Англійська мова 3 курс 2 семестр PDF

Державний заклад “Київський коледж зв’язку”
Зошит
для робіт з англійської мови
за професійним спрямуванням
студента/студентки групи _________
__________________________________
(прізвище, ім’я, по батькові)
Київ 2016
Заняття 1.
Тема FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPUTER
VOCABULARY
operation
to relate
a broad view
unit
input (n), (v)
to insert
storage memory
available
at the appropriate time
arithmetic-logical unit
output (n), (v)
to remove
control unit
cause (v), (n)
to feed (fed, fed)
to interpret
to issue commands
pulse — no-pulse
Activity 1. Read the text and speak about the main functional units of digital computers
and say what they are used for.
FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS

As we know, all computer operations can be grouped into five functional categories. The method in
which these five functional categories are related to one another represents the functional
organization of a digital computer. By studying the functional organization, a broad view of the
computer is received.
The five major functional units of a digital computer are:
1) Input— to insert outside information into the machine;
2) Storage or memory — to store information and make it available at the appropriate time;
3) Arithmetic-logical unit — to perform the calculations;
4) Output — to remove data from the machine to the outside world;
5) Control unit — to cause all parts of a computer to act as a team.
Figure 5 shows how the five functional units of the computer act together. A complete set of
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instructions and data are usually fed through the input equipment to the memory where they are
stored. Each instruction is then fed to the control unit. The control unit interprets the instructions
and issues commands to the other functional units to cause operations to be performed on the
data. Arithmetic operations are performed in the arithmetic-logical unit, and the results are then
fed back to the memory. Information may be fed from either the arithmetic unit or the memory
through the output equipment to the outside world.
The five units of the computer must communicate with each other. They can do this by means
of a machine language which uses a code composed of combinations of electric pulses. These
pulse combinations are usually represented by zeros and ones, where the one may be a pulse and
the zero — a no-pulse. Numbers are communicated between one unit and another by means of
these one-zero or pulse — no-pulse combinations. The input has the additional job of converting
the information fed in by the operator into machine language. In other words, it translates from
our language into the pulse — no-pulse combinations understandable to the computer. The
output's additional job is converting the pulse — no-pulse combinations into a form un-
derstandable to us, such as a printed report.
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
Activity 2. Give the English equivalents for the following:
Функціональна організація
дії комп'ютера
зв'язувати один з одним
вводити інформацію ззовні
робити інформацію доступною
виконувати обчислення
виводити інформацію
блок управління
видавати команди
примушувати виконувати команди
вихідний пристрій
зовнішній світ
зв'язуватися один зодним
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комбінація електричних імпульсів
“холостий” імпульс
імпульси, розпізнавані комп'ютером
Activity 3. Divide all the words given below into the three groups according to their suffixes
(a noun, an adjective and an adverb) and translate them.
Organization, functional, available, equipment, processor, completely, architectural, converter,
convertible, controller, removable, logical, addition, additional, usually, accomplishment,
operator, operation, mainly, communication, insertion, electronic, digital, instruction, generally,
arithmetic, daily, development, central, lately, visible, substitution, understandable.
Activity 4. Translate the word-combinations with the given words.

Computer, analog computer; digital computer; hybrid computer; all-purpose computer;
general-purpose computer; fifth-generation computer; game computer; handheld computer;
mobile computer; multimedia computer; notebook computer; pocket computer; portable
computer.
Unit: unit of memory; unit of data; unit of measurement; arithmetic unit; arithmetic-logical
unit; central processing unit; computing unit; control unit; functional unit; input unit; output unit;
network unit; system unit.
Function: arithmetic function; checking function; complex function; computer function;

continuous function; conversion function; distribution function; encoding function; logical func-
tion; numeric function; output function; program function; search function; software function;
support function; utility function; variable function.
Control: access control; batch control; coding control; distance / remote control; error control;
execution control; hardware control; input/output control; memory control; power control;
production control; program control; rate control; self-acting control; software control; system
control.
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Activity 5. Give the comparative and the superlative degrees of the following adjectives.
A. Small; fast; new; long; late; wide; young; easy; great; dull; rich; bulky; large; vast; early; old;
broad.
B. Frequent; reliable; approximate; significant; intricate; possible; basic; remarkable; common;
modern; dependent; general; necessary; successful; scientific; universal.
С. Good; bad; little; many.
Activity 6. Look through the text again and answer the questions using the text.
1. What represents the functional organization of a computer?
2. What can we get by studying the functional organization?
3. What is the function of the input device?
4. What does memory serve for?
5. What is the task of the arithmetic-logical unit?
6. What is the function of the output?
7. What is the main purpose of the control unit?
8. How do all units of the computer communicate with each other?
9. What is the additional job of the input?
10. What is the additional function of the output?
CONVERSATIONAL EXERCISE
 Speak about the main functional units of digital computers and say what they are used
for.
STUDY THE FOLLOWING
As a rule the infinitive is used with the particle to. If two infinitives are connected by the
conjunctions and or or, the particle to is placed only before the first infinitive.
At the end of the sentence the particle to is sometimes used without the infinitive if the
infinitive is understood from the context.
Why didn't you come? You promised to.Чому ви не прийшли? Ви ж обіцяли.
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The infinitive without «to»
We use an infinitive without «to»:
1. After can, could, may, might, must, needn't, shall, should, will, and would
We could go to a night club. I must speak to the manager.
It might rain later.
Sarah will be away for three days.
2. After had better and would rather
It's cold. You'd better wear a coat.
I'd rather listen to Elvis than the Beatles.
3. After make + object and let + object
That programme was funny. It really made me laugh.
Trevor will be here at five. His boss is going to let him leave work early.
4. After see or hear + an object
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
They saw the lights come on. We all heard the bomb go off.
Activity 7. Fill in the blanks with the particle «to» where necessary.
1. She watched him _____open the door.

2. The job will enable him _____have a home of his own.
3. I tried to make him _____ see a doctor.
4. Women always want you _____write them letters.
5. I'd love you _____see my little daughter.
6. You can't make me _____say what you want me _____ say.
7. She begged him not _____be disappointed.
8. Don't let it _____ trouble you.
9. She watched him _____ open the safe and_____ hide behind the curtains.
10. You could hear a pin _____ drop.
11. She begged me to let her _____ know when Mother would be back.
Activity 8. Complete each sentence using what/how/whether + one of these verbs:
do get go ride say use
1. Do you know how to get to John's house?
2. Can you show me _______________________________ this washing machine?
3. Would you know __________________________ if there was a fire in the building?
4. You'll never forget ________________________ a bicycle once you have learned.
5. I was really astonished. I didn't know____________________________________.
6. I've been invited to the party but I don't know ____________________________ or not.
Activity 9. Comment on these situations. Join each pair of sentences using a to-infinitive.
Mike will give you a lift. He promised. You: Mike promised to give me a lift.
1. You are having a rest. It's nice.

You: It's___________________________________________________________
2. Will Rita speak to Nick? He wants her to.
Nick______________________________________________________________
3. Daniel can't repair the video. He doesn't know how to.
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_________________________________________________________________
4. Claire and her sister are going to Bali. They have decided.
_________________________________________________________________
5. Melanie is visiting David. She has gone to the hospital.
_________________________________________________________________
6. Vicky is doing some studying. Unfortunately she has to.
_________________________________________________________________
7. Sarah must ring the office. It's important.
_________________________________________________________________
Activity 10. Put in the missing verbs. Usually more than one answer is correct.
I've been repairing the car. I really must wash my hands.
1. What's in the letter? Why won't you let me ___________________ it?

2. Did you see that lovely old car _____________________ past a moment ago?
3. It was a terribly sad story. It made me______________________.
4. I don't want to do anything energetic. I'd rather___________________ on the beach.
5. It's very cold. I think it might____________________ for the first time this winter.
6. I keep getting this pain in my leg. I think I'd better ____________________ a doctor.
Activity 11. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second.

2. To make computers more reliable transistors were used.
3. They were applied to reduce computational time.
4. To integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be
reduced in size.
5. To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built.
6. Analytical engine was invented to store data.
Home task: ______________________________________________________________________
Заняття 2.
Тема FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPUTER
VOCABULARY
large-scale
flip-flop
circuit
7
employ [im'ploi]
logic gates
feasible
interpret orders
operate switches
convey
in response to
correct operand
original input data
proceed
room
Activity 1. Read the text and say what additional information about the main devices ofa
digital computer you found.
SOME FEATURES OF A DIGITAL COMPUTER
It should be noticed that even in a large-scale digital system, such as in a computer, or in a data-
processing, control or digital-communication system, there are only a few basic operations which
must be performed. These operations may be operated many times. The four circuits most
commonly employed in such systems are known as the OR, AND, NOT and FLIP-FLOP. They are
called logic gates or circuits.
An electronic digital computer is a system which processes and stores very large amount of data
and which solves scientific problems of numerical computations of such complexity and with such
speed that solution by human calculation is not feasible. So the computer as a system can perform
numerical computations and follow instructions with extreme speed but it cannot program itself.
We know that the numbers and the instructions which form the program, the computer is to
follow, are stored in an essential part of the computer called the memory. The second important
unit of the computer is the control whose function is to interpret orders. The control must
convert the command into an appropriate set of voltages to operate switches and carry out the
instructions conveyed by the order. The third basic element of a computer is the arithmetic device,
which contains the circuits performing the arithmetic computations: addition, subtraction, etc. The
control and arithmetic components are called the central processor. Finally a computer requires
appropriate input-output devices for inserting numbers and orders into the memory and for
reading the final result.
Suppose a command to perform an addition or division has been transmitted to the central
processor. In response to this order the control must select the correct operands from the
memory, transmit them to the arithmetic unit and return to the memory the result of the
computation. The memory serves for storing not only the original input data, but also the partial
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results which will have to be used again as the computation proceeds.
Lastly, if the computation doesn't stop with the execution of this instruction and the storage of
the partial result, the control unit must automatically pass on to the next instruction. The
connection of the control unit back to the input permits insertion of more data when there is
room in the memory.

Великомасштабна цифрова система _________________________________________________
система обробки даних____________________________________________________________
система цифрового зв'язку _________________________________________________________
найбільш широко поширені схеми __________________________________________________
логічні схеми ____________________________________________________________________
вирішувати наукові проблеми ______________________________________________________
виконувати числові обчислення ____________________________________________________
інтерпретувати команди ___________________________________________________________
приводити в дію перемикачі _______________________________________________________
виконувати команди ______________________________________________________________
потребувати (вимагати) необхідного облаштування введення-виведення__________________
________________________________________________________________________________
введення чисел і команд __________________________________________________________
прочитування кінцевих результатів _________________________________________________
передавати команду в центральний процесор ________________________________________
у відповідь нa ___________________________________________________________________
зберігання часткових результатів ___________________________________________________
дозволити введення нових даних ___________________________________________________
вільне місце в пам'яті _____________________________________________________________
Activity 3. Arrange the following words in pairs according to the similar meanings (synonyms).
Verbs: relate, employ, insert, perform, remove, operate, show, interpret, select, issue, use,
receive, perform, cause, print, make, compute, connect, execute, take away, require, act,
convert, carry out, demand, permit, demonstrate, choose, transmit, type, store, get, calculate,
proceed, continue, keep, allow.
Nouns: response, unit, component, computation, storage, gate, amount, digit, element,
memory, instruction, device, equipment, connection, circuit, order, command, information,
relation, quantity, answer, calculation, number, data.
Adjectives: broad, complete, each, appropriate, every, basic, essential, digital, original, full,
wide, initial, major, large, numerical, common, necessary, usual, important, general, great.
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Activity 4. Match the terms with the definitions.
1. Functional organization a) processes and stores large amount of data and solves
of a computer problems of numerical computations;
2. Input b) circuits used in large-scale digital systems;
3. Memory c) method of interrelation of the main units of a computer;
4. Control unit d) removing data from the device to the outside world;
5. Output e) inserting information into the computer;
6. Arithmetic unit f) a code of combinations of electric pulses;
7. Machine language g) performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc;
8. Logic gates h) stores original data as well as partial results;
9. Digital computer i) causes all parts of the computer to act as a team.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. What are the most commonly used circuits in any computer?
2. How are they called?
3. What kind of a system is a digital computer?
4. Is there anything that a computer cannot do itself? What is it?
5. Where are the instructions and digits stored?
6. What is the function of the control?
7. What does the arithmetic device serve for?
8. What components form the central processor?
9. What other devices in addition to the above-mentioned ones does a computer require?
10. How are computations performed in a computer?
CONVERSATIONAL EXERCISES
 Speak about the computer system organization using the diagram (Fig. 8).
 Say what additional information about the main devices of a digital computer you found.
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Анотація (annotation) (від лат. annotatio — примітка) — коротка характеристика
друкованого чи рукописного тексту.
Анотації за своїм змістом та кінцевим призначенням можуть бути:

 _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________;
 _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.
За обсягом анотації поділяються на:

 _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________;
 _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.
В анотації вказують лише суттєві ознаки змісту статті, тобто такі, що дають змогу
виявити його новизну та практичне значення, вирізнити його серед інших, близьких за
тематикою та призначенням.
При написанні анотації не варто переказувати зміст статті (висновки, рекомендації,
фактичний матеріал). Слід звести до мінімуму використання складних зворотів, особових та
вказівних займенників. Обсяг анотації не повинен перевищувати 600 друкованих знаків.
Анотація містить:
• ________________________________________________________________________;
• ________________________________________________________________________;
• ________________________________________________________________________;
• ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Резюме (abstract, summary) — короткий виклад найважливіших фактів (питань, проблем,

досліджень), які обговорюються у статті, засоби їх вирішення (реалізації), результати
досліджень, підсумки, зроблені на базі цих досліджень, і рекомендації щодо застосування
того чи іншого методу (одержаних даних тощо).
Як правило, термін “abstract” застосовується, коли резюме подається до статті, а термін
“summary” — коли резюме подається після статті.
Використовують такі фрази:
 The text / article under review ... (gives us a sort of information about...)
 The article deals with the problem ...
 The subject of the text is...
 At the beginning (of the text) the author describes... (dwells on ...; explains...; touches upon...;
analyses...; comments ...; characterizes ...; underlines ...; reveals...; gives account of...)
 The article begins with the description of..,, a review of..., the analysis of...
• The article opens with ...
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 Then (after that, further on, next) the author passes on to ...,
• gives a detailed (thorough) analysis (description), goes on to say that ...
 To finish with, the author describes ...

• At the end of the article the author draws the conclusion that ...;
• the author sums it all up (by saying...)
• In conclusion the author...
WRITING
Activity 6. Make up a short summary of the text.

Text 1.
Logical circuit elements
As it is known, any digital calculation — whether it is performed by 'pencil and paper'
methods or with the aid of an automatic computer— must first be broken down into a se-
quence of elementary arithmetical operations, such as addition, or multiplication. Each such
arithmetical operation may be converted into a sequence of simple logical operations. It
should be noted that a binary digit may take only two values — "zero" and "one". A logical
proposition may be either true or false.
A symbolism and a set of rules suitable for manipulating 'yes or no' logical propositions was
developed by George Boole, a self-educated genius who became Professor of Mathematics at
Cork University in the middle of the 19lh century. The techniques of Boolean algebra are now
extensively used by electrical engineers for the design and analysis of switching circuits. Both
the arithmetic and control units of a computer consist of sets of switching circuits for directing
and manipulating electrical pulse signals.
The process of combining a number of electronic circuits of known logical properties into an
integrated system capable of performing special arithmetical or control functions is known as
logical design.
Text 2.
The definition of mechanical brain
Let's imagine a railroad line with four stations marked input, storage, computer and output.
These stations are joined by little gates or switches to the main railroad line. We can imagine that
numbers and other information move along this railroad line, loaded (погруженные) in cars.
Input and output are stations where numbers or other information go in and come out
respectively. Storage is a station where there are many platforms and where information can be
stored. The computer is a special station, somewhat like a factory. When two numbers are loaded
on platforms 1 and 2 of this station and the command is loaded on platform 3, then another
number is produced on platform 4.
There is a tower, marked control. This tower runs a telegraph line to each of its little watchmen
standing by the gates. The tower tells them when to open and when to shut which gates. Now
we can see that as soon as the right gates are shut, cars loaded with information can move
between stations. So by closing the right gates, we can flash (отражать) numbers and information
through the system and perform operations of reasoning. Thus we receive a mechanical brain.
In general, a mechanical brain is made up of: a quantity of registers where information can be
stored; channels along which information can be sent; mechanisms that carry out arithmetic and
logical operations; a control, which guides the machine to perform a sequence of operations;
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input and output devices, where information can go into and out of the machine; and at last
electricity, which provides energy.
 Translate the texts in a written form.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Activity 7. Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be
there. If the sentence is incorrect, cross out the unnecessary word and write it in the space.
? I'm used to driving in heavy traffic every day. -
? Although of feeling tired, Polly didn't want to go to bed. of
1. It's important for to sign the form.
2. Peter broke his arm in playing rugby.
3. A woman accused Martin of stealing her money.
4. I wasn't sure whether to write a letter of thanks.
5. Do you remember a young man bumping into you?
6. The girl's parents wouldn't let her to stay out so late.
7. The book is too difficult enough for children to understand
8. Police found the woman for lying dead on the floor.
9. Cars are always expensive to repair them.
10. The man died as a result of falling asleep while driving.
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Word order with too and enough
 Too ________________________________________________
Claire doesn't want to marry Henry. She thinks he's too old.
Zedco are in trouble. The company reacted too slowly to the rise in
prices.
 Enough ______________________________________________
The water isn't hot enough. It needs to be boiling
NOT enough hot
You didn't put the screws in tightly enough
NOT enough tightly
 ___________________________________________________________
No wonder you're tired. You've been going to too many parties.
Andrew spends too much time working.
There'll be fifteen people for coffee. Have we got enough cups?
Everything is so expensive. Did you bring enough money?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Compare these examples with enough.

After an adjective: The coffee isn't strong enough.
Before a noun: You didn't put enough coffee in.
We leave out the noun if the meaning is clear without it.

