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MARINE PHARMACOGNOSY

Marine Pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of Pharmacognosy, which is mainly concerned with the naturally
occurring substances of medicinalvalue from marine. Generally the drugs are obtained from the marine
species of bacteria,virus,algae fungi,sponges etc.

The oceans cover more than70% of the earths surface and contain over 300,000 Invertebrates and Algal
species and rich in Fauna&flora. Marine Pharmacognosy is not a new area for Pharmacognosy even the
early civilizations of Greece, Japan, China and India have explored marine life as a source of drugs. In the
western medicine Agar, Alginic acid, Carrageenan, Protamine sulphate, Spermaceti and Cod& halibut
liver oils are the marine medicinal established products. Macroalgae or seaweeds have been used as
crude drugs in the treatment of Iodine deficiency states such as Goiter etc.

Some seaweeds have also been utilized as sources of additional vitamins and in the treatment of Anaemia
during pregnancy. Marine flora and fauna play significant role as a source of new molecular entity. The
oceans of the world contain over 5 million species in about 30 phyla. Because of the derivatives of marine
organism and habitats, marine natural products enclose a wide variety of chemical classes, including
Terpenes, Shikimates, Polyketides, Acetogenins, Peptides, Alkaloids of varying structures and multitude
of compounds of mixed biosynthesis. The marine environment may contain over 80% of the worlds plant
and animal species.

During the past 30-40 years, Numerous novel compounds have been isolated from marine organisms
having biological activities such as antibacterial ,antiviral, antitumour, antiparasitic, anticoagulants,
antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and cardiovascular compounds. Paralytic or Diarrhetic shellfish toxins
are produced by Dinoflagellates.

Handling of marine organisms

Marine organisms are the Source of thousands of different products. Many of these compounds have been
shown to be extremely toxic in mammalian system. Caution should always be taken in handling marine
organism. Proper protective Equipment such as Gloves & Eye protective should always be worn. In many
organisms such as Hydroids and sponges have highly Irritating compounds that cause immediate itching
& ash formation in some individuals. Eg: Fibularia nolitangeres and Tedania ignis (fire sponge). All
marine specimens and extrudes should be handled with caution.

Collection of marine compounds

Collection of organisms should be documented.

1. Record the longitude, latitude, depth, current surge (sudden forward movement), water
Temperature, salinity (conc. Of salt in water) and dates of collection.
2. Habitate of collection (eg:- reference, in crevice, Under rock, on bottom side of rock, on front
face of rock, on surface of another Organism) should be recorded.
3. Careful description of organism like colour, odour, morphology consistency, Thickness of mucus,
and reproductive state.
4. The presence of associated Organism inside or outside should be noted.
5. It is common to find worms, mollusks', copepods, brittle stars, Anemons (plant of buttercup
family) and even small fish living with larger marine invertebrates.
6. Epiphytes & Zooanthids are commonly observed in association with marine invertebrates and
may effect the chemistry encountered.
7. Voucher specimens should be prepared to allow for complete identification
8. Voucher are also necessary to document an invention.
9. Voucher specimen are the representative of the entire specimen.

Storage of marine organisms

Marine Organisms are often collected at remote places where laboratory facilities are limited. Many begin
to due on exposure to air & rapidly begin to decompose, therefore Organisms need to be either dried,
extracted or frozen immediately to reduces spoilage & chemical degradation. The verongid sponges, can
begin to degrade and polymerize immediately up on being touched. This is indicated by a rapid colour
change from white, yellow or Orange to dark blue-black, even when maintained in sea water. After
collection the organisms should be frozen immediately at- 20˚C. In some cases, organisms are placed into
an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or Isopropanol. Algae and some gorgonians are often air dried and
then stored at room Temperature. If facilities are available, the samples can be lyophilized immediately
after collection and then stored either at room Temperature or in a freezer.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG MOLECULES OF MARIE ORG :AN ISMS

The enormous quantum of newer and potent drug molecule derived from the wide spectrum of marine
organism across the world may be judiciously and logically classified based on then specific
pharmacologic actions as stated below

A. Anti-neoplastic Agents
B. Cardiovascular active drugs
C. Marine toxins
D. Anti-biotic substances
E. Anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic agents
F. Miscellaneous pharmacologically active substance
ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS

Crassin acetate: It is the member of cembranoids which are cyclic diterpenes obtained from soft corals.

Biological source: It is obtained from the Caribbean gorgonian pseudoplexaura porosa.

USES : crassin acetate was observed to be comparatively inert to the mammalian system but on the
contrary found to be extremely cytotoxic to human leukemic cells in vitro and also to the mouse
fibroblasts.

Ara – C

It is 1-α- D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine or cytosine arabinoside. It is obtained as a synthetic compound

based on the knowledge of naturally occurring moieties present in Caribbean sponges, viz; spngosine nd
spongouridine.

 Uses :
o Used in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia and human acute leukemia for
therapeutic purpose. It is one of the standard drug used in the treatment of acute eukemia;
both in children and adult.
o It is active against Erlich carcinoma, sarcoma 180 and L-1210 leukemia in mice.

Ara-A

 Effective in the treatment of Herpes encephalitis.

Bryostatin

 Includes bryostatin-I and bryostatin-II

 Triggers activation and differentiation of peripheral blood cells from Lymphocytic leukemia
patients.
 It also cause activation of protein Kinase C and arachidonic acid metabolite release.
 Both bryostatin enhance the efficiency of interleukin-2, in initiating the development of in vivo
primed cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

Dolastatins
  Family of cyclic and linear peptides
 Isolated from the sea hare, Dolabella auricularia.
 The highly cytotoxic compounds are Dolastatin-10, Dolastatin-H and Isodolastatin-H.

Eleutherobin

 From marine encrusting gorgonian Erythropodium caribaeorum.

 Extremely potent for inducing invitro tubulin polymerization and is toxic to cancer cell with an
IC-50 similar to that of taxol.

Xenia

 Novel diterpene called xenicane.

 Isolated from soft coral Xenia elongate.
 Inhibiting mitochondria respiration in cancer cells.

Nephthea

 It is a soft coral
 Contain bioactive compound Lemnabourside, which is a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor.
 Effective in prostrate cancer cells, as they tend to be androgen dependent.
 Mechanism: Inhibit the conversion of testosterone in to more potent dihydrotestosterone.

Halimide:

 Low molecular weight pectin like molecule isolated from green algae Helimeda opuntia.
 Used in the treatment of early stage cancer, particularly breast cancer resistant to current
chemotherapy.

Aplidine

 From Mediterranean tunicate Alpidium albicans.

 Treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma.
 It is a novel antitumor agent of marine origin undergoing phase II clinical trials, induces growth
arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells at nonomolar concentration.

Others antineoplastic agnets:

 Ectinascidin 743
 Yondelis TM

CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS

Anthopleurin-A

 Polypeptide in nature
 Obtained from coelenterates
 o Anthopleura xanthogrammica gives Type A and B (AP-A and AP-B)
o Anthopleura elegantissima gives Type C (AP-C)

 Anthopleurin-A is a heart stimulant possessing four times more activity than natural cardiac
glycosides (Digitalis, Strophanthus).

Eledosine