15kM) and Very Short Lines (les than 15kM)
(1) Resolution of calibrating line Line Length on the scale of Measured Impedance is AS SUCH VERY POOR. Extremely vulnarable to Under-reach Over-reach errors depending on various factors.
The resolution becomes still more bad as length of Line decreases. Therefore it is very difficult for a 21 relay to accurately identify the 80% borderline between Zone-1 & Zone-2
(2) POP scheme enables Zone-2 to cover Zone-1 (80% length) as a backup accelerated scheme and beyond 80% upto 100% just as an accelerated scheme (with Zone-2 delay eliminated).
Dis-advantage of Scheme-2 (POP): Errors in Idenfying the 100% impednace mark. The 100% measured impedance may go "actually physically beyond" the CT location in Remote End Substation.

PKRAHA/REV0/16052019