Just add a little water. Not too much.
We'll need fifteen cups. Have we got enough?
Other structures with too and enough
 ______________________________________________________
These puzzles are too difficult for children. This coat isn't warm
enough for winter.
Have we got enough cups for everyone?
 __________________________________________________________
It's too dangerous to walk home at this time of night.
There are too many museums here to visit in a single day.
Are you fit enough to run a marathon?
I couldn't get close enough to see properly.
Vicky didn't bring enough money to buy two CDs.
Activity 8. Look at what people are saying and complete the sentences. Use too, too many, too
much or enough withthese words:
clearly, complicated, difficult, expensive, food, hastily, mistakes, rain, sweet, traffic
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? You should have stopped to think first. You acted too hastily.
? This quiz is rather easy. The questions aren't difficult enough.
1. Can I have some more sugar in my coffee, please? It isn't ___________________________
2. I can't afford a new stereo. It would be __________________________________________
3. There's a water shortage. There just hasn't been___________________________________
4. I can't read your writing. You don't write_________________________________________
5. Try to be more careful, please. You're making_____________________________________
6. The roads are very crowded. There's simply_______________________________________
7. I can't understand these instructions. They're_____________________________________
8. Thousands of people are starving because they can't get____________________________
Activity 9. Comment on the situations. Use too or enough and a phrase with for or a to-infinitive.
? A taxi would have been best. But you didn't have the money.
I didn't have enough money for a taxi.
? Sarah can't take a day off. She's very busy.
Sarah is too busy to take a day off.
1. A picnic would be nice. But it's wet.
_____________________________________________________
2. All your guests will need chairs. But you haven't got very many.
_____________________________________________________
3. You couldn't carry the equipment. You had such a lot.
______________________________________________________
4. Natasha wants to be a professional musician. You think she's very good.
______________________________________________________
Home task: ______________________________________________________________________
Заняття 3.
Тема STORAGE
VOCABULARY
primary / secondary storage
main storage
internal storage
sequence
intermediate results
ongoing process
similarity
to retain
to locate
value
binary digit
adjacent
strings of character
consecutive
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Activity 1. Read and translate the text.
STORAGE UNITS
Computer system architecture is organized around the primary storage unit because all data
and instructions used by the computer system must pass through primary storage. Our discussion
of computer system units will begin with the functions of the primary and secondary storage
units. This leads to the examination of the central processing unit and from there to the
consideration of the input and output units. Therefore, the sequence in which we'll describe the
functional units of a digital computer is:
1) storage units, primary and secondary; ____________________________________________
2) central processing unit; ___________________________________________
3) input and output units. ___________________________________________
As you know, there are primary and secondary storage units. Both contain data and the
instructions for processing the data. Data as well as instructions must flow into and out of primary
storage.
Primary storage is also called main storage or internal storage. The specific functions of internal
storage are to hold (store):
1) all data to be processed;
2) intermediate results of processing;
3) final results of processing;
4) all the instructions required for ongoing process.
Another name for primary storage is memory, because of its similarity to a function of the
human brain. However, computer storage differs from human memory in important respects.
Computer memory must be able to retain very large numbers of symbol combinations, without
forgetting or changing any details. It must be able to locate all its contents quickly upon
demand. The combinations of characters, that is, the letters, numbers, and special symbols by
which we usually communicate, are coded. The codes used by computer designers are based
upon a number system that has only two possible values, 0 and 1. A number system with only
two digits, 0 and 1, is called a binary number system. Each binary digit is called a bit, from Binary
digiT. As the information capacity of a single bit is limited to 2 alternatives, codes used by
computer designers are based upon combinations of bits. These combinations are called binary
codes. The most common binary codes are 8-bit codes because an 8-bit code provides for 2/8,
or 256 unique combinations of l's ans O's, and this is more than adequate to represent all of the
characters by which we communicate.
Data in the form of coded characters are stored in adjacent storage locations in main memory
in two principal ways:
1) as "strings" of characters — in bytes; and
2) within fixed-size "boxes" — in words.
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A fixed number of consecutive bits that represent a character is called a byte. The most
common byte size is 8-bit byte. Words are usually 1 or more bytes in length.
Secondary storage. Primary storage is expensive because each bit is represented by a high-speed
device, such as a semiconductor. A million bytes (that is, 8 million bits) is a large amount of primary
storage. Often it is necessary to store many millions, sometimes billions, of bytes of data.
Therefore slower, less expensive storage units are available for computer systems. These units are
called secondary storage. Data are stored in them in the same binary codes as in main storage
and are made available to main storage as needed.
Storage: available storage; buffer storage; computer storage; data storage; magnetic disk
storage; magnetic tape storage; input storage; intermediate storage; internal storage; laser storage;
main storage; primary storage; secondary storage; sequential-access storage; variable storage;
virtual storage.
Value: absolute value; acceptable value; additional value; binary value; byte value; character
value; constant value; correct value; data value; digit value; discrete values; invalid value; negative
value; numerical value; output value; valid value.
Digit: binary digit; binary-coded digit; check digit; information digit; input digit; non-significant
digit; significant digit; digit-by-digit.
Sequence: out of sequence; alphabetic sequence; arithmetic sequence; binary sequence; character
sequence; code sequence; instruction sequence; data sequence; digital sequence; historical se-
quence; increasing sequence; program sequence; string sequence.
Activity 3. Find in the text the words similar in the meaning with the following words.
17
Memory; element; information; command; examination; character; quantity; number; place;
computer architect; likeness.
To apply; to form; to move; to hold; to demand; to connect; to supply; to place; to name; to
start; to examine.
Continuous; significant; consecutive; usual; enough; main; initial; general.
Activity 4. Translate the phrases using the text.

1. Функціональний блок
2. Пристрій вводу
3. Пристрій управління
4. Арифметико-логічний пристрій
5. Структура комп’ютерної системи
6. Первинний запам’ятовуючий пристрій (ЗП)
7. Внутрішня пам’ять
8. Проміжні результати
9. Система обчислення
10. Двійкова система числення
11. Можливі величини
12. Суміжні комірки пам’яті
 Say what the storage unit is. Speak about the main types of storage units and their functions.
The Subject
it is (was, will be, would be) hard (easy, good, bad, important, impossible, not) for
smb to do smth (for smb to be doing smth, for smth to be done):
1. It is not for me to say so.______________________________________________________
2. It is unusual for a woman to be seen smoking. _______________________________________
3. It's silly for you to be asking me questions. __________________________________________
4. It is best for her to go back home._________________________________________________
5. It's easier for me to go out and buy a new multifunction device._________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exception
It is (was, will be) nice (kind, sensible, silly, stupid, actless) of smb to do smth:
1. It is very nice of you to go there.____________________________________________________

2. It was silly of you to ask those questions. ___________________________________________
3. It's nice of you to say so. _______________________________________________________
The Object
1. to long (to wait, to arrange, to mean, to be anxious) for smb to do smth:
18
1. I have arranged for you to have a private room.
________________________________________
2. I’m anxious for you to succeed.___________________________________________________
3. He did not mean for you to stay here.______________________________________________
2. to make (to think, to believe) it difficult (easy, necessary,

important, best) for smb to do smth:
1. Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell you the truth.
Йому було тяжко сказати тобі правду через ваше відношення.
2. He thinks it best for you to stay there.На його думку, вам краще залишатися там.
The Attribute
1. smb (anyone, nothing) for smb to do smth.
1. There is nothing else for me to say. Мені більше немає що сказати.

2. There is no one for the children to play with. Дітям немає з ким гратися.
2. man ( thing, time, place) for smb to do smth.
1. It was the only thing for me to do._______________________________________________

2. It is not the right time for us to speak about it. ______________________________________
Activity 5. Use for-phrases.

Model: He must be there in time. It's important.
It's important for us to be there in time.
1. You'll speak English with her. It'll do you good.
2. She is very late. It's rather unusual.
3. Don't make mistakes. It's important.
4. He explained everything. It was not difficult.
5. You ought to take a holiday now. It won't be difficult.
Activity 6. Complete the following sentences adding for-phrases to them.

Model: It should be better (you. to wear a coat).
It would be better for you to wear a coat.
1. It's not (you; to explain such things to him).
2. It's very important (children; to eat plenty of vegetables).
3. It'll be best (she; to see a doctor).
4. It might be just possible (you; to make him sign; the papers today).
5. It would be stupid (I; to pretend that I'm hungry).
19
6. It's very bad (growing boys; to smoke).
Activity 7. Translate into English.
1. З його сторони було нетактовно запізнюватися.

2. У нас дуже мало часу, щоб я міг Вам все розповісти.
3. Не тобі його критикувати.
4. На неї не схоже робити такі помилки.
5. З її сторони було безглуздо сперечатися.
6. Чому їй так хочеться, щоб ви виступили на конференції з телекомунікацій?
7. Вам буде цікаво прочитати цю книгу.
8. Головне - це, щоб Ви все зрозуміли.
Activity 8.The second person agrees with what the first one says. Use for and a to-infinitive.
Daniel: Andrew should take it easy. That would be best.

Matthew: Yes, you're right. It would be best for him to take it easy.
1. Trevor: Our new computer should arrive soon. I just can't wait.
Laura: Me neither. I______________________________________________________
2. Rachel: Matthew shouldn't marry Emma. It would be a mistake.
Vicky: I think so too.______________________________________________________
3. Customer: Advertisements should tell the truth. It's important.
Mark: I agree. __________________________________________________________.
Activity 9. Add a sentence with too or enough and: difficult, funny, heavy, high, hot, loud
? Mike and Harriet couldn't lift the piano. It was too heavy for them to lift.
? Tom won't repeat the joke. It isn't funny enough for him to repeat.
1. Emma can't reach the top shelf________________________________________________
2. We can't understand the poem________________________________________________
3. Not everyone could hear the music_____________________________________________
4. The tea had got cold. Daniel couldn't drink it______________________________________
Home task: _______________________________________________________________________
20
Заняття 4.
Тема STORAGE. Неособові форми дієслова. Герундій
VOCABULARY
medium (pl. media)

capacity
media capacity
data access time
per bit
to transfer
archival storage
to depend
to rotate
reason (n), (v)
solid-state device
magnetic core
bipolar semiconductor
metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)
randomly
random-access memory (RAM)
sound recording
to arrange
tape device
to range
magnetic disc storage
moving-head device
predominant
flexible
floppy (disk)
to meet the demands
STORAGE DEVICES
Storage media are classified as primary storage or secondary storage on the basis of
combinations of cost, capacity, and access time. The cost of storage devices is expressed as the
cost per bit of data stored. The most common units of cost are cents, millicents (0.001 cents) and
microcents (0.000001 cents). The time required for the computer to locate and transfer data to and
from a storage medium is called the access time for that medium. Capacities range from a few
hundred bytes of primary storage for very small computers to many billions of bytes of archival
storage for very large computer systems.
Memories may be classified as electronic or electromechanical. Electronic memories have no
moving mechanical parts, and data can be transferred into and out of them at very high speeds.
21
Electromechanical memories depend upon moving mechanical parts for their operation, such as
mechanisms for rotating magnetic tapes and disks. Their data access time is longer than is that of
electronic memories; however they cost less per bit stored and have larger capacities for data storage.
For these reasons most computer systems use electronic memory for primary storage and
electromechanical memory for secondary storage.
Primary storage has the least capacity and is the most expensive; however, it has the fastest
access time. The principal primary storage circuit elements are solid-state devices: magnetic cores
and semiconductors. For many years magnetic cores were the principal elements used in digital
computers for primary storage. The two principal types of semiconductors used for memory are
bipolar and metal-oxide semiconductors (MOS). The former is faster, the latter is more
commonly used at present. Because data can be accessed randomly, semiconductor memories
are referred to as random-access memory, or RAM.
There is a wide range of secondary storage devices. Magnetic tapes, disks, and drums are the
secondary storage hardware most often used in computer systems for sequential processing.

Запам’ятовуючий пристрій _______________________________________________________
носії пам'яті _____________________________________________________________________
первинні ЗП______________________________________________________________________
вторинні ЗП _____________________________________________________________________
час доступу ______________________________________________________________________
вартість ЗП ______________________________________________________________________
діапазон місткості пам'яті __________________________________________________________
архівна пам'ять __________________________________________________________________
механічні частини, що рухаються ____________________________________________________
магнітні стрічки, що обертаються, і диски ____________________________________________
з цих причин_____________________________________________________________________
твердотілі пристрої _______________________________________________________________
магнітні сердечники ______________________________________________________________
напівпровідники _________________________________________________________________
оперативний ЗП__________________________________________________________________
апаратне забезпечення вторинної пам'яті ____________________________________________
1. How are storage media classified?
2. What is the access time for storage media?
3. How does the storage capacity range?
4. What are the two main types of storage devices?
5. What are electronic storage devices?
6. What are the principal primary storage circuit elements?
7. What are the main secondary storage devices?
 Describe the diagram.
22
 Say what you mean by “storage media” and how storage media are classified.
What components do storage media consist of?
WRITING
Activity 4. Make up a short summary of the text.
DIGITAL COMPUTER OPERATION

Text 1. A digital computer is a machine capable of performing operations on data represented
in digital or number form. The individual operations performed by a digital computer are very
simple arithmetic or logical processes involving the manipulation of the bits in words or characters
of information. The great power of any digital computer rests in the ability to store large volumes
of data and to perform these operations at extremely high speed.
In most electronic digital computers the method of number representation is based on the
system of binary notation. The binary notation system is most widely used because of the con-
venience in constructing logical circuits and storage devices capable of handling data in this form.
For example, a magnetic memory unit consists of many thousand individual magnetic cells, each
of which can be energized in either of two ways to represent the binary digits 0 or 1. If these cells
are grouped to form words or binary coded characters, information can be stored for
processing in units of specified size. In the same way, digital data can be recorded as a series of
magnetized spots on a magnetic tape or a magnetic disk.
Text 2. The computer has pervaded most fields of human activity and is the most important
innovation of our age. Born out of the technology of communication, it is capable of handling
enormous amounts of information at tremendous speeds. What makes it so potent is the fact that
a single mechanism can perform any information-processing task. The same mechanism can
control industrial processes, guide space vehicles or help to teach children. This diversity of tasks is
made possible by the simple idea of the stored program.
A program is the enumeration of determining commands. It specifies the method used for the
solution of a problem in detail. When the machine is in operation, both the commands and the
numbers to be processed are constantly being taken out of and put into a depository of
information known as a memory.
It can be seen that the processes performed by a digital computer are essentially simple. These
operations can be performed at extremely high speeds and with a high degree of coordination
23
between the different functional units of the hardware system, and this ability means that digital
computers can undertake highly complex tasks.
STUDY THE FOLLOWING
24
ДІЄСЛІВНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ
ГЕРУНДІЯ
а) Герундій перехідних дієслів вживається з прямим додатком:

I like reading books.Я люблю читати книжки.
She began preparing food.Вона почала готувати їжу.
б) Герундій може мати означення, виражене прислівником :

They continued listening attentively. Вони продовжували уважно слухати.
Аctive Passive
Indefinite writing being written
Perfect having written having been written
Неозначена форма герундія вживається:
а) для вираження дії,одночасної з б) для вираження дії. безвідносно

дією, вираженою дієсловом- доякогосьпевногочасу:
присудком речення: Seeingis believing.
He sat without turning his head. Бачити — значить вірити.
Він сидів, необертаючись. Additionisthe process of finding the
She is interested in collecting stamps. sum of two or more than two numbers.
Вона цікавиться колекціонуванням Додавання — це
марок. процесзнаходження суми двохабо
більш ніж двох чисел.
в) після дієслів to intend мати г) для вираження дії, що передує дії,

намір, to suggest пропонувати, to вираженій дієсловом-присудком,
insist наполягати та деяких інших зокрема після дієслів to thank
Indefinite Gerund виражає майбутню дякувати; to forget забувати; to
дію по відношенню до дії, вираженої remember пам'ятати, пригадувати;
дієсловом-присудком: to excuse пробачати; to apologize
He had intended writing him. просити пробачення та ін., а також
Він мав намір написати йому. після прийменників on і after:
He insisted on telling her how it Thank you for helping me.
happened. I don’t remember seeing either of them.
On receiving the telegram we went to
the station to meet our friends.
25
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Activity 5.Translate into Ukrainian.

1. Repairing cars is his business.
2. It goes without saying.
3. Iron is found by digging in the earth.
4. There are two ways of getting sugar: one from beet and the other from sugarcane.
5. Have you finished writing?
Activity 6. Complete each sentence with one of these verbs.

answer apply be be listen make see try use wash work write
1. He tried to avoid answering my question.

2. Could you please stop so much noise?
3. I enjoy to music.
4. I considered for the job but in the end I decided against it.
5. Have you finished your hair yet?
6. If you walk into the road without looking, you risk ______________knocked down.
7. Jim is 65 but he isn't going to retire yet. He wants to carry on ___________.
8. I don't mind you the phone as long as you pay for all your calls.
9. Hello! Fancy you here! What a surprise!
10. I've put off the letter so many times. I really must do it today.
11. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody _________________so stupid?
12. Sarah gave up to find a job in this country and decided to go abroad.
Activity 7. Some friends have had a meal together in a restaurant. Put in the ing-forms.
Use these verbs: change, discuss, eat, get, miss, ring, try, wait, walk
Vicky: Shall we go then?

