ASSIGNMENT 1

SUBMITTED BY :- Rehman Uz Zaman

SUBMITTED TO :- DR UZAIR GILANI

REGISTRATION NO :- 20JZELE0402
SEMESTER / SEC :-6TH (A)

SUBJECT :- DATA COMMUNICATION

DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UET JALOZAI CAMPUS
Provide a thorough explanation of why a signal
loses energy as it passes through a medium.
Attenuation refers to a signal's energy loss during transmission through a
medium. Absorption, scattering, and reflection are a few of the causes of
attenuation.

1. Absorption: The molecules of a medium have the capacity to absorb signals

as they pass through it. The signal's energy is lost as a result of the
conversion of the signal's energy into other energy types like heat or
vibrations. The frequency of the signal and the characteristics of the media
both affect how much energy is absorbed by the medium.
2. Scattering: When a signal comes into contact with particles or other
medium-sized objects that are smaller than the signal's wavelength,
scattering happens. The signal interacts with these structures, scattering in
various directions as a result. The energy of the signal is lost as a result of
scattering because some of the energy is diverted from the signal's original
route.
3. Reflection: When a signal comes into contact with a border between two
media with dissimilar qualities, such as air and water or two distinct types
of rock, reflection takes place. Although the remaining signal energy
propagates across the medium, some of it is reflected back towards its
source. Angle of incidence, medium characteristics, and signal frequency all
affect how much energy is reflected.

A signal's attenuation can be impacted by additional environmental elements in

addition to these. For instance, the existence of extra scattering and reflection
caused by other objects or structures in the medium, such as buildings or trees,
might further attenuate the signal. While the signal loses energy with each unit of
distance travelled, the length the signal must travel through the medium can also
have an impact on its attenuation.

Overall, a signal's energy loss during transmission across a medium is a

complicated process that depends on a number of variables. These variables
include the characteristics of the media, the signal's frequency, the required
transmission distance, and the presence of other structures or objects in the
medium.

Describe in detail the various ways that

a signal loses energy as it passes
through a medium:-
A key idea in many disciplines, including physics, engineering, and
telecommunications, is the loss of energy a signal experiences when it passes
through a medium. Signals lose energy as they go across a medium for a variety of
reasons, some of which are described below:

1. Wave spreading: A signal disperses over a wider range as it moves through a

medium. As a result, the signal's intensity or power is reduced since the same
quantity of energy is dispersed over a broader region. Wave spreading is a
phenomena that is particularly important for signals that travel over great
distances or in empty space.

2. Attenuation: The loss of signal energy caused by absorption, dispersion, and

reflection is referred to as attenuation. As a signal interacts with a medium,
some of the energy is transformed to other kinds of energy or diverted from its
intended course, resulting in these events. The characteristics of the medium,
the signal's frequency, and the distance it must travel all affect how much
attenuation occurs.
3. Interference: When many signals operate in the same frequency range and
interact with one another, interference results. When this occurs, the signals
may interfere with one another or combine in unanticipated ways, which may
cause the transmission to lose intensity or become distorted. Signals flowing in
the same medium or in distinct media, such as between a radio transmitter
and a receiver, can interfere with one another.
4. Dispersion: The term "dispersion" describes how a signal's various frequencies
disperse as it moves through a medium. The refractive index of the medium—a
measurement of how much the medium slows down the signal's transmission
speed—is what causes this effect. Different frequencies can become separated
from one another because they move at somewhat different speeds, which
causes energy loss or signal distortion.
The term "dispersion" describes how a signal's various frequencies disperse as it
moves through a medium. The refractive index of the medium—a measurement
of how much the medium slows down the signal's transmission speed—is what
causes this effect. Different frequencies can become separated from one another
because they move at somewhat different speeds, which causes energy loss or
signal distortion.