 Cognates  False friends

 Cognates

Cognates are words that are similar, or even identical, in two languages. Spanish and English
share many of these. For example: capital/capital, banana/banana, restaurant/restaurante,
impossible/imposible, etc.

Although pronunciation and spelling may vary slightly, knowing a good number of cognates
can help you communicate more easily and effectively.

 Accident-accidente  dragon-dragón  list-lista

 Activities-actividades  elephant-elefante  magic-magia
 Adult-adulto  error-error  manner-manera
 Agent-agente  explosion-explosion  map-mapa
 Air-aire  factor-factor  memory-memoria
 Alarm-alarma  family-familia  metal-metal
 Animal-animal  festival-festival  million-millón
 Area-área  fruit-fruta  minute-minuto
 Artist-artista  funeral-funeral  moment-momento
 Atmosphere-  galaxy-galaxia  music-música
atmósfera  group-grupo  object-objeto
 Attention-atención  helicopter-helicóptero  observatory-
 Banana-banana  hippopotamus- observatorio
 Blouse-blusa hipopótamo  occasion-ocasión
 Cabin-cabina  history-historia  ocean-océano
 Cable-cable  hospital-hospital  palace-palacio
 cafeteria-cafetería  hotel-hotel  panic-pánico
 camera-cámara  hour-hora  park-parque
 canal-canal  human-humano  part-parte
 capital-capital  idea-idea  patience-paciencia
 center -centro  identification-  perfume-perfume
 cereal -cereal identificación  photo-foto
 class-clase  independence-  piano-piano
 coast-costa independencia  planet-planeta
 color-color  information-  plans-planes
 company-compañía información  plants-plantas
 concert-concierto  insects-insectos  problem-problema
 construction-  inspection-inspección  radio-radio
construcción  intelligence-  ranch-rancho
 continent-continente inteligencia  restaurant-restaurante
 debate-debate  invitation-invitación  reunion-reunión
 directions-direcciones  lemon-limón  series-serie
 director-director  leopard-leopardo  sofa-sofá
 disaster-desastre  lesson-lección  television-televisión
 distance-distancia  line-línea  tourist-turista
  traffic-tráfico  uniform-uniforme  vegetables-vegetales

 False friends
English-Spanish Falso amigo-English
 Excited-emocionado  Excitado-Aroused
 Emotional-Sentimental  Emocionado-Excited
 Sentimental-Afectivo  Sentimental-Emotional
 Sensible-Sensato  Sensible-Sensitive
 Sensitive-Sensible  Sensitivo-Sentient
 Embarrassed-Avergonzado  Embarazada-Pregnant
 Deception-Engaño  Decepción-Disappointment
 Delight-Placer  Delito-Crime
 Disgrace-Deshonra  Desgracia-Misfortune
 Gracious-Cortés  Gracioso-Funny
 Molest-Abusar sexualmente  Molesto-Annoyed

 What do you like to do…

 Vocabulary
 Piles of garbage outside the houses-pilas de basura afuera de las casas
 Litter in parks and on the streets-basura en parques y en las calles
 Barking dos- perros ladrando
 Dangerous streets after dark-calles peligrosas después de la oscuridad
 Graffiti on walls and buildings-pinturas en paredes y edificios
 Holes and sidewalks and streets- hoyos en aceras y calles
 Unsafe driving-conducción insegura
 Trash bin-contenedor de basura
 Community center-centro comunitario
 Hang out-colgar
 After dark- después del anochecer
 Get away with-escapar con
 Patrol-patrullar
 Busy area-área ocupada
 Organize- organizar
 Frequent-frecuentar
 Pick up-recoger
 Garbage truck- camión de la basura
 Pile-pila

 Describe a problem in your neighborhood

One the most persistent problems in my neighborhood are the environmental problems since there is
almost aways accumulated garbage outside the houses, producing bad smells and in some cases
deseases.
To improve this situation I would like to educate people in my neighborhood about the importance of
maintaining a clean area to avoid a bad environment.
 Would (Simple Past of will)

Would is used with all persons, singular and plural. We used would to talk about possible situations in
the present/future. We want to come true.

AFIRMATIVE
I’d (I would) organize a clean up day.

NEGATIVE
I wouldn’t throw garbage on the streets.

QUESTIONS What would you do to make it a better place?

Examples:

 I love my house but I’d change some walls.

 She look beautiful but she’d like cut her hair.
 Would she change her look? Yes/No she wouldn’t
 Why would she like change the walls?
 What would you do to improve your grades in school? I would spend more time studying, and I
wouldn’t spend so much time playing Video Games.
 What would you do to make your neighborhood better? I would plant more trees.

 Conditional Type 2: Unreal present-an imaginary situation which is unlikely to happen in

the present or the future.
 Form

If-clause Main clause

If+simple past would/could/might+bare infinitive

If we recycle more, there would be less garbage.
 Use:
To talk about imaginary situations in the present/future and their results.
 If I had a lot of money, I would buy a house by the sea.
 If I worked more, I would make more money.
 If it wasn’t so late, I would go shopping.
 If I got a pay raise, I could buy a car.

We use If I were you…when we want to give an advice.

If I were you, I would/ I wouldn’t + bare

infinitive

If I were you, I’d tell him the truth.

If I were you, I wouldn’t spend all my money on clothes.
If I were you, I would buy the T-shirt.
You look terrible. If I were you, I would go home and get some rest.
Note: We can use were in all persons.

 Conditional ½: (Unreal present- to give advice with was/were)

 If you work hard, you will have a better chance of getting good grades. (NOT: If you will work
hard,…)
 If I were you, I’d quit the school team and join a local team instead.
If I study harder, I will pass the exams.
If don’t like it, don’t eat it.

 Simple Past/ Past Progressive

Simple Past Past Progressive

I played football. He was playing football.
You played football. You were playing football.
He played football. He was playing football

 They were enjoying their vacation.

 One day they decided to go White-water rafting.
 They were traveling down the river when suddenly their raft hit a large rock.
 Their raft tipped over and they fell into the river.
 While they were swimming towards the shore they were yelling for help.
 Luckily, two fishermen heard them, threw them a rope and pulled them to safety.