Rachel: Daniel hasn't finished (►) eating yet.
Daniel: It's OK. It's just a piece of chocolate.
Matthew: Chocolate? After that enormous meal?
Daniel: I know. I've eaten too much. When I find something new on the menu,
I just can't resist (1) _________________ it.
Rachel: How are we getting home?
Vicky: I don't mind (2) _____________________.I feel like some fresh air.
Rachel: You're crazy. It's miles. And we've just eaten.
Matthew: I suggest (3)____________ for a taxi. It'll save (4)__________________around for a bus.
Emma: Good idea. I couldn't face (5)____________ cold again after being in the warm all evening.
Rachel: Yes, the bus journey is too complicated. It involves (6)_____________ buses in the centre.
We don't want to risk (7)__________________ a bus and having to wait half an hour.
26
Daniel: Or we could take a taxi to the bus station and then get a bus from there.
Matthew: Well, you can carry on (8)___________ the problem, but I'm going to ring for a taxi.
Activity 8. Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the first sentence. Use -ing.
1. I can do what I want and you can't stop me. You can’t stop me doing what I want.
2. It's not a good idea to travel during the rush hour.
It's better to avoid _____________________________________________________.
3. Shall we go away tomorrow instead of today?
Shall we postpone ________________________________ until______________________?
4. The driver of the car said it was true that he didn't have a licence.
The driver of the car admitted ____________________________________________.
5. Could you turn the radio down, please?
Would you mind____________________________________________________________?
6. Please don't interrupt me all the time.
Would you mind____________________________________________________________?
Hometask: _______________________________________________________________________
Заняття 5.
Тема STORAGE – MAGNETIC STORAGE, OPTICAL STORAGE, REMOVABLE FLASH MEMORY
A. Magnetic storage
Magnetic devices store data magnetically. A disk drive spins the disk at high speed and reads its
data or writes new data onto it.
■ A floppy disk drive uses 3.5 inch diskettes which can only hold 1.44 MB of data; it’s often
called A: drive and is relatively slow.
■ Most PCs have one internal hard disk, usually called C: drive, which can hold several
gigabytes of data. It’s used to keep the operating system, the programs and the
user’s files easily available for use.
When you format a disk, or prepare it for use, its surface is divided into concentric
circles called tracks. Each track is further divided into a number of sectors. The
computer remembers where information is stored by noting the track and sector
numbers in a directory.
The average time required for the read/write heads to move and find data is called access
time; it is measured in milliseconds (ms). Don’t confuse access time’ with ‘transfer rate’, the
rate of transmission of data from the disk to the CPU (e.g. 15 megabytes per second).
■ A portable hard drive is an external unit with the drive mechanism and the media all in one
sealed case. You can use it to make a backup, a, spare copy of your files, or to transport
data between computers.
B. Optical storage
Optical drives use a laser to read and write data, so they are not affected by magnetic fields; but
27
they are slower than hard drives. Modern DVD recorders accept all CD and DVD formats.
Portable DVD players let

CDs (compact discs) can store DVDs (digital versatile discs) are
you watch movies or TV,
up to 650-700 MB of data. similar in size to CDs (both are
play games and listen to
 CD-ROMs (read only memory) 1.2 mm thick), but they differ in
music, wherever you arc.
are 'read-only' units, so you structure and capacity. DVDs
They usually run on
cannot change data stored on have more tracks and more pits
batteries, have a
tViem (e.g. a dictionary or a (tiny holes) per track, and can
widescreen (rectangular
game). store from 4.7 G8 to 17 GB of
16:9 format) LCD and
 CD-R (recordable) discs are data, movies, high-definition
support multi-format
write-once devices which let sound, etc., so they will
playback, allowing you
you duplicate CDs. probably replace CDs. DVD
access to many file
 CD-RW (rewritable) discs formats include:
formats including DVD
enable you to write onto them  DVD-ROM (read-only memory)
video, JPEG pictures, MP3
in multiple sessions, like a hard  DVD-R or DVD+R (recordable
music, etc. They have two
disk. only once)
built-in stereo speakers, or
 DVD-RW or DVD+RW
headphones if you don’t
(rewritable, so it can be erased
want to disturb other
and reused many times)
people.
C. Removable flash memory

Flash memory is solid-state, rewritable memory; it is non-volatile, so it retains data when the
power is turned off. This explains its popularity in small devices.
■ Flash memory cards such as CompactFlash or Secure Digital are found in cameras, PDAs and
music players.
■ Flash drives, also known as thumb or pen drives, are connected to a USB port of the
computer. They let you save and transfer data easily.
Activity 2. Read A and choose a term from this word web to complete the sentences below.
access time
hard disk floppy disk
drive
transfer Magnetic storage

portable hard drive
rate
backup sectors tracks
1. The first rule of data storage is to make a__________________of all important files.
2. A _______________________is slower than a hard drive and can only hold 1.44 MB disks.
3. The ____________________inside your PC is made of aluminium alloy covered with a magnetic
coating. This makes the disk itself a rigid plate, hence its name.
4. The ______________________are circles around a disk and the_______________________are
segments within each circle.
28
5. This hard drive is a 60 GB IBM model with a fast_____________________of 8 ms.
6. The_______________________is the rate of transmission of data from the disk to the CPU.
This is usually described in megabytes per second.
7. Apple’s iPod music player can double as a ________________________for transporting
computer data.
Activity 3. Look at the previous page and find:

1 the CD and DVD formats that can be rewritten many times
2 the CD and DVD formats that can be written to by the user only once
3 the CD and DVD formats that can be read by a computer but not written to
4 the type of cards used in digital cameras
5 a type of drive that plugs into a USB port and lets you share photos and music with friends
6 the memory without moving parts; it is erasable, non-volatile and used in small devices.
7 the expression that means to ‘initialize a disk and prepare it to receive data’
Activity 4. Complete this product description with words from B.

The Panasonic DVD-LS91 is a top-of-the-range (1)________________________
_____________________________________, which provides pure entertainment wherever you
go. It has a big 9 inch built-in (2) _____________________LCD, so you can really enjoy movies. The
built-in stereo speakers allow you to listen along, or if you want to listen alone, just plug in a pair
of (3)__________________________. This portable machine provides (4) __________________ -
_____________________________________, so you can play DVD Audio/Video, CD-R/RW, DVD-
RAM, DivX and MP3 files. Its compact design features a built-in rechargeable 6 hour battery pack.
The DVD-LS91 allows 6 hours of playback, and provides a perfect way to entertain yourself and
your kids during long trips.
You and computers

Which device or format would be most
suitable for storing these things?
1. the operating system and the programs on
a home computer
2. an electronic encyclopedia for children
3. a movie in digital format
4. the music tracks by your favourite artist
5. all the files generated by a company in “I forgot to make a backup copy of my brain, so
everything I learned last semester was lost.”
one day
6. the photos taken with a digital camera
STUDY THE FOLLOWING
ІМЕННИКОВІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ
ГЕРУНДІЯ
Виконує такі синтаксичні функції:
а) підмета:
Smoking is harmful. Палити — шкідливо.
б) предикатива:
His hobby is collecting stamps. Його улюблене заняття — колекціонувати поштові
марки.
в) додатка (прямого і прийменникового):

He likes talking to me. Він любить розмовляти зі мною.
She is fond of painting.Вона любить малювати.
Крім того, герундій має ще такі іменникові властивості:

а) перед герундієм може вживатися прийменник, що відноситься до нього:
Nobody thought of going to bed. Ніхто й не думав лягати спати
б) перед герундієм, як і перед іменником, може вживатися присвійний займенник

або іменник у присвійному відмінку:
Don't fear my forgetting her.
Не бійтесь, що я забуду її.
Would you mind my opening the window?
Ви не заперечуєте, якщо я відчиню вікно?
I insist on my sister's staying at home.
Я наполягаю на тому, щоб моя сестра залишилася вдома.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES

A. I'm really looking forward to going to New York.
B. Are you? I'm not. I can't stand visiting noisy cities.
A. But New York is wonderful. I love seeing the skyscrapers, the museums, the historical
monuments, the Statue of Liberty...
B. I hate visiting museums. I’m not looking forward to going at all.
A. Oh, it's so exciting! I like listening to the sounds of New York — the traffic, the different
languages...
B. The noise! I can tell you, I hate visiting noisy cities!
A. Oh, come on! It'll be fun. New York's a great big melting pot of people from all over the
30
world. And the world capital is worth seeing. It's so interesting!
B. That's what you think! And the city's so dirty, you know.
A. You are right, it is dirty. But it is beautiful, too. The Big Apple is really worth visiting!
Activity 6. Replace the sentences preposition of on the gerund.

E.g. She thought she would go to the country for the weekend.
She thought of going to the country for the weekend.
1. І thought I would come and see you tomorrow.

2. I am thinking that I shall go out to the country tomorrow to see my mother. 3. What do you
think you will do tomorrow? — I don't know now; I thought I would go to the zoo, but the
weather is so bad that probably I shan't go.
4. I hear there are some English books at our institute bookstall now.— So you are thinking that
you will buy some, aren't you?
5. I thought I would work in the library this evening, but as you have come, I won't go
to the library.
+ TO-INFINITIVE + ING-FORM
These verbs are followed by a These verbs are followed by an
to-infinitive. ing-form.
agree,aim, appear,arrange, ask, admit, avoid, cant face, can't help,
attempt,beg, can't afford, can't can't resist, can't stand, carry
wait,choose,claim, decide, demand, on,consider, delay, deny,detest,
desire, expect, fail, guarantee, dislike, enjoy, excuse, fancy,
happen, help, hope, manage, offer, finish,give up, imagine, involve,
plan,prepare, pretend, promise, justify, keep (on), mention, mind,
prove, refuse,seem, tend, threaten, postpone,practise, put off, resent,
turnout , undertake, want, wish risk, save, suggest,tolerate
Activity 7.Complete the conversations. Put in a to-infinitive or an ing-form.

► A: I hear you sometimes sail to France in your boat.
B: That's right. I really enjoy sailing.
1. A: Are you going to organize our trip?
B: Yes, of course. I've agreed____________________________it.
2. A: You wear a uniform at work, don't you?
B: Yes, I have to, although I dislike ________________________ it.
3. A: Do you think they'll approve the plan?
B: Yes, I'm quite sure they'll decide __________________________ it.
4. A: What time will you be back?
31
B: Oh, I expect_________________________ back some time around nine.
5. A: Did I remind you about the dinner tonight?
B: Yes, thank you. You keep__________________________me.
6. A: Was your decision the right one, do you think?
B: Yes, luckily. In the end it proved____________________ the best thing for everyone.
7. A: Do you still work at the post office?
B: No, I gave up__________________________________ there last year.
8. A: Have ICM bought the company?
B: Well, they've offered____________________________it.
9. A: I'm sorry you had to wait all that time.
B: Oh, it's all right. I didn't mind___________________________.

1. There is one more point worth mentioning.
2. It is no use searching for another approach.
3. It is no good arguing about this issue.
4. Would you mind answering one more question?
5. Go on demonstrating your slides.
6. Avoid mixing these two substances.
7. This paper is worth reading.
8. I can't help regretting it.
9. He had to give up experimenting.
Home task: _______________________________________________________________________
32
Заняття 6.
Тема CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT. Герундій. Вживання герундія
VOCABULARY
central processing unit (CPU)

interchangeably
precisely
internal memory
activity
to issue ['isju:]
response (n), (v)
step-by-step operations
exponentiation
to call for
to load ['loud]

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
It is well known in computer science that the words 'computer' and 'processor' are used
interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, 'computer‘refers to the central processing unit (CPU)
together with an internal memory. The internal memory, control and processing components
make up the heart of the computer system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out
basic instructions for their particular computer.
The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It
determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the
operation of the entire system by issuing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on
responses. When required it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs
operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory and
moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.
In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit
(CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with
millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off.
The function of the CU within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals
and commands. The control unit is that part of the computer that directs the sequence of step-
by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the
program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.
The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic
operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in
the instructions are performed.
33
Programs and the data on which the CU and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in
order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory devices, such as disks or tapes,
programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.

Добре відомо ____________________________________________________________________
до комп'ютера відносяться ________________________________________________________
внутрішня пам'ять ________________________________________________________________
складати суть ____________________________________________________________________
виконувати ______________________________________________________________________
координувати діяльність ___________________________________________________________
визначаючи в якому порядку _______________________________________________________
управляти роботою усієї системи ___________________________________________________
при необхідності _________________________________________________________________
відповідно до команд _____________________________________________________________
рівні пам'яті _____________________________________________________________________
порт введення-виведення _________________________________________________________
перемикачі ______________________________________________________________________
режим включення або виключення _________________________________________________
передавати сигнали ______________________________________________________________
вказувати послідовність покрокових операцій ________________________________________
основна пам'ять _________________________________________________________________
управляти ходом виконання програми ______________________________________________
з іншого боку ____________________________________________________________________
виконувати віднімання, складання,піднесення до степеня ______________________________
34
________________________________________________________________________________
ділення, множення _______________________________________________________________
для того, щоб _______________________________________________________________

Direction: backward direction; clockwise direction; counterclockwise direction; data direction;
forward direction; inverse / reverse direction; negative direction; positive direction; printing
direction; transmission direction.
Level: access level; application level; data level; device level; difficulty level; error level; function
level; hardware level; high level; input level; output level; performance level; presentation level;
program level; protection level; resource level; security level; software level; structural level;
system level; transmission level.
Processor: arithmetic processor; central processor; command processor; control processor; data
processor; error processor; general-purpose processor; special-purpose processor; image
processor; language processor; mail processor; message processor; numeric processor; parallel
processor; peripheral processor; text processor.
Switch: to switch between programs; to switch between windows; to switch disks; to switch on;
to switch off; to switch over; binary switch; command switch.
Step: conversion step; final step; procedure step; program step; programming step; step by
step; one step at a time; to step down; to step out; to step up; to take steps.
1. What words in computer science are used interchangeably and why?
2. What components make up the heart of the computer system?
3. What is the function of the CPU?
4. In what way does the CPU control the operation of the whole system?
5. Name the sequence of operations the CPU performs (use five verbs).
6. What are the CPU functional units made of?
7. What is the function of the CU?
8. What operations are performed in the ALU?
9. Where are data processed?
10.Where are data to be processed loaded into?
35
 Say what components make up the heart of the computer system and what the function
of the CPU is.
GRAMMAR MATERIAL
Герундій — єдина дієслівна форма, перед якою може вживатися,

прийменник. Тому герундій вживається після дієслів, прикметників і виразів, які
вимагають додатка з прийменником:
Thank you for telling me. Дякую, що ви сказали мені.
She couldn’t keep from crying. Вона не могластриматися, щоб не заплакати.
I am fond of reading. Я люблю читати.
Після деяких дієслів герундій вживається без прийменника. Серед

них є такі, після яких може вживатися тільки герундій, на відміну від
інших, які можуть вживатися і з герундієм, і з інфінітивом. Після таких
дієслів вживається тільки герундій:
а) to avoidуникати; б) to enjoy діставати задоволення;

to finish закінчувати; to excuse, to forgive вибачати;
to suggest пропонувати; to put off, to postpone відкладати,
to leave off, to give upпереставати щось to delay затримувати; відкладати;
робити; to fancy уявляти (в окличних реченнях);
to go on, to keep onпродовжувати; to mind заперечувати (вживаєтьсяв
cannot helpне можу не (робити чогось). питальних і заперечних реченнях).
В українській мові після відповідних дієслів В українській мові після відповідних дієслів
вживається інфінітив: вживається іменник або підрядне речення:
We finished dressing. Ми закінчили одягатися. I don’t mind telling you.
They went on talking. Вони продовжували
Я не проти того, щоб розповісти вам.
розмовляти.
Fancy going for a walk in such weather!
I can not help asking. Я не можу не запитати.
Уявіть собі прогулянку в таку погоду!
f
в) to want, to need, to require потребувати. Після цихдієслів герундій t

вживається в активному стані з пасивнимзначенням. В українській мові h
після цих дієслів вживається Іменник або інфінітив у сполученні з словами e
треба, потрібно:
w
The house wants repairing.
e
Будівля потребує ремонту (треба відремонтувати). a
t
h
e
r
w
e
r
e
f
36
i
Герундій або інфінітив вживається після дієслів:
To begin, to start починати; to continue продовжувати;
to propose запропонувати; to like любити;
to try намагатися; to refuse відмовлятися (щось зробити);
to intend мати намір; to forget забувати; to prefer віддавати перевагу:
The children began playing. Діти почали гратися.
Then they began to whisper. Тоді вони почали говорити пошепки.
She continued sitting motionless. Вона продовжувала сидіти нерухомо.
He continued to live with his parents. Він продовжував жити із своїми батьками.
У деяких випадках значення дієслова змінюється залежно від того, чи вжито воно з
інфінітивом чи герундієм.
Так, дієслово to stop у сполученні з герундієм означає перестати щось робити, а в
сполученні з інфінітивом —зупинитися, щоб щось зробити:
They stopped reading the notice. Вони перестали читати об'яву.
He stopped to read the notice. Він зупинився, щоб прочитати об'яву.
Герундій вживається як безприйменниковий додаток до прикметників like схожий, busy

зайнятий, WORTH вартий:
She was busy translating the article. Вона була зайнята перекладом статті.
They were not worth looking at. На них не варто було дивитися.
I don’t feel like working. У мене нема настрою працювати.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. I understand perfectly your wishing to start the work at once.
2. On being told the news she turned pale.
3. The place is worth visiting.
4. After being corrected by the teacher, the students' papers were returned to them.
Activity 6. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form.

1. Перестаньте розмовляти.
2. Продовжуйте обговорювати цей експеримент.
3. Ви не проти того, щоб відчинити вікно?
4. Ми дістали задоволення від проведення експерименту.
5. Директор уникала зустрічі з ним.
6. Ми відкладемо обговорення типів цих кабелів.
37
Activity 7. Make sentences from the notes.
► Tessa / want / buy / a new coat / soon
Tessa wants to buy a new coat soon.
1. we / must / avoid / waste / so much time
2. sometimes / a country / refuse / take part / in the Olympics
3. I / like / see / the Rocky Mountains / some day
4. I / mean / give / Judy / a nice welcome / yesterday
5. I / always / like / see / my doctor / once a year
6. the buses / usually / stop / run / before midnight
7. I / can't face / get up / at five / tomorrow
8. last year / we / make / an agreement / work / together
Sometimes we can use an ing-form after the preposition.

