Orthographic (Multiview) projections (or orthogonal

projection)
--Multi-view (multiplanar) projection is a method by which the
exact shape of an object can be represented by two or more
separate views produced on projection planes that are at right
angles to each other

way to represent 3D objects in 2D

     use parallel projection, 
     projection lines are  "orthogonal" to the projection
plane

First angle projection - view object from inside the box

Third angle projection - view from outside the box:
Axonometric projection
  Orthographic projections which reveal more than one
side of a 3D object.

Encapsulate object in a glass box:

Use orthogonal projection lines to create 6 views of the

object:
Unfold the box:
Complete orthographic View, 6 principle views.
Standard View: 3 necessary views.

First angle projection - observer inside the box

  

Symbols for 1st and 3rd angle projection.

Three main types of axonometric projections:
  Trimetric: no equal sides or angles
   Dimetric: 2 equal sides, equal angles 
   Isometric: 3 equal sides, equal angles
Line types:
Visible lines over hidden lines
Hidden over center lines

Orient views to minimize depth and conserve space.

Put the top at the top:
3 regular views:

Select views to minimize the number of hidden lines.

If the left and right sides are the same, use the right
side.
Foreshortening:
Feature appears shorter than true length due to angle it
is viewed from.
Labeling edges and points "A, B, C, D..."
     corner in one view = edge in another view.

Folding Lines: hinge lines of the glass box

     folding lines help you visualize the glass box.
     Distances depend on object placement in box.
     they are generally omitted from the final draft.
Two-View instrument drawing:
 

I. Determine spacing of views to center drawing on page.

II. Locate center lines from spacing marks.  Lightly
construct circles and arcs.
III. Draw horizontal, and then vertical construction lines. 
Allow construction lines to cross at corners.
IV Erase construction lines. Add hidden lines and heavy in
all final lines.

Transferring Depth Dimensions:

All dimensions in the top and side views must be the
same.
45 miter-line method for transferring depth dimensions:
Number the corners to help connect corresponding views.
Visible points - number is placed outside the corner
Hidden points - number is placed inside the corner
Similar Shapes:

Can you visualize the above 3D objects? Try to sketch an

isometric projection of each.