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Major functions:
They serve as structural components of biological membrane
Provide energy reserves in the form of triacylglycerols
Hormone synthesis
Bile acid synthesis
Cell differentiation and growth
LIPIDS
COMPOUND DERIVED
SIMPLE
1. Phospholipids
1. Fats and oils 1. Fatty acids
2. Glycolipids
2. Waxes 2. Alcohol
3. Lipoproteins (glycerol, sterol)
These are esters of fatty acids with various types of alcohols. Eg ;
fixed oil, fats and waxes
FATTY ACIDS
Two types:
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated FA: contains C–C bonds
Unsaturated FA: contains one or more C=C
bonds
Saturated Unsaturated
Others:
Heptaldehyde (heptanal)
Undecenoic acid
Sebacic acid
Castor oil is mixes with half its volume of light Pet.
Ether (40-60ºC), but insoluble in double the volume of
petroleum ether.
Description:
Colour: Pale yellowish liquid
Odour: Slight, characteristic
Taste: Bland
Solubility: slightly soluble in alcohol, miscible with CHCl3,
solvent ether, light petroleum and carbon disulphide.
Other: it does not solidify at 0ºC.
Consists of a mixture of glycerides of:
Oleic acid (43%)
Linoleic acid (43%)
Palmitic acid (9%)
Stearic acid (4%)
Arachidic acid
Lignan derivatives
Sesamin
Sesamolin
Phenol – Sesamol, responsible for the stability of oil
Carbohydrates and proteins
Vitamin A & E
Sterols
Badouin’s test:
Shake 2ml Sesame oil with 1ml of 1% solution of sucrose in
HCl, a pink/red colour is produced due to sesamol.
Uses:
Laxative
Nutritive
Demulscent
Emollient
Vehicle for intramuscular oily injections
Oil is used in insecticidal sprays
Used in the preparation of liniments, plasters, ointment &
soaps
Sym: Chaulmoogra oil
Proteins (20%)
Cyanophoric glycosides
Useful in the treatment of TB, Leprosy, Psoriasis and
Rheumatism.
Description:
Odourless and bland taste
melting point- 23-26ºC
Soluble in 2 volume of alcohol at 60ºC, highly soluble in
Chloroform, ether & carbon disulphide.
Readily become rancid on exposure to air.
Highest saponification value, lowest iodine value
Mainly contains mixture of glycerides in which 80-85% of
saturated acids.
Saturated fatty acids
Lauric acid (50%)
Myristic acid (20%)
Also contain glycerides of
Caprylic acid
Capric acid
Oleic acid
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
Low iodine value and high saponification value.
Dietary supplement
Description
Golden yellow oil, difficult to bleach
Odour: Pleasant
Taste : Acrid
Not affected by temporary heating to 160ºC.
Insoluble in water, soluble in common fat solvents.
Saturated fatty acids (20-25%)
Unsaturated fatty acids as glycerides (80-85%)
Squalene
Antioxidant - Tocopherol
Gamma-oryzanol – protect & replenish skin
Emollient in the preparation of cosmetics.
Seed contains
Alkaloid – theobromin and caffeine
Fixed oil
Starch
Proteins
It is used as a base in ointment and suppositories
It is emollient for skin hence externally applied to
fissures of lips, hands and chapped skin.
Substitute
Mango kernel oil: solid fat at room temperature and
has a melting point of 35°C.