PREPOSITIONING-FORM
 I apologized for making a mistake.
 Laura is keen on taking photos.
 I'm thinking of going to Turkey.
 Are you interested in traveling around?
 We're tired of not having a place to live.
Activity 8.Complete the conversation between Claire and her sister Sophie.Put in the verbs with
these prepositions: for, in, like, of, on
Sophie:Where's that little radio of yours?
Claire:Oh, it got broken. Henry knocked it off the table.
Unfortunately he hasn't succeeded (►) in getting (get) it to work again.
Sophie:Oh, what a pity.
Claire:It was only a cheap thing. In fact I'd been thinking (1) ___________________ (buy) a new
one.But Henry not only apologized (2) ______________________________ (break) it, he
insisted (3)___________________ (buy) me a much nicer one. It's in the dining-room.
Sophie: Henry is such a gentleman.
Claire:He didn't really need to buy me a new one, but I didn't feel (4)________________ (argue).
Home task: _______________________________________________________________________
38
Заняття 7.
Тема CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT. Герундій. Вживання герундія
VOCABULARY
to manage
to obtain
flow ['flou] (n)
counter (n)
register (n)
instruction register
storage register
address register
temporarily
decoder
operand address
mark (n), (v)
timing mark
to accumulate
accumulator (n)
to compare
comparer (n)
content (n)
to involve [in'volv]
core (n)
to add
added (a)
adder (n)
at least

THE CPU MAIN COMPONENTS
As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the
arithmetic-logical unit (ALU).
The control unit:
 manages and coordinates the entire computer system
 obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory
 interprets the instructions
 issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them
 operates by reading one instruction at a time from memory.
The control unit has the following components:
 a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from memory;
 a register that temporarily holds the instructions read from memory while it is being
executed;
39
 a decoder that takes the coded instruction and breaks it down into individual commands
necessary to carry it out;
 a clock, which produces marks at regular intervals. These timing marks are electronic
and very rapid.
The sequence of control unit operations is as follows. The next instruction to be executed is
read out from primary storage into the storage register. The instruction is passed from the
storage register to the instruction register. Then the operation part of the instruction is decoded
so that the proper arithmetic or logical operation can be performed. The address of the operand
is sent from the instruction register to the address register. At last the instruction counter register
provides the address register with the address of the next instruction to be executed.
The arithmetic-logical unit (AL U) executes the processing operations called for by the instructions
brought from main memory by the control unit. Binary arithmetic, the logical operations and some
special functions are performed by the arithmetical-logical unit.
Data enter the ALU and return to main storage through the storage register. The accumulator
serving as a register holds the results of processing operations. The results of arithmetic op-
erations are returned to the accumulator for transfer to main storage through the storage
register. The comparer performs logical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the
accumulator. Typically, the comparer tests for conditions such as "less than", "equal to", or
"greater than".
So as you see the primary components of the arithmetic-logical unit are banks of bistable
devices, which are called registers. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the cal-
culation and hold the results temporarily until they can be transferred to memory. At the core
of the ALU is a very high-speed binary adder, which is used to carry out at least the four basic
arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). The logical unit consists of
electronic circuitry which compares information and makes decisions based upon the results of
the comparison.

Функціональні блоки _____________________________________________________________
облаштування управління _________________________________________________________
арифметико-логічний пристрий_____________________________________________________
управляти роботою усієї системи ___________________________________________________
отримувати команди _____________________________________________________________
основна пам'ять__________________________________________________________________
посилати сигнали ________________________________________________________________
прочитувати команди поетапно ____________________________________________________
40
таким чином ____________________________________________________________________
тимчасово зберігати інформацію ___________________________________________________
робити позначки черезрівні проміжки часу___________________________________________
послідовність операцій ___________________________________________________________
регістр пам'яті ___________________________________________________________________
регістр команд ___________________________________________________________________
адресний регістр _________________________________________________________________
лічильник _______________________________________________________________________
датчик _________________________________________________________________________
дешифратор ____________________________________________________________________
адреса операнда _________________________________________________________________
адресний регістр_________________________________________________________________
високошвидкісний двійковий сумматор _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
принаймні ______________________________________________________________________
результати зрівняння _____________________________________________________________

Register, address register; base register; clock register; command / instruction register; counter
register; CPU register; hardware register; input / output register; memory register; operand register;
general-purpose register; special-purpose register.
Counter binary counter; character counter; data counter; instruction counter; pulse counter;
sequence counter; storage counter; software counter; time-out counter.
Selection: color selection; directory selection; drive selection; file selection; function selection;
keyboard selection; menu selection; security selection.
Management: data management; database management; disk management; error

management; information management; memory management; network management; resource
management; task management; window management.
Verbs: to work; to control; to receive; to keep; to send; to perform; to demand; to choose; to
supply; to pass; to name; to include; to apply; to come back; to found; to explain; to form; to
define; to arrange.
Nouns: computer; answer; commands; memory; element; device; information; state; aim;
heart; solution; computation.
41
Adjectives: main; whole; separate; quick; correct; large; main (storage); following; every; following;
specific; different; real.
 Say about the functional units of CPU and their functions.
WRITING
 Read the text and make up a plan of it. Then read it again and make up a short summary
of the text in a written form. Entitle the text.
1. It is known that one of the fundamental parts of the computer is a control unit. This unit
controls the computation process automatically, without man's participation. It sends signals to
all other parts of the computer to specify what they must do. First of all, the control unit tells
the main memory what data must be transferred to the arithmetic-logical unit and other de-
vices. Then it enables the arithmetic-logical unit to perform the required operation. Finally, it
places the obtained results in the main memory.
It is important to note that the control unit operation is determined by an algorithm of a
problem solution. The algorithm is a sequence of arithmetic and logical operations. These oper-
ations must be performed on the initial data for solving the problem.
Description of an algorithm in a form acceptable by a computer is called a program. A program
is a list of sequential computer instructions enabling a computer to solve a problem. In order to
be acceptable by the computer instructions must be encoded into a digital form.
In conclusion it should be pointed out that the main feature of a computer is automatic
control of the problem solution process. It is based on the programmed-control principle.
2. In 1960's advances in microelectronic components led to the development of the

minicomputer, followed more recently by an even smaller microcomputer. Both have filled a
need for small but relatively flexible processing systems able to execute comparatively simple
computing functions at lower costs.
In 1971 Intel Corporation delivered the first microprocessor, the 4004. All the logic to implement
the central processing unit of a tiny computer was put onto a single silicon chip less than 1/4 inch
square. That design was soon followed by many others. The progress toward smaller computers is
continuing, designers are working at nano-computers and pico-computers.
When the central processing unit of a computer is implemented in a single, or very small number
of integrated circuits, we call it a microprocessor. When a computer includes a microprocessor as its
major component, such device is called a microcomputer.
Today the hardware in data-processing machines is built out of microelectronic devices.
Advances in microelectronic devices give rise to advances in data-processing machinery.
3. The computer has made it possible to mechanize much of the information interchange and
processing that constitute the nervous system of our society.
The versatility and convenience of the microprocessor has changed the entire architecture of
modern computer systems. No longer is the processing of information carried out only in the
computer's central processing unit. Today there is a trend toward distributing more processing
capability throughout a computer system, with various areas having small local processors for
handling operations in those areas.
There are a number of advantages of distributed processing. First, since many elements of the
computer can be working on different portions of the same task, the work may be done faster.
Second, if one element in the network malfunctions, its workload can be shifted to another element
42
or shared among several elements, so that the entire work is relatively immune to failure. Third, the
network can be small enough to be contained within a single laboratory or building, or it can be
spread out over a wide area.
43
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
like схожий
Busy зайнятий worthвартий

Герундій вживається як безприйменниковий
додаток до прикметників
She was busy translating the article. Вона була зайнята перекладом статті.
They were not worth looking at. На них не варто було дивитися.
I don’t feel like working.У мене нема настрою працювати.
Запам’ятайте дієслова і вирази, що вимагають після себе герундія

з певними прийменниками.
to insist on to give up the idea of

to look forward to to agree to
to object to to approve of
to persist in to be afraid of
to prevent from to congratulate on
to succeed in to depend on
to suspect of to dream of
to thank for to feel like
to think of to accuse of
Activity 6.Translate into Ukrainian.
1. My friend succeeded in translating this difficult text.

2. He gave up the idea of ever hearing from her.
3. We are looking forward to seeing you again.
4. He has always dreamt of visiting other countries.
5. He persisted in trying to solve that difficult problem.
6. They accuse him of having robbed the house.
7. He never agreed to their going on that dangerous voyage.
8. He did not approve of her drinking so much coffee.
44
1. Нарешті вони перестали обговорювати це питання.

2. Вона заперечувала, що відправила факс.
3. Коли вона закінчить свою промову?
4. Він не може мені пробачити те, що я випадково видалив його файл.
5. Чи не могли б ви дати мені книжку, коли закінчите її читати?
Activity 8. Choose the correct word.

1. Whenever we met, Jack avoided (to look, looking) ______________________ at me.
2. Most people enjoy (to travel, travelling) _______________ to different parts of the world.
3. Mag needs (to find, finding) ______________________another job. Her present company
is going out of business.
4. May I change the TV channel, or do you want (to watch, watching) __________________
more of this program?
5. Lily is considering (to change, changing) ___________________her major from pre-med
studies to psychology.
6. Although Joe slammed on his brakes, he couldn't avoid (to hit, hitting) _______________
the small dog that suddenly darted out in front of his car.
7. I hope (to write, writing) ________________________ my autobiography before I die. Do
you think anyone would read it?
8. Joyce thanked us for (to invite, inviting) ___________________them to dinner and said
that they wanted to have us over for dinner next week.
9. If you delay (to pay, paying) _________________________ your bills, you will only incur
more and more interest charges.
10. My lawyer advised me not (to say, saying) ________________________anything further
about the accident.
After some verbs we can put an object
 Emma accused Matthew of not caring about her.

 Higher prices will discourage customers from buying.
 The fire-fighters prevented/stopped the fire (from) spreading.
 The club has punished its players for fighting during a match.
Also: blame ... for, congratulate ... on, thank ... for
 People were annoyed at not being able to see properly.
 I'm bored withwaiting.
 Vicky is excited about going to America.
 I'm fed up with livingin this awful place.
 Tom is good at telling jokes.
 The man was found guiltyof stealing from his employers.
 I'm pleased about/at winning a prize.
Also:capable of, fond of, interested in, keen on, tired of
45
Activity 9.Comment on these situations. Join each pair of sentences using a preposition and an
ing-form. ►
The police prevented the crime. It didn't take place. The police prevented the crime from taking
place.
1. Laura blamed Trevor. He forgot the tickets.
Laura ______________________________________________
2. The doctors succeeded. They saved the driver's life.
3. The doctors _________________________________________
4. The customers complained. They didn't receive the goods.
____________________________________________________
5. Emma has accused Matthew. She says Matthew broke his promise.
____________________________________________________
6. Melanie is insisting. She's going to cook a meal for David.
____________________________________________________
7. A new traffic scheme has stopped cars. They can't go into the town centre.
____________________________________________________
8. Everyone congratulated Claude. He won the quiz competition.
____________________________________________________
9. Some football fans were arrested. They attacked a policeman.
____________________________________________________
Activity 10. Complete Emma's letter to her friend Kirsty. Put in a preposition and an ing-form.
Thank you (►) for inviting (invite) me to come and see you next month. I'm already
excited(1)____________________________________(see) you again.
You must be very pleased (2)____________________(get) the job you wanted.
Congratulations. Personally, I wouldn't be keen (3)_____________________________
(travel) forty miles to work.
I apologize (4)______________________ (not write) sooner, but a week in bed with flu has
prevented me(5)_________________________(do) anything. I haven't even felt (6)
_________________________ (write) lettersuntil today. I must be getting better because
I'm starting to feel bored (7)_____________________________(do)nothing. I'm thinking (8)
______________________________ (go) back to work tomorrow.
Заняття 8.
Тема PROCESSING. Функції герундія в реченні: підмет, присудок, прямий додаток,

прийменниковий додаток
The processor, also called the CPU or central processing unit, is the brain of your
computer. In PCs, it is built into a single chip - a small piece of silicon with a complex electrical
circuit, called an integrated circuit - that executes instructions and coordinates the activities of
all the other units.
46
Three typical parts are:
 the control unit, which examines instructions from memory and executes them;
 the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations;
 the registers, high-speed units of memory used to store and control data.
The speed of a processor is measured in gigahertz (GHz). Thus, a CPU running at 4 (.Hz can
make about four thousand million calculations a second. An internal clock sends out signals at
fixed intervals to measure and synchronize the flow of data.
The main circuit board is known as the motherboard. This contains the CPU, the memory
chips, expansion slots and controllers for peripherals, connected by internal buses, or paths,
that carry' electronic signals. For example, the front side bus carries all data that passes from
the CPU to other devices.
Expansion slots allow you to install expansion cards which provide extra functions, e.g. a
video card or a modem.
Laptops have PC cards, the size of a credit card, which add features like sound, memory and
network capabilities.
B.RAM and ROM

When you run a program, the CPLT looks for it on the hard disk and transfers a copy into
the RAM. RAM(random access memory) is temporary or volatile, that is, it holds data while
your PC is working on it, but loses this data when the power is switched off.
However, ROM (read only memory) is permanent and contains
instructions needed by the CPU; the BIOS (basic input/output system)
uses ROM to control communication with peripherals, e.g. disk drives.
The amount of RAM determines the number of programs you can
run simultaneously and how fast they operate. It can be expanded by adding extra RAM chips.
C. Units of memory
The electronic circuits in computers detect the difference between One bit two
states:
ON (the current passes through) or OFF (the current doesn't): they 01000001
represent these states as 1 or O. Each 1 or 0 is called a binary digit or bit.
Bits are grouped into eight-digit codes that typically represent Example of a byte
characters (letters, numbers and symbols). Eight bits together are called a
byte. For example, 01000001 is used for the character A. Computers use a standard code called
ASCII for the binary representation of characters.
In order to avoid complex calculations of bytes, we use bigger units. A kilobyte (KB) is
1,024 bytes; a megabyte (MB) is 1,024 kilobytes; a gigabyte (GB) is 1,024 megabytes; a terabyte
(TB) is 1,024 gigabytes. We use these units to describe the RAM memory, the operating capacity
of disks and the size of a program or document.
Activity 2. Look at A and B. Then match the sentence beginnings (1-6) with the correct endings
1. The CPU processes data and a areas within the CPU.
2. The control unit is the part of the CPU b you can’t make changes to it
that
3. The arithmetic and logic unit is able to make c controls the way instructions are executed
4. The registers are high-speed storage d the computer is turned off
5. Data contained in RAM is lost when e coordinates the other parts of the computer
6. ROM memory can only be read: f calculations: add, subtract, multiply and
divide.
47
1 2 3 4 5 6
Activity 3. Fill in the gaps and complete the sentences with words from the previous page.
1. Intel ________________________are used in many computers.
2. Each 0 or 1 is called a bit, short for_____________________digit.
3. Special cards can be inserted into expansion__________________ .
4. A_______________________controls the timing within the PC by sending signals to synchronize
its circuits and operations.
5. The processor speed is measured in__________________.
6. _________________________carry signals between different parts of a PC.
7. __________________________cards improve the computer’s performance.
8. The ______________________uses ROM to control the input/output of data.
9. The main printed circuit board is called the_______________________.
The brain of a computer:___________________________
Activity 4. Read this product description and answer the questions

below.
1. How fast is the CPU?
2. Which term is used to describe the CPU data bus?
3. How much RAM does the computer have? Processor and memory:
4. Can you add extra RAM chips? How many?  Intel Core 2 Duo processor at 2.4 GHz .
 533 MHz Front Side Bus .
 1,024 MB of RAM; can be expanded
up to 4 GB
200 GB Hard disk
STUDY THE FOLLOWING Double Layer DVD +/-R/RW drive
Microsoft Windows
Герундій перекладається:
 інфінітивом,
 придієслівним іменником,
 дієприслівником,
 особовою формою дієслова у функції присудка підрядного
 речення, що вводиться сполучником що (щоб) з попереднім
займенником та у відповідному відмінку (тим, про те і ін.).
1. Reading books is useful (підмет)

Читання книг корисно.
Читати книги корисно.
2. I like reading (прямий додаток).
Я люблю читати.
Я люблю читання.
3. Не insisted on taking part in the conference (прийменниковий додаток).
Він наполягав на участі (на тому, щоб взяти участь) у конференції.
4. On coming home he always has а rest (обставина).
Після приходу додому він завжди відпочиває.
Прийшовши додому, він завжди відпочиває.
48
Герундій у функції підмета
Дієслівна форма із закінченням -ing є герундієм у функції підмета, якщо вона стоїть на
початкуречення, де немає іншого слова, яке могло б бути підметом. Перекладається
придієслівним іменником або інфінітивом:
Carrying out experiments is а must with every scientist.
Проведення дослідів (проводити досліди) необхідно для кожного науковця.
Герундій у функції прямого додатку

Щоб перекласти герундій у функції прямого додатку, необхідно враховувати, чи є при
герундії ім'я того, хто виконує дії, і знати значення тих дієслів і словосполучень, після яких
він вживається:
1. Would you mind showing one more slide.
Покажіть, будь ласка, ще один діапозитив.
2. Would you mind my showing some slides to you.
Дозвольте, я покажу вам декілька діапозитивів.
Ви не заперечуватимете, якщо я покажу вам....
3. Не could not help joining the discussion.
Він не міг не виступити (не взяти участі) в дебатах (у обговоренні).
Лексика
Запам'ятайте значення дієслів, після яких прямий додаток може вживатися у формі
герундія.
avoid — уникати, старатися не (робити)
begin — починати
continue — продовжувати
finish — закінчувати, кінчати
give up — кидати, відмовлятися від
go on — продовжувати
enjoy — одержувати задоволення, подобатися
excuse — вибачати
intend — збиратися, мати намір
keep }— продовжувати
keep on }
like — любити, подобатися
prefer — вважати за краще
prevent — заважати; оберігати від; перешкоджати
regret — жалкувати
resist — чинити опір, встояти проти
start — починати
stop — припиняти
Запам'ятайте наступні поєднання слів, після яких вживається герундій:
(I) cannot help — (я) не можу не
it is worth } — це того коштує
it is worth while }
it is no good } — марно,
it is no use } - немає сенсу
Герундій у функції додатку з прийменником

49
Герундій у функції додатку відповідає на питання: що?, чим?, до чого?, у чому?, чому? і
ін. Підмет, що стоїть перед герундієм, залежить від попереднього дієслова або
дієслівного словосполучення.
При перекладі необхідно враховувати, який підмет вживається в українській мові з
дієсловом або дієслівним словосполученням, до якого відноситься додаток. При
цьому можуть бути випадки, коли українськийеквівалент англійського дієслова
вживається без підмета:
1. Low electric conductivity of rubber resulted in its beingused in cables.
Низька електропровідність гуми зумовила (що?) її використання (привела (до чого?)
до того, що вона використовується) для кабелів.
2. In recent years man has succeeded in controlling chemicalchanges.
За останній час людині вдалося (що?) досягти контролю над хімічними реакціями
(людина навчилася управляти...).
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
1. There is one more point worth mentioning.
2. It is no use searching for another approach.
3. It is no good arguing about this issue.
4. In spite of his words I could not help feelingexcited.
5. It seems to me the case is not worth mentioning.
6. Go on demonstrating your slides.
7. I can't help regretting it.
8. He had to give up experimenting.
Activity 5.Choose the correct word.

1. A procrastinator is one who habitually postpones (to do, doing) __________________
things especially tasks that are unpleasant.
2. You should plan (to arrive, arriving) __________________________ at the stadium early
or you won't be able to get good seats.
3. My mom asked me (to pick, picking) ________________________up some eggs at the
supermarket on my way home from work.
4. Nobody has offered (to buy, buying) _________________________ the house next door,
so I think they're going to lower the price.
5. The highway patrol advises (to take, taking) _____________________________the old
route through the city because the interstate highway is under major repairs.
6. Would you mind (to peel, peeling) ________________________that apple for me? My
arthritis is acting up in my right hand.
50
7. Stop (to nag, nagging)__________________me! I'll get everything finished before I go to
bed.
8. When the university suggested (to raise, raising) ________________the tuition again,
the student senate protested vigorously.
9. Are we permitted (to bring, bringing) ________________________to the ceremony? I'd
like to invite my friend to join us.
10. The city council agreed (to accept, accepting)_________________________the
architect's proposed design for a new parking garage.
Home task: _______________________________________________________________________
Заняття 9
Тема INPUT-OUTPUT UNITS. Функції герундія в реченні: означення, обставина
VOCABULARY
environment
external environment
remote terminal
reel of magnetic tape
input-output interface
scan
scanner
bar-code scanner / bar-code reader
regardless of
to match characteristics
similarly
to fall between
card reader
line printer
page printer
character printer
optical character reader
optical mark reader
visual display
digitizer
keyboard input device
voice recognition and response unit
INPUT-OUTPUT ENVIRONMENT
Data and instructions must enter the data processing system, and information must leave it.
51
These operations are performed by input and output (I/O) units that link the computer to its
external environment.
The I/O environment may be human-related or human-independent. A remote banking
terminal is an example of a human-related input environment, and a printer is an example ofa
device that produces output in a human-readable format. An example of a human-independent
input environment is a device that measures traffic flow. A reel of magnetic tape upon which the
collected data are stored in binary format is an example of a human-independent output.
Input-Output Interfaces. Data enter input units in forms that depend upon the particular device
used. For example, data are entered from a keyboard in a manner similar to typing, and this differs
from the way that data are entered by a bar-code scanner. However, regardless of the forms in
which they receive their inputs, all input devices must provide a computer with data that are
transformed into the binary codes that the primary memory of the computer is designed to
accept. This transformation is accomplished by units called I/O interfaces. Input interfaces are
designed to match the unique physical or electrical characteristics of input devices to the
requirements of the computer system. Similarly, when output is available, output interfaces must
be designed to reverse the process and to adapt the output to the external environment. These
I/O interfaces are also called channels or input-output processors*(IOP).
The major differences between devices are the media that they use and the speed with which
they are able to transfer data to or from primary storage.
Input-Output Device Speed. Input-output devices can be classified as high-speed, medium-speed,
and low-speed. The devices are grouped according to their speed. It should be noted that the high-
speed devices are entirely electronic in their operation or magnetic media that can be moved at
high speed. Those high-speed devices are both input and output devices and are used as
secondary storage. The low-speed devices are those with complex mechanical motion or operate at
the speed of a human operator. The medium-speed devices are those that fall between — they
tend to have mechanical moving parts which are more complex than the high-speed devices but
not as complex as the low-speed.
High-speed devices: magnetic disk; magnetic tape.
Medium-speed devices: card readers; line printers; page printers; computer output microfilms;
magnetic diskette; optical character readers; optical mark readers; visual displays.
Low-speed devices: bar-code readers; character printers; digitizers; keyboard input devices;
plotters; voice recognition and response units.

Середовище облаштувань введення-
виведення ______________________________________________________________________
Система обробки інформації _______________________________________________________

зовнішнє середовище _____________________________________________________________
пов'язаний з людиною ____________________________________________________________
незалежний від людини ___________________________________________________________
видалений банківський термінал ___________________________________________________
вимірювати потік даних ___________________________________________________________
бобіна з магнітною стрічкою _______________________________________________________
зберігати дбайливу інформацію ____________________________________________________
двійковий формат ________________________________________________________________
інтерфейс введення-виведення ____________________________________________________
вводити з клавіатури ______________________________________________________________
облаштування зчитування штрих-коду _______________________________________________
52
не дивлячись на __________________________________________________________________
перетворити в двійковий код _______________________________________________________
зіставляти параметри _____________________________________________________________
так само ________________________________________________________________________
інтерфейс виведення _____________________________________________________________
змінити процес у зворотному напрямі _______________________________________________
настроїти облаштування введення-виведення до зовнішнього середовища________________
________________________________________________________________________________
головна відмінність _______________________________________________________________
основна пам'ять __________________________________________________________________
вторинна пам'ять _________________________________________________________________
низько швидкісні пристрої _________________________________________________________

Environment: application environment; communication environment; execution environment;
external environment; hardware environment; interface invironment; management environment;
multimedia environment; network environment; processing environment; security
environment; software environment; user environment.
Interface: channel interface; common interface; data interface; database interface; display
interface; external interface; flexible interface; floppy-disk interface; general-purpose interface;
hardware interface; low-level interface.
Scanner: bar code scanner; black-and-white scanner; color scanner; desktop scanner; hand
scanner; laser scanner; manual scanner; optical scanner; visual scanner.
Terminal: batch terminal; desktop terminal; display terminal; printer terminal; remote terminal;
security terminal; logical terminal; text terminal.
Activity 4.Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the forms of the Infinitive.
1. A printer is an example of a device to produce output in a human-readable format.
2. The high-speed devices to be used as secondary storage are both input and output devices.
3. The progress of electronics to have resulted in the invention of electronic computers was a
breakthrough (прорыв) of the second part of the 20lh century.
4. Mendeleyev's periodic law to have been accepted as a universal law of nature is of great
importance nowadays.
5. When output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to
adopt the output to the external environment.
6. The memory stores the instructions and the data to be quickly retrieved on demand by the
53
CPU.
7.Computers to have been designed originally for arithmetic purposes are applicable for great variety
of tasks at present.
8. The film to have been running for over a month this year attracts attention of many spectators.
9. The CPU of a computer to be arranged in a single or very small number of integrated circuits is
called a microprocessor.
WRITING
 Read the text, entitle it and make up a short summary of it in a written form. Use the set-
phrases given below.
As it is well known, a computer cannot perform or complete any useful work unless it is able to
communicate with its external environment. All data and instructions enter and leave the central
processing unit through primary storage. Input-output devices are needed to link primary storage
to the environment, which is external to the computer system. So input devices are used to enter
data into primary storage. Output units accept data from primary storage to provide users with
information or to record the data on a secondary storage device. Some devices are used for both
the input and output functions.
The data with which these devices work may or may not be in a form that humans can
understand. For example the data that a data entry operator keys into the memory of a
computer by typing on a keyboard are readable by humans. However, the data that tell a
computer about the performance of an automobile engine are not in a form that humans can
read. They are electrical signals from an analog sensor. Similarly, output may be on a printed
page, which humans can read easily, or upon some other medium where the data are not visible,
such as on magnetic tape or disk.
As we know, all of the data flow from input to final output is managed by the control unit in the
CPU. Regardless of the nature of the I/O devices, special processors called I/O interfacesare
required to convert the input data to the internal codes used by the computer and to convert
internal codes to a format which is usable by the output device.
54
STUDY THE FOLLOWING
Герундій у функції означення

 Герундій вживається у функції означення (найчастіше з прийменникомof), що стоїть
після означуваного іменника:
She had come with the intention of saying something definite.
Вона прийшла з наміром сказати своє рішення.
You have always been in the habit of giving her playthings.
Ви завжди мали звичку давати їй іграшки.
 Герундій без прийменника вживається в ролі означення, що стоїть перед
означуваним іменником і виражає призначення предмета, позначеного цим
іменником:
Writing-paper папір для письма
Dancing place місце для танців
Герундій у функції обставини

 Герундій з прийменником вживається в функції обставин (часу, способу дії та
ін.)ю
 Перед герундієм у функції обставини завжди стоїть прийменник, при чому
значення прийменника не залежить від попереднього слова.
Прийменники in, on (upon) перед герундієм мають тимчасове значення:
in — при, в час, в процесі; on (upon) — по, після, при;
by — шляхом, при допомозі;through
Pay Attention!
— дякуючи, із-за.
They ate without talking. Вони їли, не розмовляючи.

Upon reaching the park he waited and waited and Carrie didn’t come.
Прийшовши до парку, він чекав і чекав, а Керрі не приходила.
55
У ролі обставин з таким самим значенням вживається і дієприкметник теперішнього часу.
Але на відміну від герундія, якому в цій функції завжди передує прийменник,
дієприкметник теперішнього часу ніколи не вживається з прийменником.
Тому в реченні
On coming home he began to work слово coming — герундій,
а в реченні Coming home he began to work Coming є дієприкметником,
хотя б и два речення на українську мову перекладаються однаково:
Прийшовши додому, він почав працювати.
Тому в реченні
Activity 6. Complete each sentence with one of these verbs.
Oncominghomehebegantoworkсловоcoming
apply be be listen make see try use—wash герундій,
answer work write
а в реченні CominghomehebegantoworkComingє дієприкметником,
1. Heхочобидва речення на українську мову перекладаються однаково:
tried to avoid answering my question.
Прийшовши, додому, він почав працювати.
2. Could you please stop _________________________ so much noise?
3. I enjoy _____________________________ to music.
4. I considered _________________________ for the job but in the end I decided against it.
5. Have you finished ___________________________your hair yet?
6. If you walk into the road without looking, you risk _____________________ knocked down.
7. Jim is 65 but he isn't going to retire yet. He wants to carry on_________________________
8. I don't mind you _______________________the phone as long as you pay for all your calls.
9. Hello! Fancy _________________________ you here! What a surprise!
10. I've put off_______________________ the letter so many times. I really must do it today.
11. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody ______________________ so stupid?
12. Sarah gave up ___________________to find a job in this country and decided to go abroad.
Verb + -ing or to... (remember/regret etc.)
When one verb follows another verb, the structure is usually verb + -ing or verb + to... .
Compare:
verb + -ing verb + to...
• They denied stealing the money. • They decided to steal the money.
• I enjoy going out. • I want to go out.
Often we use -ing for an action that happens Often we use to... for an action that
before the first verb or at the same time: follows the first verb:
stealing denied going enjoy decided to steal want to go
Some verbs can be followed by -ing or to... with a difference of meaning:

Remember
I remember doing something = I did it and I remembered to do something = I remembered that
now I remember this. I had to do it, and so I did it.
You remember doing something after you You remember to do something before you do it:
have done it: • I remembered to lock the door when I left but I
• I'm absolutely sure I locked the door. I forgot to shut the windows. (= I remembered that I
clearly remember locking it. had to lock the door and so I locked it)
56
(=I locked it and now I remember this) • Please remember to post the letter. (= don't forget
• He could remember driving along the road to post it)
just before the accident happened, but he
couldn't remember the accident itself.
Regret
I regret doing something = I did it and now I regret to say / to tell you / to inform you
I'm sorry about it: = I'm sorry that I have to say (etc.):
• I now regret saying what I said. I shouldn't • (from a formal letter) We regret to inform you that
have said it. we are unable to offer you the job.
Go on
Go on doing something = continue doing, the Go on to do something = do or say something new:

same thing: • After discussing the economy, the minister then went
• The minister went on talking for two hour on to talk about foreign policy.
• We must change our ways. We can't go on
living like this.
Activity 7. Put the verb into the correct form, -ing or to... . Sometimes either form is possible.
1. They denied stealing the money. (steal)
2. I don't enjoy________________________________very much. (drive)
3. I don't want________________________________ out tonight. I'm too tired. (go)
4. I can't afford _____________________________out tonight. I haven't got enough money. (go)
5. Has it stopped ____________________________ yet? (rain)
6. Can you remind me ________________________some coffee when we go out? (buy)
7. Why do you keep ________________________ me questions? Can't you leave me alone? (ask)
8. Please stop _____________________________ me questions! (ask)
9. I refuse_________________________________ any more questions. (answer)
10. One of the boys admitted _________________________ the window. (break)
11. The boy's father promised _________________________ for the window to be repaired. (pay)
12. Ann was having dinner when the phone rang. She didn't answer the phone, she just
carried on________________________________ (eat)
13. 'How did the thief get into the house?' 'I forgot______________________the window.' (shut)
14. I've enjoyed __________________you. (meet) I hope ________________you again soon. (see)
15. The baby began _______________________in the middle of the night. (cry)
16. Julia has been ill but now she's beginning _____________________ better. (get)
Activity 8. Complete these sentences with a suitable verb in the correct form, -ing or to... .
1. a. Please remember to lock the door when you go out.
b. A: You lent me some money a few months ago.
B: Did I? Are you sure? I don't remember ______________________you any money.
c. A: Did you remember _________________________________ your sister?
B: Oh no, I completely forgot. I'll phone her tomorrow.
d. When you see Mandy, remember ___________________her my regards, won't you?
e. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember ________________________ it by
the window and now it has gone.
57
2. a. I believe that what I said was fair. I don't regret______________________________ it.
b. (after a driving test) I regret____________________ that you have failed the test.
3. a. Keith joined the company 15 years ago. He was quickly promoted and became
assistant manager after two years. A few years later he went on _____________________
manager of the company.
b. I can't go on _____________________________ here any more. I want a different job.
c. When I came into the room, Liz was reading a newspaper. She looked up and said
hello to me, and then went on ___________________________________ her newspaper.
Activity 9. Use Gerund or Infinitive.

1. I would like (inviting, to invite)___________________ you and some of my other friends
for dinner sometimes.
2. I enjoyed (being, to be) ______________________with my family at the lake last summer.
3. Bob agreed (helping, to help) _______________________me move out of my apartment
this weekend.
4. My parents can't afford (paying, to pay) ___________________all of my college expenses.
5. Mary, would you mind (mailing, to mail) this letter on your way home?
6. Do you expect (passing, to pass) ______________________this course? If so, you'd better
work harder.
7. Angela offered (working, to work) ______________________for me tonight because I feel
awful.
8. I refuse (considering, to consider) ______________________ your proposal. I've made up
my mind.
9. I wish you consider (accepting, to accept) _____________________ my proposal. I know I
can do the job.
10. I don't think I'll ever finish (writing, to write) _____________________this report. It just
goes on and on.
Home task: _______________________________________________________________________
Заняття 10
Тема INPUT-OUTPUT UNITS. Комплекси з герундієм. Синтаксичні функції герундія
VOCABULARY
keyboard ['ki:bo:d]
key [ki:] (n), (v)
manipulator
trackball
touch panel
graphic plotting tables
sound card
to enable [i'neibl]
operating mode
to press a button
to keep buttons depressed
double-click
58
to erase images
roller
track (n), (v)

INPUT DEVICES
There are several devices used for inputting information into the computer: a keyboard, some
coordinate input devices, such as manipulators (a mouse, a track ball), touch panels and graphical
plotting tables, scanners, digital cameras, TV tuners, sound cards etc.
The keyboard enables inputting numerical and text data. A standard keyboard has 104 keys and
three more ones informing about the operating mode of light indicators in the upper right corner.
Later when the more advanced graphics became to develop, user found that a keyboard did not
provide the design capabilities of graphics and text representation on the display. There
appeared manipulators, a mouse and a track ball, that are usually used while operating with
graphical interface.
The mouse is an optic-mechanical input device. The mouse has three or two buttons which
control the cursor movement across the screen. The mouse provides the cursor control thus
simplifying user's orientation on the display. The mouse's primary functions are to help the user
draw, point and select images on his computer display by moving the mouse across the screen.
In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them
depressed or double-click them to issue changes in commands and to draw or to erase emages.
When you move the mouse across a flat surface, the ball located on the bottom side of the mouse
turns two rollers. One is tracking the mouse's vertical movements, the other is tracking horizontal
movements. The rotating ball glides easily, giving the user good control over the textual and
graphical images.
In portable computers touch panels or touch pads are used instead of manipulators. Moving a
finger along the surface of the touch pad is transformed into the cursor movement across the
screen.
Graphical plotting tables (plotters) find application in drawing and in puttig manuscript texts. You
can draw, add notes and signs to electronic documents by means of a special pen. The quality of
graphical plotting tables is characterized by permitting capacity, that is the number of lines per
inch, and their capability to respond to the force of pen pressing.
Scanner is used for optical inputting of images (photographies, pictures, slides) and texts and
converting them into the computer form.
Digital videо cameras have been spread recently. They enable getting video images and
photographs directly in digital computer format. Digital cameras give possibility to get high quality
photos.
Sound cards produce sound conversion from analog to digital form. They are able to synthesize
sounds. Special game-ports and joysticks are widely used in computer games.

Введення інформації _____________________________________________________________
координатні облаштування введення _______________________________________________
маніпулятори ___________________________________________________________________
миша __________________________________________________________________________
трекбол ________________________________________________________________________
сенсорна панель ________________________________________________________________
графічні планшети _______________________________________________________________
цифрові камери _________________________________________________________________
59
сканери ________________________________________________________________________
ТБ тюнери ______________________________________________________________________
стандартна клавіатура ____________________________________________________________
числова і текстова інформація _____________________________________________________
світлові індикатори ______________________________________________________________
клавіші _________________________________________________________________________
режим роботи __________________________________________________________________
презентація тексту на моніторі _____________________________________________________
графічний інтерфейс _____________________________________________________________
програмні засоби ________________________________________________________________
оптико-механічний пристрій введення ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
управляти рухом курсору _________________________________________________________
спрощувати орієнтацію користувача на екрані _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
вказувати і вибирати зображення _________________________________________________
утримувати кнопки в натиснутому стані _____________________________________________
подвійне натиснення _____________________________________________________________
стирати об'єкти _________________________________________________________________
рівна поверхня __________________________________________________________________
обертати ролики ________________________________________________________________
стежити за вертикальним рухом ___________________________________________________
легко ковзати ___________________________________________________________________
портативний комп'ютер __________________________________________________________
рукописний текст ________________________________________________________________
за допомогою ___________________________________________________________________

То accomplish: accomplished; unaccomplished; accomplishment.
To adapt, adaptable; unadaptable; adaptability; unadaptabil-ity; adaptation; adapter.
To digitize: digit; digital; digitization; digitizer.
To erase: erasable; erasability; eraser; erasing; erasure.
To match: matcher; matching.
To permit: permitted; permissible; permissibility; permission.
To print: printable; printed; printer; printing;
To scan: scanning; scanner.
To recognize: recognition; recognizer; recognizable; unrecognizable.
To respond: response; responsible; irresponsible; responsibility; irresponsibility.
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1. What devices are used for inputting information into the computer?
2. What is the function of a keyboard?
3. How does the mouse operate?
4. What is its function?
5. What is used in portable computers instead of manipulators?
6. What is the touch pad's principle of operation?
7. Where do graphical plotting tables find application?
Комплекси з герундієм
Герундій у реченні може відноситись до підмета або додатка. Так, у реченні He stopped
working and smiled Він припинив роботу і усміхнувся дія, виражена герундієм (WORKING)
відноситься до підмета (він працював, а потім припинив роботу). У реченні І don’t forgive
you for being late for dinner
Я не прощаю вам того, що ви запізнилися на обід герундій відноситься до додатка.
Але герундій може також відноситися до іменника або займенника, що не є підметом чи
додатком речення. Цей іменник чи займенник (суб'єкт герундія) завжди стоїть перед
герундієм і позначає особу або предмет, що виконує дію або зазнає дії, вираженої
герундієм. Сполучення герундія з таким іменником або займенником становить
герундіальний комплекс:
Don’t fear my forgetting this document. Не бійтесь, що я забуду цей документ.
Перша частина герундіального комплексу — іменник у присвійному чи загальному
відмінку або присвійний займенник. Друга частина — герундій, що виражає дію, яку
виконує або якої зазнає особа чи предмет, позначений першою частиною комплексу:
They were afraid of my finding out the truth.
Вони боялися, що я узнаю правду.
They told us of director’s coming there.
Вони сказали нам про те,що директор приходив туди.
Якщо іменник, до якого відноситься герундій, не вживається в присвійному відмінку, він
ставиться перед герундієм у загальному відмінку, але при заміні його займенником
вживається, як правило, присвійний займенник:
I hadn’t much hope of his plan working.
У мене було мало надії на те, що його план буде ефективним.
I hadn’t much hope of its working.
У мене було мало надії на те, що він (план) буде ефективним.
61
Герундіальний комплекс становить один складний член речення і
в реченні може бути:
а) підметом:
Your coming here is very desirable.Ваш приїзд сюди дуже бажаний.
It’s no use my telling you a lie. Навіщо мені говорити вам неправду?
б) додатком (безприйменниковим і прийменниковим):
Forgive my saying it. Простіть, що я сказала це.
I insist upon your staying. Я наполягаю на тому, щоб ви залишились.
в) означенням:
I don’t know the reason of your leaving. Я не знаю причини вашого від'їзду.
г) обставиною:
I entered the room without his seeing it. Я увійшла до кімнати так,що він і не побачив цього.
Activity 5. Use Gerund or Infinitive.
1. I would enjoy (visiting, to visit) _______________ you in Kyiv while you're studying there.
2. The children seem (understanding, to understand) __________________________why
they have to stay home tonight.
3. Don't forget (locking, to lock) __________________ all of the doors before you go to bed.
4. I'm really sorry. I didn't mean (hurting, to hurt) _____________________your feelings.
5. Why do you keep (asking, to ask) ______________________ me the same question over
and over again?
6. I've decided (looking, to look) _______________for another job. I'll never be happy here.
7. You need (trying, to try) __________________ harder if you want to get the information.
8. Why do you pretend (enjoying, to enjoy) _____________________ his company? I know
you don't like him.
9. Let's get together tonight. I want to talk about (opening, to open) ___________________
a new business.
10. I have a secret. Do you promise (telling, to tell) __________________________ no one?
11. The president plans (giving, to give) __________________everyone a bonus at the end of
the year.
12. I have a good job, and I hope (supporting, to support) _________________myself all
through school.
13. I can't wait (finishing, to finish) __________________ work today. I'm taking off on
vacation tonight.
14. My neighbour and I get up at six every morning and go (jogging, to jog)_______________.
Home task: _______________________________________________________________________
Заняття 11.
Тема INPUT-OUTPUT UNITS. Дієприкметник. Утворення дієприкметників.
Значення та вживання дієприкметника теперішнього часу
VOCABULARY
human-readable form
62
performance
character printer
line printer
page printer
(non) impact printer
letter-quality printer
dot-matrix printer
ink-jet printer
laser-beam printer
to identify [ai'dentifai]
approach [ap'routj] (n)
at a time
to strike against a ribbon
typewriter (n)
to spray drops of ink
to affect [a'fekt]
technique (n)
printeroutput

OUTPUT DEVICES. PRINTERS
Printers provide information in a permanent, human-readable form. They are the most
commonly used output devices and are components of almost all computer systems. Printers vary
greatly in performance and design. We will classify printers as character printers, line printers and
page printers in order to identify three different approaches to printing, each with a different
speed range. In addition, printers can be described as either impact or nonimpact. Printers that
use electromechanical mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper
are called impact printers. Nonimpact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print.
Character printers print only one character at a time. A typewriter is an example of a
character printer. Character printers are the type used with literally all microcomputers as well as
on computers of all sizes whenever the printing requirements are not large. Character printers
may be of several types. A letter-quality printer is a character printer which produces output of
typewriter quality. Letter-quality printers typically have speeds ranging from 10 to 50 characters
per second. Dot-matrix printers form each character as a pattern of dots. These printers have a
lower quality of type but are generally faster printers than the letter-quality printers — in the range
of 50 to 200 characters per second. One of the newest types of character printer is the ink-jet
printer. It sprays small drops of ink onto paper to form printed characters. The ink has a high iron
content, which is affected by magnetic fields of the printer. These magnetic fields cause the ink to
take the shape of a character as the ink approaches the paper.
Line printers are electromechanical machines used for high-volume paper output on most
computer systems. Their printing speeds are such that to an observer they appear to be printing a
line at a time. They are impact printers. The speeds of line printers vary from 100 to 2500 lines per
minute. Line printers have been designed to use many different types of printing mechanisms.
Two of the most common print mechanisms are the drum and the chain. Drum printers use a solid,
cylindrical drum, rotating at a rapid speed. Speeds of dram printers vary from 200 to over 2000 lines
63
per minute. Chain printers have their character set on a rapidly rotating chain called a print chain.
Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2400 lines per minute.
Page printers are high-speed nonimpact printers. Their printing rates are so high that
output appears to emerge from the printer a page at a time. A variety of techniques are used in
the design of page printers. These techniques, called electrophotographic techniques, have
developed from the paper copier technology. Laser-beam printers use a combination of laser
beam and electrophotographic techniques to create printer output at a rate equal to 18000 lines
per minute.

Зручна для сприйняття людини форма _______________________________________________
Найчастіше вживані облаштування виведення інформації ______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
розрізнятися за робочими характеристиками і зовнішньому вигляду _____________________
________________________________________________________________________________
принтери з посимвольним друком __________________________________________________
принтери з відрядковим друком ____________________________________________________
принтери з посторінковим друком __________________________________________________
різні методи друку _______________________________________________________________
діапазон швидкості _______________________________________________________________
принтери контактні і безконтактні ___________________________________________________
ударяти по стрічці ________________________________________________________________
друкувати по одному символу ______________________________________________________
буквально усі комп'ютери _________________________________________________________
а також _________________________________________________________________________
вимоги друку ____________________________________________________________________
принтер з друкарською якістю друку ________________________________________________
точково-матричні принтери ________________________________________________________
струминні принтери_______________________________________________________________
розбризкувати краплі чорнила _____________________________________________________
високий вміст заліза ______________________________________________________________
магнітні поля ____________________________________________________________________
набувати форми символу __________________________________________________________
здається, що друкують по рядку ____________________________________________________
барабанний принтер ______________________________________________________________
(цепочечные) принтери ___________________________________________________________
лазерний принтер ________________________________________________________________
Activity 3.Translate the word-combinations with the given words.

Approach: comprehensive approach; database approach; educational (training) approach;
general approach; graphic approach; self-study approach; step-by-step approach; trial-and-error
approach.
Performance: application performance; computer performance; device performance; disk
performance; display performance; error performance; execution performance; memory
performance; network performance; processor performance.
Printer: black-and-white printer; color printer; character (at-a-time) printer; dot-matrix
printer; graphical (image) printer; impact printer; ink-jet printer; laser printer; letter-quality printer;
matrix printer; network printer; page (at-a-time) printer.
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Technique: advanced technique; analog technique; computing technique; display (video)
technique; formatting technique; hardware technique; measuring technique; modeling (simulation)
technique; multimedia technique; numerical technique; programming technique; scanning
technique; software technique; testing technique.
1. What are the three types of printers?
2. What is a letter-quality printer?
3. What is a dot-matrix printer?
4. What type of printer is the most common with microcomputer systems?
5. What is the most common printer type used on large computer systems?
6. What is an impact printer? Give an example.
7. What is a nonimpact printer? Give examples.
8. What are the most widely used printers?
9. How do you distinguish between a letter-quality printer and a dot-matrix printer?
10. Which of these printers is slower?
11. What types of character printers do you know?
12. How are printed characters formed by means of an ink-jet printer?
13. What are the main types of a line printer? Which of them is faster?
14. What techniques are used in the operation of page printers?
 Speak about the different types of printers and what they are used for.
 Describe the characteristics of the printer that you have or would like
to have at home or at work.
 Give details about: type of printer, speed, resolution, ink cartridges, price and customer
support.
65
WRITING
 Read the text and make up a short summary of it in a written form.
Text 1. MAGNETIC MEDIA DEVICES

Some of the devices mentioned above can perform both the input and output functions.
Magnetic disc, magnetic diskette, and magnetic tape are examples of such devices. Magnetic
discs, diskettes, and tapes can record data as output from primary storage and can also serve as
input devices returning the data to primary storage.
Data are recorded on magnetic discs and magnetic tapes either by outputting the data from
primary storage or by using a data recorder. Data recorders are not input devices, and they are
not connected to the computer system. Instead they are offline recorders. The magnetic media
recording devices are key-to-disk, key-to-diskette, and key-to-tape machines.
Key-to-disk devices are used as data recording stations in multistation shared-processor
systems. They are able to correct data before storing it on a magnetic disk and before its entry
into the main computer system.
Key-to-diskette systems store data on flexible discs, called diskettes. Diskettes are inexpensive
and reusable.
Key-to-tape devices can record data on reels, on cassettes, and on tape cartridges. The
magnetic tape reels produced by key-to-tape systems are in a computer-compatible format for
subsequent direct data input into a computer. However, data on cartridges and cassettes often
are transferred to higher-speed media, such as a full-sized reel of magnetic tape or magnetic disc,
for data transfer to the computer.
Text 2. SCANNERS
Scanners provide a capability for direct data entry into the computer system. The major
advantage of this direct data entry is that humans do not have to key the data. This leads to faster
and more accurate data entry. The two major types of scannersare optical scanners and magnetic-
ink character recognition devices.
Optical scanners are input devices that can "read" data recorded on paper. The scanning
techniques used involve a light source and light sensors; thus, they are called optical devices. The
data to be scanned may be typed or handwritten characters, data-coded as pencil marks, or
data-coded as bars. The common optical scanner devices are called optical character readers,
optical mark readers, and bar-code readers.
An optical character reader (OCR) inputs data by using optical scanning mechanisms that can
detect or scan alphabetic and numeric characters printed on paper. If the data are typewritten,
they must be typed using a special type font, called an OCR font. Examples of the use of OCR devices
include the scanners used by the Postal Service to aid in sorting bulk mail, and as first-draft input
for word processing system.
Optical mark readers (OMR) are able to detect pencil marks, made on special paper forms. The
actual inputting of data through an OMR device involves shining a light on the page being
scanned and detecting the reflections from the pencil marks. Pencil marks made with a soft lead
pencil (high graphite content) will reflect the light. It is this reflection that the OMR device
detects.
Optical bar-code readers detect combinations of marks or printed bars that represent the data.
Bar codes have been used for a number of years for some types of credit card processing and by
the post office for mail sorting. It is very common to use bar-code readers in conjunction with point-
of-sale devices. The most widely known bar code is the universal product code (UPC), which
66
now appears on almost all retail packages.
Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) devices were developed to assist the banking
industry. MICR devices speed up data input for the banking industry by reading characters im-
printed on paper documents using a magnetic ink (an ink that contains iron oxide particles). Check
and deposit form processing is the largest application of MICR.
67
Дієприкметник (The Participle) —
це неособова форма дієслова, що має властивості дієслова,
прикметника і прислівника.
Дієприкметник теперішнього часу

Дієприкметник минулого часу
Present Participle або
Past Participle або Participle II
Participle І
Present Participle утворюється за Past Participle правильних дієслів

допомогою закінчення ing, яке утворюється за допомогою закінчення -
додається до інфінітива дієслова без ed, що додається до інфінітива без
частки to. частки to:
Present Participle відповідає To ask- asked
українському дієприкметнику Past Participle перехідних дієслів
активного станутеперішнього часу та відповідає українському пасивному
дієприслівнику недоконаного виду: дієприкметнику минулого часу:
Dressed одягнутий
resting—відпочиваючий,відпочиваючи
Participle I is used in the function of:
1. Adverbial modifier of time (обставина часу):

Walking home she didn't hurry.
When walking home she didn't hurry. Ідучи додому, вона не поспішала.
While walking home she didn't hurry.
2. Adverbial modifier of cause (обставина причини):
Knowing the way she walked quickly. Знаючи дорогу, вона йшла швидко
Not knowing the way she didn't hurry. Не знаючи дороги, вона не поспішала.
Being busy she couldn't speak to me. Будучи зайнята, вона не могла поговоритизі мною.
3. Adverbial modifier of manner (обставина способу дії).

He stood at the window thinking about his future.
Він стояв біля вікна, думаючи про своє майбутнє.
Participle I in the function of attribute and adverbial modifier:
I saw her smiling face in the window. Я побачив у вікні її обличчя, яке
Attribute In the window I saw her face smiling at посміхалося.
us. У вікні я побачив її лице, що
посміхалося нам.
She said these words, smiling at me. Вона сказала ці слова,
Adverbial Smiling happily she hurried to the door. посміхаючись мені.
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modifier Радісно посміхаючись, вона
поспішила до дверей.
Participle II in the function of attribute:

The discussed question is important. Питання, яке обговорюється, дуже
The written letter is on the table. важливе.
Написаний лист лежить на столі.
The question discussed by the students is very Питання, що обговорюється студентами,

important. дуже важливе.
The letter written by Mary is on the table. Лист, написаний Мері, лежить на столі.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Запитаний - запитуючий (питаючи)

початий -починаючий (починаючи)
запрошений – запрошуючий (запрошуючи)
даний - даючий (даючи)
залишений - залишаючий (залишаючи)
побачений – той, що бачить (бачивши)
показаний - показуючий (показуючи)
взятий - беручий (беручи)
забуваючий (забуваючи)
знайдений – той, що знаходить (знаходячи)
Activity 6. Replace subordinate clauses on the participial phrases.

1. All the people who live in this house are students.
2. The woman who is speaking now is our secretary.
3. The apparatus that stands on the table in the corner of the laboratory is quite new.
4. The young man who helps the professor in his experiments studies at an evening school for
laboratory workers.
5. People who take books from the library must return them in time.
6. There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of extracurricular activities.
69
Форми дієприкметника
Теперішнього часу Минулого часу Перфектна Пасивного і активного стану.

Present Participle Past Participle Perfect Participle
Форма Перехідні дієслова Неперехідні дієслова

дієприкметника
Active Voice Passive Voice Active Voice
Present Participle asking being asked going
Past Participle asked gone
Perfect Participle having asked having been asked having gone
Present Participle не має певного часового значення і виражає різні часові відношення
залежно від контексту і значення дієслова, від якого утворено дієприкметник.
a) Present Participle вживається для позначення дії, одночасної з дією, вираженою

дієсловом-присудком речення. Залежно від часу дієслова-присудка Present Participle може
відноситись до теперішнього, минулого або майбутнього часу:
Reading English books I write out new words.
Читаючи англійські книжки, я виписую нові слова.
Reading English books I wrote out new words.
Читаючи англійські книжки, я виписував нові слова.
Reading English books I'll write out new words.
Читаючи англійські книжки, я виписуватиму нові слова.
У першому з цих речень reading відноситься до теперішнього часу, в другому — до
минулого, а в третьому — до майбутнього.
б) Present Participle може виражати дію, що відноситься до теперішнього часу,

незалежно від часу дії, вираженої дієсловом-присудком речення:
The students working in our village came from Kiev.
Студенти, що працюють у нашому селі, прибули з Києва
Хоч дієслово-присудок цього речення стоїть у минулому часі, Present Participleвиражає дію,
що відноситься до теперішнього часу.
в) PresentParticipleIndefinite може вживатися безвідносно до якогось часу:

The bisector is a straight line dividing an angle into two equal parts.
Бісектриса —це пряма лінія, що поділяє кут на дві рівні частини.
70
г) PresentParticiple - може виражати дію, що передує дії, вираженій присудком, якщо
обидві дії відбуваються безпосередньо одна за одною. У такому значенні часто трапляється
Present Participle дієслів to enter входити; to open відчиняти; to close закривати; to arrive
прибувати; to see бачити; to hear чути та ін.
Entering his room, he went quickly to the other door.
УВІЙШОВШИ в свою кімнату, він швидко пішов до інших дверей.
Dressing myself as quickly as I could I went for a walk.
Одягнувшись якомога швидше, я пішов на прогулянку.
У такому разі PresentParticiple перекладається на українську мову дієприслівником
доконаного виду.
Вживання Present Participle
Perfect Participle виражає дію, що передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком.

Perfect Participle відповідає українському дієприслівнику доконаного виду:
Having said this, they stopped speaking.
Сказавши це, вони припинили розмову.
Having given her word, she ought to keep it.
Давши слово, вона мусить дотримувати його.
Present Participle Active вживається тоді, коли іменник або займенник, до якого
він відноситься, позначає суб'єкт вираженої ним дії:
Weeping she walked back to the house.
Плачучи, вона повернулася в будинок.
Having opened my window, I went downstairs.
Відчинивши вікно, я зійшла вниз.
Present Participle Passive вживається тоді, коли іменник або займенник, до якого
він відноситься, позначає об'єкт вираженої ним дії:
Being invited to an evening-party she couldn't go to the theatre.
Оскільки її запросили на вечір, вона не могла піти в театр.
Having been packed, the parcel was taken to the post- office.
Після того як посилку запакували, її віднесли на пошту.
Home task: _______________________________________________________________________
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Заняття 12.
Тема INPUT-OUTPUT UNITS. INPUT DEVICES: the eyes of your PC.

Форми дієприкметників. Значення та вживання дієприкметника минулого часу
VOCABULARY
Flatbed
Film scanner
Hand-held scanner
Pen scanner
Barcode scanner
Resolution
Optical Character Recognition
Digital camera
Flash memory
USB (universal serial bus)
A. Scanners
Input devices such as scanners and cameras allow you to capture and copy images into a
computer.
A scanner is a peripheral that reads images and converts them
I into electronic codes which can be understood by a computer. There are different types.
 A flatbed is built like a photocopier and is for use on a desktop; it can capture text, colour
images and even small 3D objects.
 A film scanner is used to scan film negatives or 35 mm slides – pictures on photographic
film, mounted in a frame.
 A hand-held scanner is small and T-shaped, ideal to capture small pictures and logos.
 A pen scanner looks like a pen; you can scan text, figures, barcodes and handwritten
numbers.
Barcode scanners read barcodes on the products sold in shops and send the price to the
computer in the cash register. Barcodes consist of a series of black and white stripes used to give
products a unique identification number.
The resolution of a scanner is measured in dpi or dots per inch. For
example, a 1,200 dpi scanner gives clearer, more detailed images than a 300 dpi scanner.
Most scanners come with Optical Character Recognition software. OCR allows you to scan
pages of text and save them into your word processor; they can then be edited.
B. Digital cameras
A digital camera doesn’t use film. Photos are stored as digital data (bits made up of 1’s and
0’s), usually on a tiny storage device known as a flash memory card. You can connect the camera
or memory card to a PC and then alter the images using a program like
Adobe Photoshop, or you can view the images on a TV set. Many printers have a special socket so
that you can print images directly from a memory card or camera.
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C. Digital video cameras and webcams
TRANSFER DISPLAY it on a
screen or create
a DVD.
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
EMAIL or put
A digital You can You can store your movie on
video (DV) manipulate
camera video or export the the Web.
records images with result.
moving video
images and editing
coverts software.
them into You can cut,
digital data paste, add
that can be effects, etc.
processed
by a PC.
Webcams (short for Web cameras) let you send and receive live video pictures through the
Internet. They’re primarily used for video conferences - video calls - but they can he used to
record photos and video onto your hard disk.
The resolution of webcams is expressed in megapixels (million pixels). Webcams connect
to the PC via a USB (universal serial bus) or FireWire port; they display video at 24 to 30 frames
(pictures) per second. Some include a headset with a microphone and earpiece.
Activity 2. Solve the clues and complete the puzzle with words
1
from A and B. P
2
1. Scanners and cameras are ________________devices used to e
3
transfer images into a format that can be understood by r
computers. 4
i
2. A_________________________ lets you copy photos and 5
P
printed documents into your PC. 6
h
3. It has become one of life’s most familiar sounds – the beep of 7
the supermarket till whenever a is scanned. e
8
4. If you need to scan 35mm__________________you should go r
9
for a dedicated 35mm film scanner which concentrates all its a
10
dots into a tiny area. l
5. This scanner has a resolution of 300 x 600________________.
6. A ________________ scanner is small enough to hold in your hand.
7. A_______________scanner is used to capture lines of text, barcodes and numbers.
8. Most digital cameras use flash_________________cards to store photos.
9. _____________ scanners have a flat surface and take at least A4-sized documents.
10. To scan photographic negatives or slides you will need a_______________ scanner.
Activity 3. Decide if these sentences are True or False. If they are false, correct them.
1. The details detected by a scanner are not determined by its resolution.

2. A barcode scanner is a computer peripheral for reading barcode labels printed
on products.
3. Scanners cannot handle optical character recognition.
4. A digital camera uses a light sensitive film instead of a memory card for storing
the images.
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5. A digital video (DV) camera is used to take still photographs.
6. Video editing software allows you to manipulate video clips on the computer.
Activity 4. Complete this advertisement with words from the webcam section of C.
Having (1) ____________________ __________________with friends and family has

never been easier or more enjoyable.
You get the highest-quality audio and video, no matter which chatting solution you use.
With the WebCam Live! Ultra, its CCD image sensor with 640 x 480 (VGA) resolution produces rich,
vibrant colours. Combined with its (2) ___________________________ 2.0 Hi-Speed connection,
the result is top-quality, full-motion video at 30 (3)_______________________per second for all
your web conversations, even in dimly-lit rooms. The WebCam Live! Ultra lets you do more. Let
your voice be heard clearer than ever before with the included (4)____________________, unlike
the built-in microphones in most other (5)_______________ . Take still pictures at up to 1.3 (6)
______________________resolution (interpolated), and enjoy the many great features that
accompany the bundled award-winning WebCam Center software, such as motion detection,
remote security monitoring, timelapse video capture and much more.
STUDY THE FOLLOWING
Past Participle має лише одну форму і є пасивним дієприкметником. Він вживається
тоді, коли іменник або займенник, до якого він відноситься, позначає об'єкт
вираженої ним дії:
a written letter написаний лист
the machines made at this plant машини, виготовлені на цьому заводі
Вживання
Але Past Participle може також

виражати дію, одночасну з дією,
Здебільшого PastParticiple виражає вираженою дієсловом-присудком, а
дію, що переду є дії, вираженій також дію, безвідносну до часу:
присудком речення: Her father is a doctor loved and respected
We looked at the destroyed bridge. by everybody.
Ми дивилися на зруйнований міст ЇЇ батько — лікар, якого всі люблять і
(міст було зруйновано раніше, ніж поважають.
ми дивилися на нього). A central angle is an angle formed by
two radii [reidai]
Центральний кут — це кут, утворений
двома радіусами.
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Activity 5. Translate using Past Participle.
1. She put a plate of fried fish in front of me.
2. The coat bought last year is too small for me now.
3. We stopped before a shut door.
4. They saw overturned tables and chairs and pieces of broken glass all over the room.
5. This is a church built many years ago.
6. The books written by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19th century England.
Порівняйте вживання Participle I ("ing"-форма)
і Participle II (ІІІ форма дієслова)

taking — що бере, беручиtaken — взятий
doing — що робить, роблячиdone — зроблений
Activity 6.Translate using Participle I i Participle II.
1. a) A letter sent from Lviv today will be in Kyiv tomorrow.

b) He saw some people in the post office sending telegrams.
c) When sending the telegram she forgot to write her name.
2. a) Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important.
b) The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian.
c) While putting the eggs into the basket she broke one of them.
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Activity 7. Open the brackets.
1. a) We listened to the girls (singing, sung) Russian folk songs.
b) We listened to the Russian folk songs (singing, sung) by the girls.
2. a) Who is that boy (doing, done) his homework at that table?
b) The exercises (doing, done) by the pupils were easy.
3. a) The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard is our best pupil.
b) Everything (writing, written) here is quite right.
4. Read the (translating, translated) sentences once more.
5. Name some places (visiting, visited) by you last year.
6. I picked up the pencil (lying, lain) on the floor.
7. She was reading the book (buying, bought) the day before.
8. Yesterday we were at a conference (organizing, organized) by the pupils of the 10th form.
Home task: ______________________________________________________________________
Заняття 13.
Тема Computer Programming. Об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс.

Синтаксичні функції дієприкметника в реченні
Vocabulary
To execute
Assembly
To represent
To resemble
Compiler
Application
To run on
Accessible
To link
a flowchart
to compile
smoothly
bugs
76
Activity 1. Read the text and write the translation.
Programming languages
High-level language
Programming is the process of writing a program using a computer (Pascal, C, Java)
language.
A program is a set of instructions which a computer uses to do a Compile
specific task (e.g. a solution to a Maths problem). r
The only language a PC can directly execute is machine code, Low-level language
which consists of 1s and 0s. This language is difficult to write, so
we use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. For Assembler
example, assembly languages use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, Machine code
MPY to represent instructions. The program is then translated into
Hardware
machine code by software called an assembler.
Machine code and assembly languages are called low-level languages because they are
closer to the hardware.
High-level languages, however, are closer to human languages; they use forms resembling
English, which makes programming easier. The program is translated into machine code by
software called a compiler.
Some examples are:

■ FORTRAN - used for scientific and mathematical applications
■ COBOL - popular for business applications
■ BASIC - used as a teaching language; Visual BASIC is now used to create Windows applications
■ C - used to write system software, graphics and commercial programs
■ Java -designed to run on the Web; Java applets are small programs that run automatically on web
pages and let you watch animated characters, and play music and games.
The languages used to create Web documents are called markup languages; they use instructions
77
(markups) to format and link text files. Examples are:
■ HTML - the code used to create Web pages.
■ VoiceXML - it makes Internet content accessible via speech recognition and phone. Instead of
using a web browser on a PC, you use a telephone to access voice-equipped websites. You just
dial the phone number of the website and then give spoken instructions, commands, and get
the required information.
Steps in writing a program

To write a program, software developers usually follow these steps.
■ First they try to understand the problem and define the purpose of the program.
■ They design a flowchart, a diagram which shows the successive logical steps of the program.
■ Next they write the instructions in a high-level language (Pascal, C, etc.). This is called coding.
The program is then compiled.

■ When the program is written, they test it: they run the program to see if it works and use
special tools to detect bugs, or errors. Any errors are corrected until it runs smoothly. This is
called debugging, or bug fixing.
Finally, software companies write a detailed description of how the program works, called
program documentation. They also have a maintenance program. They get reports from users
about any errors found in the program. After it has been improved, it is published as an updated
version.
Activity 2. Match the terms from A opposite with their definitions.
1 programming a basic language which consists of binary codes
2 machine code b programming language such as C, Java or Visual BASIC
3 assembly language c writing computer programs
low-level language translated into machine code by an
4 high-level language d
assembler
5 Java applet e software which converts a source program into machine code
6 compiler f language used to create and format documents for the Web
7 markup language g small self-contained program written in Java
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Activity 3. Look at B and then put these programming steps into the correct order.
1
Document and
maintain the
2
program
Test the program
and detect bugs 3
Make flowchart
Write code and
compile
Analyze the problem 4
Debug and correct it 6
if necessary 5
Does it work?
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Activity 4. Complete this article about the VoiceXML application language with the words from
the box.
HTML dial VoiceXML commands speech recognition
Internet: Voice recognition takes off
You don’t need a sophisticated cell phone to surf the Internet when you’re on the road - just your
own voice. That’s the idea behind a new breed of voice service that is popping up all over the
place.
Subscribers (1)__________________________ a toll-free phone number and use spoken (2)
_______________________ to listen to anything from weather conditions to stock quotes, or
flight information to news stories. Half a dozen of these services - such as Audiopoint, BeVocal,
TellMe and TelSurf Networks - have already gone live or are testing their systems.
These launches are all happening because two crucial technologies have come of age.
(3) __________________ ______________ software from companies such as Lucent, Nuance and
Speechworks can now understand a wide range of accents and diction without having to be
trained to a specific voice. And computer languages such as VoiceXML make it as easy to write
voice services as (4) _____________________ has made it to write web pages. With (5)
_______________ , the human voice becomes a substitute for a computer mouse and the spoken
command for a click. It doesn’t, however, call up conventional web pages, but content which is
specially composed for a telephone: sound clips, numbers, music, spoken texts.
The Economist
Text 1. A MODEM
The piece of equipment that allows a computer to communicate with other computers
over telephone lines is called a modem. The modem allows the individual to access information
from all over the world and use that information in everyday life. Connecting with banks,
Automatic Teller Machines, cash registers to read credit cards, access travel agents, buy products, e-
mail, access databases, and teleconferencing, the modems provide easy access to many services.
Files can be transferred easily, by uploading to another machine, or downloading to your own
machine within a matter of minutes. The computer modem can be used as a telephone answering
system, and documents can be faxed from one computer to another assuring fast and easy
access to important documents.
A modem takes computer information and changes it into a signal that can be sent over
telephone lines. The modem is a bridge between digital and analog signals. The computer is of
the digital type, and the telephone using analog technology. The modem converts the "0"s and
"1"s of the computer (off-on switches) into an analog signals modulating the frequency of the
electronic wave or signal. The modem does just the opposite and demodulate the signal back into
digital code. The modem gets its name from MOdulate and the DEModulate.
Most people believe that you need a separate phone line for a modem, but that is not
true. Your modem and telephone can share one line, the problem arises when someone else
needs to use the telephone while the modem is in use. Also disable call waiting, it could disrupt
your modem connection while the modem is in use.
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There are three kinds of modems — internal, external, and fax. All modems do the same
thing, they allow computers to communicate through telephone lines. This lets computers ex-
change information everywhere. Internal Modem is a circuit board that plugs into one of the
expansion slots of the computer. Internal modems usually are cheaper than external modems, but
when problems occur, fixing and troubleshooting the modem can sometimes prove to be quite
difficult. External Modem attaches to the back of the computer by way of a cable that plugs into the
modem port. It is usually less expensive and very portable. It can be used with other computers very
easily by unplugging it and plugging it into another computer. Fax Modem can be hooked up to
your telephone and used to send information to your computer. Your computer can also send
information to a fax machine. Most computer modems are modems with faxing capabilities.
Text 2. MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

The organization of a microcomputer system is the same as that of a larger computer
system. The microprocessor unit (MPU), usually concentrated in a single chip, consists of the
control unit and the arithmetic logical unit. Internal memory is made up of random access
memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). Because RAM is only temporary storage, all
microcomputers require some instructions to get started after they are turned on, and these are
contained in ROM. A microcomputer includes both an MPU and internal memory.
The portion of the system software that is in ROM brings into RAM the additional
instructions required to operate the microcomputer. Typically these instructions are stored on a
magnetic disk; hence, they are called a disk operating system, or DOS. This start-up process is
called bootstrapping. ROM also contains other programs that help to make personal computers
easy to use, such as a programming language. Computer games are also stored in ROM cartridges.
In addition to the MPU, RAM, ROM, and associated control circuits, other components,
called peripheral devices, are needed to make a complete microcomputer system. The principal
peripheral units are: input devices, output devices, mass storage units, and communication
components. Like a DOS, the programs that control the flow of data between a microcomputer
and its peripheral devices are a part of systems software.
The most common input device used with personal computers is the keyboard. Most
personal computer keyboards have extra keys that perform special functions and that can be used
to control the movement of a cursor on a screen. A levellike device, called a joystick, is also used
as an input device, commonly for playing video games.
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STUDY THE FOLLOWING
Об'єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс
Друга частина—дієприкметник, що
Перша частина комплексу — іменник у виражає дію, яку виконує або якої
загальному відмінку або особовий зазнає особа або предмет, позначений
займенник в об'єктному відмінку. іменником або займенником.
Об'єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс з Present Participle після дієслів, що

означають сприймання за допомогою органів чуттів, дуже близький за значенням до
об'єктного інфінітивного комплексу. Різниця між
I saw them play football (інфінітив) - лише констатується факт
I saw them playing football (дієприкметник) - дія виражається як процес
(я бачив, як саме це відбувалося)
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Вживання
З PastParticiple вживається після

дієслівtohaveitoget і виражає дію:
а) що виконується не особою,
Вживається з дієсловами, що
позначеною підметом, а кимсь іншим
виражають бажання, а також
для неї,
процеси мислення. З цими
б) якої зазнає особа, позначена
дієсловами вживається лише Past
підметом:
Participle:
She had her hair done.
I want him changed.
Їй зробили зачіску.
Я хочу, щоб він змінився
Have you had a photo taken?
Margaret considered herself deceived.
Вас сфотографували?
Маргарет вважала себе обманутою.
I must have my watch repaired.
Мені треба полагодити годинник.
..,.(віддати у ремонт) .
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Activity 7. Open the brackets and translate the sentences.
1. (Taking, taken) the girl by the hand, she led her across the street.
2. It was not easy to find the (losing, lost) stamp.
3. I shall show you a picture (painting, painted) by Hogarth.
4. Here is the letter (receiving, received) by me yesterday.
5. Do you know the woman (staying, stayed) in the hall?
6. The book (writing, written) by this scientist is very interesting.
7. Translate the words (writing, written) on the blackboard.
8. We could not see the sun (covering, covered) by dark clouds.
9. The (losing, lost) book was found at last.
10. (Going, gone) along the street, I met Mary and Ann.
11. Look at the beautiful flowers (gathering, gathered) by them.
12. His hat (blowing, blown) off by the wind was lying in the middle of the street.
13. "How do you like the film?" he asked, (turning, turned) towards me.
14. When we came nearer, we saw two boys (coming, come) towards us.
15. I think that the boy (standing, stood) there is his brother.
Activity 8. Open the brackets.

1. She is expected (to operate) on today.
2. Just look at his hands. He is sure (to work) in the garage.
3. She smiled broadly and waved her hand. She seemed (to recognize) me.
4. Even if he is out you need not worry. He is sure (to leave) the key under the door-mat.
5. At that time I happened (to work) at my first novel.
6. You won't be likely (to miss) the train if you start right now.
7. Don't cry! Everything is bound (to get) right between you.
8. She lost her head and seemed (to forget) the little English she knew.
9. A young woman is supposed (to write) this book.
10. You needn't mention it again. He is not likely (to forget) it.
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11. He is believed (to teach) by his father.
Home task: _______________________________________________________________________
Заняття 14.
Тема COMPUTERP ROGRAMMING. Суб’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс.

Синтаксичні функції в реченні. МКР
VOCABULARY
equation
list of instructions
to guard
appropriate sequence
program logic
flowchart (n), (v)
flowcharting (n)
pictorial representation
predefined symbols
specifics (n)
emplate (n)
pseudocode(n)
burden (n)
programming rules
to consume
to emphasize
top-down approach
looping logic
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COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the
computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. The essence of computer
programming is the encoding of the program for the computer by means of algorythms. The thing
is that any problem is expressed in mathematical terms, it contains formulae, equations and
calculations. But the computer cannot manipulate formulae, equations and calculations. Any
problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is — coded or
programmed.
The phase in which the system's computer programs are written is called the
development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit
of the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the program must be complete and in the
appropriate sequence, or else the wrong answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic
and to document the program's logical approach, logic plans should be developed.
There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique
is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses
predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a "picture" of the logical steps
to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined symbol shapes stands for a general
operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature of the general operation, and the specifics
are written within the symbol. A plastic or metal guide called a template is used to make drawing
the symbols easier.
The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an
imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like structure without the burden of
programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less time-consuming for the professional programmer
than is flowcharting. It also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure.
Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision, and looping logic. With these three
structures, any required logic can be expressed.

Сукупність закодованих команд ____________________________________________________
суть комп'ютерного програмування ________________________________________________
кодування за допомогою алгоритму ________________________________________________
формули, рівняння,обчислення ____________________________________________________
обробити особливим чином _______________________________________________________
перелік команд _________________________________________________________________
необхідна послідовність___________________________________________________________
захищати від помилок ____________________________________________________________
складати план логічної послідовності _______________________________________________
загальноприйнята методика _______________________________________________________
логічна послідовність виконання програми __________________________________________
побудова блок-схеми ____________________________________________________________
наочне представлення ___________________________________________________________
заздалегідь задані символи _______________________________________________________
шаблон ________________________________________________________________________
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псевдо програма ________________________________________________________________
без витрат ______________________________________________________________________
виділяти принцип низхідної обробки _______________________________________________
витрачати менше часу ____________________________________________________________
логічна схема виконання операцій в циклі ___________________________________________
необхідна послідовність операцій __________________________________________________
Activity 3. Match the English word-combinations with the Ukrainian ones.

Program: access program; application program; archived program; binary program;
common program; compatible / incompatible program; control / management program;
database program; debugging program; educational / teaching / training program; free program;
general-purpose program; high-performance program; off-line program; on-line program;
operating (-system) program; processing program; protected-mode program; remote program;
running program; self-loading program; simulation program; support program; utility program;
virus-detection program; watch-dog program.
Програма в двійковому коді;

застосовна програма;
(не)сумісна програма;
безкоштовна програма;
програма відладки;
сторожова програма;
дистанційна програма;
програма моделювання;
сервісна програма;
допоміжна програма;
програма для доступу (до даних);

програма, що заархівувала;
програма, працююча з базою даних;
повчальна програма;
програма, що виконується з великою швидкістю;
універсальна програма;
програма, що виконується в захищеному режимі;
програма обробки даних;
програма операційної системи (системна програма);
виконувана програма;
мережева /не мережева програма;
програма, що самозагружається;
часто використовувана (поширена) програма;
програма управління;
програма виявлення.
85
Activity 4. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood.
1. I should like to be a top specialist in computer technology.
2. It is necessary that the program should be debugged (отлажена) by a programmer.
3. It is required that the programmer should code the instructions of the program in the appro-
priate sequence.
4. The manager demanded that the work should be performed in time.
5. Write down the algorythm of computer operations lest you should make errors.
6. Our teacher speaks English as if he were a real Englishman.
7. Without the Sun there would be no light, no heat, no energy of any kind.
8. I wish it were summer now and we could go to the seaside.
9. American scientists suggested that the quantum generator should be called laser, which is the
acronym for fight amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
10.I wished you had mentioned these facts while the subject was being discussed.
1. What is programming?
2. What is the essence of programming?
3. What should be done with the problem before processing by the computer?
4. What is a program?
5. What are instructions?
6. What are the main techniques for planning the program logic?
7. What is a flowchart?
86
THE SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPLE COMPLEX
Суб'єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс складається з двох частин. Перша частина

комплексу — іменник у загальному відмінку або особовий займенник у називному
відмінку. Друга частина комплексу—дієприкметник (здебільшого Present Participle),
що виражає дію, яку виконує особа або предмет, позначені першою частиною
комплексу:
A plane was heard flying high in the sky.
Було чути, як високо в небі летів літак.
Вживається:
1) З дієсловами, які виражають сприймання за допомогою органів чуттів (to see, to
hear, to feel, to watch, to notice, to observe пасивному стані) і виконують у реченні
роль присудка, який ставиться між першою і другою частиною комплексу.
2) З дієсловами to consider, to believeвважати; to findзнаходити іноді вживається

суб'єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс з Past Participle:
The work was considered finished. Роботу вважали закінченою.
У реченні суб'єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс виконує функцію складного підмета.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Activity 6. Paraphrase the following sentences.
Model: 1. The car was considered stolen.

2. They considered that the car had been stolen.
1. When I left her she was greatly upset and worried.
2. I found her in her room. She was dressed for the party.
3. You will find the letter on your desk. It is signed and ready to be posted.
4. It could be considered that she was cured.
5. We found the village. It had been burnt to the ground.

1. Сейф знайшли відкритим.
2. Востаннє його бачили, як сидів у читальному залі.
3. Її не можна вважати відповідальною за те, що трапилося.
4. Час від часу було чутно, як вони сміються у себе в кабінеті.
5. Мене змусили довго чекати.
6. Здається, всі знають його адресу.
87
Home task: ______________________________________________________________________
Заняття 15. Тема APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

VOCABULARY
word processing
security
appliance
maintenance
application software
to delete
to move paragraphs around
accountant
accounting
income tax
stock market forecasting
worksheet
scheduling
computer-assisted instructions
to meet the demands
recordkeeping
grading
APPLICATION OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers have a lot of applications, however, there are some major categories of
applications: home and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and
engineering and scientific.
Home and hobby. Personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and
hobbyists. They are an exciting hobby. All hobbyists need not be engineers or programmers. There
are many games that use the full capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting
leisure-time adventure.
The list of other home and hobby applications of PCs is almost endless, including: checking
account management, budgeting, personal finance, planning, investment analyses, telephone
answering and dialing, home security, home environment and climate control, appliance control,
calendar management, maintenance of address and mailing lists and what not.
Word processing. At home or at work, applications software, called a word processing program,
88
enables you to correct or modify any document in any manner you wish before printing it. Using
the CRT monitor as a display screen, you are able to view what you have typed to correct
mistakes in spelling or grammar, add or delete sentences, move paragraphs around, and replace
words. The letter or document can be stored on a diskette for future use.
Professional. The category of professional includes persons making extensive use of word
processing, whose occupations are particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other
occupations are accountants, financial advisors, stock brokers, tax consultants, lawyers, architects,
engineers, educators and all levels of managers. Applications programs that are popular with
persons in these occupations include accounting, income tax preparation, statistical analysis,
graphics, stock market forecasting and computer modeling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the
computer modeling program most widely used by professionals. It can be used for scheduling,
planning, and the examination of "what if situations.
Educational. Personal computers are having and will continue to have a profound influence upon
the classroom, affecting both the learner and the teacher. Microcomputers are making their way
into classrooms to an ever-increasing extent, giving impetus to the design of programmed learning
materials that can meet the demands of student and teacher.
Two important types of uses for personal computers in education are computer-managed
instruction (CMI), and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). CMI software is used to assist the
instructor in the management of all classroom-related activities, such as record keeping, work
assignments, testing, and grading. Applications of CAI include mathematics, reading, typing, com-
puter literacy, programming languages, and simulations of real-world situations.

Багато сфер застосування _____________________________________________________
обробка текстів______________________________________________________________
користуватися популярністю___________________________________________________
любителі___________________________________________________________________
здібності комп'ютера_________________________________________________________
нескінченний перелік_________________________________________________________
аналіз інвестицій_____________________________________________________________
набір номера телефону________________________________________________________
автовідповідач______________________________________________________________
ведення календаря___________________________________________________________
зберігання адреси і пошти_____________________________________________________
і так далі____________________________________________________________________
застосовні програми__________________________________________________________
виправляти помилки в написанні_______________________________________________
стирати пропозиції___________________________________________________________
переставляти абзаци__________________________________________________________
бухгалтер___________________________________________________________________
біржові брокери_____________________________________________________________
консультант по податках______________________________________________________
юристи_____________________________________________________________________
працівники освіти____________________________________________________________
управлінці___________________________________________________________________
бухгалтерський облік_________________________________________________________
прибутковий податок_________________________________________________________
комп'ютерне моделювання____________________________________________________
електронні таблиці___________________________________________________________
89
складання розкладу__________________________________________________________
робити величезний вплив_____________________________________________________
прокладати шлях_____________________________________________________________
дати поштовх________________________________________________________________
задовольняти потреби________________________________________________________
учбова діяльність_____________________________________________________________
комп'ютерна грамотність______________________________________________________
моделювання реально-життєвих ситуацій________________________________________
Activity 3. Find in the text

(a) synonyms for:
Verbs: to print; to produce; to convert; to keep; to found; to erase; to name; to change; to use;
to start; to switch on; to supply; to give possibility; to involve.
Nouns: rate; analyst; possibilities; use; plays; control; post; mode; profession; consultant;
teacher; director; book-keeper; fight; producer; attack; amateur; device; crystal; error; storage;
primary (memory); monitor; characteristic; aim.
Adjectives: flexible; thrilling; main; little; general;
(b) antonyms to:

Verbs: to finish; to switch on; to take; to delete.
Nouns: online; input; work.
Adjectives: cheep; weak; common; general; large; soft; high; easy.
Activity 5. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the forms of the Participle.
1. The results obtained are of particular importance for our research.
2. Having obtained the required results we informed the manager of this fact.
3. The necessary data having been obtained, we could continue our experiment.
4. Being obtained the results of the research were analysed.
5. While operating with graphical interface people usually use such manipulators as a mouse
and a track ball.
6. Key-to-disk devices used as data recording stations can correct data before storing it on a
magnetic disk.
7. D.nMendeleyev having arranged the elements in a table, the existence of yet unknown
elements could be predicted.
8. All the necessary preparations having been done, the operator began assembling the
machine.
9. Being built on the basis of transistors lasers are successfully used in technology.
90
1. What are the main spheres of PC application?
2. Do you enjoy computer games?
3. Is it necessary for a person to be an analyst or a programmer to play computer games?
4. What other home and hobby applications, except computer games, can you name?
5. What is "a word processing program"?
6. What possibilities can it give you?
7. Can you correct mistakes while typing any material and how?
8. What other changes in the typed text can you make using a display?
9. Which professions are in great need of computers?
10. How can computers be used in education?
Text 1. The conversion of symbolic languages.

As we see, most of the symbolic languages are oriented toward the particular application
areas of business or science (math). The one problem with all symbolic languages is that none
of them can be understood by a computer. The symbolic languages may say AP, ADD,or use a
"plus" sign to indicate an addition step, but the only thing that means addition to a computer is
its binary machine code. We have symbolic programs that are relatively easy for humans to
understand, but they cannot be understood by computers. On the other hand, we have machine
code that is understood by the computer, but it is difficult for humans to use. The solution is a
translator that translates the symbolic program into machine code. The translator allows the
human to work with relatively easy-to-understand symbolic languages and it allows the computer
to follow instructions in machine code. The translation of symbolic instructions to machine code is
accomplished through the use of a program called a language processor. There are three types of
language processors. They are called assemblers, compilers, and interpreters. Each translates
symbolic instructions to machine code, but each does it differently.
(The translator is a program itself. It is part of a group of programs, called the operating
systems, that help us to use the computer.)
Text 2. Running the computer program

The operating system is a collection of program provided by the computer's manufacturer that
allows us to schedule jobs for the computer, to translate source programs into object programs, to
sort data stored on secondary storage devices, and to copy data from any input device to any
output device. These programs are called control programs, language programs and utility programs.
The control program (often called the supervisor, monitor, or executive) is a main-storage-
resident program. Its functions are to schedule jobs, schedule input and output for our programs,
and to monitor the execution of our programs.
The language processors are programs that translate source programs into object programs.
There are three types of language processors: assemblers, compilers, and interpreters. Each lan-
guage has its own language processor.
The service programs are programs that are commonly used in all data processing centers. They
have functions that are required by everyone using a computer. Examples of service programs
include linkage editors to prepare object programs for execution, a librarian to catalog programs
91
into a library area on magnetic disc, utility programs to transfer data from device to device, and
sort-merge programs for sorting data on magnetic tape or disk.
Text 3. Testing the computer program

There are two kinds of errors or bugs with which programmers must deal. The first type is the
coding error. Such errors are syntax errors that prevent the language processor from successfully
translating the source program to object program code. The language processor identifies the
nature and the location of the error on the source program listing, so these errors are relatively
easy to find and correct. The second type of bug is the logic error. The computer program can be
successfully translated, but the program does not produce the desired results. These errors are
generally much more difficult to find and to correct than are coding errors. Logic errors can be
avoided through careful planning of the program logic, but it is the programmer's responsibility to
test thoroughly all of the program's functions, in order to verify that the program performs
according to specifications.
There are many tools provided to the programmer to help in debugging the program logic.
These tools are called debug packages or tracing routines. They assist the programmer in following
the logic by printing out calculation results and field values used in making logic decisions in the
program. In a few cases it may be necessary to use a memory dump — a printout of the
instructions and date held in the computer's memory — in order to find the cause of logic errors.
92
Home task: _______________________________________________________________
Заняття 16.
Тема Узагальнення лексичного та граматичного матеріалу

VOCABULARY
programming language
coded form
to convey
to improve
machine-oriented language
business-oriented language
problem-oriented language
string of binary
data handling
field-name length
incorporate features
93
versatile (a)
generous (a)
mathematical relationship
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Let's assume that we have studied the problem, designed a logical plan (our flowchart or
pseudocode), and are now ready to write the program instructions. The process of writing
program instructions is called coding. The instructions will be written on a form called a coding
form.The instructions we write will be recorded in a machine-readable form using a keypunch, key-
to-tape, or key-to-disk, or entered directly into computer memory through a terminal keyboard.
The computer cannot understand instructions written in just any old way. The instructions
must be written according to a set of rules. These rules are the foundation of a programming
language. A programming language must convey the logical steps of the program plan in such a
way that the control unit of the
CPU can interpret and follow the instructions. Programming languages have improved
throughout the years, just as computer hardware has improved. They have progressed from
machineoriented languages that use strings of binary Is and 0s to problem-oriented languages that
use common mathematical and/or English terms.
There are over 200 problem-oriented languages. The most common of them are COBOL,
FORTRAN, PL/I, RPG, BASIC, PASCAL.
COBOL
COBOL was the most widely used business-oriented programming language. Its name is an
acronym for Common Business-Oriented Language. COBOL was designed to solve problems that
are oriented toward data handling and input-output operations. Of course, COBOL can perform
arithmetic operations as well, but its greatest flexibility is in data handling. COBOL also was
designed as a self-documenting language. Self-documenting languages are those that do not require
a great deal of explanation in order to be understood by someone reading the program
instructions. The self-documenting aspect of COBOL is made possible by its sentence like structure
and the very generous maximum symbolic field-name length of 30 characters. With a field-name
length of up to 30 characters, the name can clearly identify the field and its purpose.
FORTRAN IV
The FORTRAN IV language is oriented toward solving problems of a mathematical nature. The
name FORTRAN comes from the combination of the words formula translation. The version of
FORTRAN IV has been designed as algebra-based programming language. Any formula or those
mathematical relationships that can be expressed algebraically can easily be expressed as a
FORTRAN instruction. FORTRAN is the most commonly used language for scientific applications.

Мови програмування ____________________________________________________________
блок-схема ____________________________________________________________________
кодована форма ________________________________________________________________
відповідно до набору правил _____________________________________________________
представити логічні кроки програми _______________________________________________
94
таким чином ___________________________________________________________________
удосконалювати мови програмування _____________________________________________
машинно-орієнтовані мови _______________________________________________________
проблемно-орієнтовані мови _____________________________________________________
звичайний термін _______________________________________________________________
мова для програмування економічних завдань ______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
обробка інформації _____________________________________________________________
операції по введенню-виведенню даних ____________________________________________
гнучкість _______________________________________________________________________
ідентифікувати поле і його цілі ____________________________________________________
рішення проблематематичного характеру _________________________________________
сфери наукового застосування ____________________________________________________
Nouns: command; line; characteristic; form; evolution; enumeration; mistake; method;
character; manual (instruction); consumption; storage; basics; abbreviation; interpretation; cor-
relation; possibility.
Verbs: include; inform; process; protect; apply; permit; stress; suppose; learn; make up; write;
key; explain; define; perfect; advance; decide; execute; demand.
Adjectives: full; incorrect; usual; necessary; accessible; required; considerable; floppy; possible.
95

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Державний заклад “Київський коледж зв’язку”

Тема FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPUTER

FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS

Activity 4. Translate the word-combinations with the given words.

Function: arithmetic function; checking function; complex function; computer function;

Why didn't you come? You promised to.Чому ви не прийшли? Ви ж обіцяли.

1. She watched him _____open the door.

1. You are having a rest. It's nice.

I've been repairing the car. I really must wash my hands.

1. What's in the letter? Why won't you let me ___________________ it?

Activity 11. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second.

Home task: ______________________________________________________________________

Тема FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPUTER

Activity 2. Give the English equivalents for the following:

Анотації за своїм змістом та кінцевим призначенням можуть бути:

За обсягом анотації поділяються на:

Резюме (abstract, summary) — короткий виклад найважливіших фактів (питань, проблем,

Використовують такі фрази:

 The subject of the text is...

 To finish with, the author describes ...

Activity 6. Make up a short summary of the text.

 Translate the texts in a written form.

Compare these examples with enough.

We leave out the noun if the meaning is clear without it.

Other structures with too and enough

Activity 4. Translate the phrases using the text.

1. It is very nice of you to go there.____________________________________________________

2. to make (to think, to believe) it difficult (easy, necessary,

1. There is nothing else for me to say. Мені більше немає що сказати.

2. man ( thing, time, place) for smb to do smth.

1. It was the only thing for me to do._______________________________________________

Activity 5. Use for-phrases.

Activity 6. Complete the following sentences adding for-phrases to them.

Activity 7. Translate into English.

1. З його сторони було нетактовно запізнюватися.

Daniel: Andrew should take it easy. That would be best.

Home task: _______________________________________________________________________

Тема STORAGE. Неособові форми дієслова. Герундій

medium (pl. media)

Activity 1. Read and translate the text.

Activity 2. Give the English equivalents for the following:

 Describe the diagram.

DIGITAL COMPUTER OPERATION

STUDY THE FOLLOWING

а) Герундій перехідних дієслів вживається з прямим додатком:

б) Герундій може мати означення, виражене прислівником :

Неозначена форма герундія вживається:

а) для вираження дії,одночасної з б) для вираження дії. безвідносно

в) після дієслів to intend мати г) для вираження дії, що передує дії,

Activity 5.Translate into Ukrainian.

Activity 6. Complete each sentence with one of these verbs.

1. He tried to avoid answering my question.

Vicky: Shall we go then?

Тема STORAGE – MAGNETIC STORAGE, OPTICAL STORAGE, REMOVABLE FLASH MEMORY

Activity 1. Read and translate the text.

Portable DVD players let

C. Removable flash memory

transfer Magnetic storage

backup sectors tracks

Activity 3. Look at the previous page and find:

Activity 4. Complete this product description with words from B.

You and computers