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Chapter 3 - Analyzing 3D Structures PDF
Chapter 3 - Analyzing 3D Structures PDF
Chapter Summary: This chapter introduces the procedure for solving a 3D structure problem in
Creo Parametric. Several features of the software that are necessary for running a 3D model are
explored. The command and menus required for the analysis are introduced. The tutorial outlines step-
by-step procedure for preparation of the analysis, running the analysis, and obtaining the results.
Key Features
1. Preparation of the model for FEA
2. Preparing the analysis
● Applying loads, constraints and material properties
● Setting the Convergence
● Display options for the model
● Discussion of the Results File
● Plots and interpretation of Results
3.1 An Overview
As detailed in Chapter 2, Creo utilizes four different types of models and six types of elements. The
Creo Model Setup window discussed in Chapter 2, and repeated here in Figure 3.1, lists the model types;
with the 3D option selected by default (shown with the shaded radio button under the Type header). The
3D model type is the most general type of model and can be used for, in general, any structure.
However, since the elements used are 3D elements, the number of nodes and elements needed for an
analysis could be very high, requiring excessive execution time. Depending on the geometry and the
boundary conditions, some structural problems can be solved with simpler
and less time consuming models and elements (Idealization), which we will
explore in the following tutorials. This tutorial will focus on the analysis of a
3D model using 3D elements (the Creo default). We will analyze a simple
shaft, shown in Figure 3.2(a).
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
Set Tutorial 1 as the Working Directory and create a 3D model of the shaft. If you have exited the directory,
make sure to set the Working Directory to Tutorial 1.
Start a new Part file by clicking on the New File icon on the menu located at the top of the screen. Name the
file as shaft3d.
Note: The default units in Creo are in lbm Sec. Since these units are in terms of mass, and not force, they
should not be used in structural analysis. The mass units are useful in Pro/E models, primarily for calculating
mass moment of inertia. If the default units (in lbm sec) are used for stress analysis, the stress values would be
much higher, by a factor of 386 in/s2 (g = F/m value).
In the Model Properties’ window, the second line from top of the window gives you options for setting the
units.
This will open another window, which will give you two options: 1) Convert Dimensions, and 2) Interpret
Dimensions. If you haven’t created the model, either option can be selected. However, if the model has been
created, select the second option so that the dimensional values that you assigned to your model are
interpreted in the IPS units.
Also, the model can be easily created by revolving the section shown in Figure 3.2(b) around the central
axis. The completed part should look as shown in Figure 3.2(a). Save the part.
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
Material Properties: The top icon is used for selecting the material from the list of materials available
in the software. The middle icon is used for assigning the selected material, and the bottom icon is used
to define composites materials to an anisotropic model.
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
This will open the Material Library shown in Figure 3.6. The list in the library includes 20 pre-defined
materials. You can create and add your own materials by clicking on the File menu and selecting New. Also,
you can make changes to the properties of any material in the library.
From the Materials list, double click on steel, placing it on the right side of the window. It should be
highlighted in green.
This will open the Material Assignment window, shown in Figure 3.7. Note the Material STEEL being
selected and placed next to the More tab. Your window should look as shown in the Figure 3.7.
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
The material is now assigned to the model; the material icon will be placed on the model, and added to
the list in the model tree. Figure 3.8 shows the model with the material property icon.
Figure 3.7: Material Assignment window Figure 3.8: FEA Model with the Material Property icon
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
Click on Refine Model > AutoGEM > AutoGEM. See Figure 3.9
Creo will create the element mesh and show the nodes and elements in the part, along with two new
windows: AutoGem Diagnostic Mesh and AutoGem Summary. If the mesh is created successfully, the
Diagnostic window will list only the number of elements created by AutoGem. The AutoGem Summary
window will list the elements type and the number of each element, along with some additional elements
data.
You can use the Simulation Display menu to get a better view
of the elements in the model. Follow these steps:
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
Figure 3.11: Simulation Display Window Figure 3.12: FEA mesh with shrunken elements
In the Simulation Display window, Click on the Mesh tab (the last tab in the row) and select the Shrink
Elements box.
Set the percentage shrinking between 25 and 35 and then click OK.
Open the AutoGem Summary window if it’s not open (by clicking: AutoGem > Create). The part will
show the shrunk tetrahedron elements, as shown in Figure 3.12. Close the Simulation Display and
AutoGem Summary windows.
Purpose of the AutoGem mesh display is to verify model validity for the analysis. If the model geometry
is invalid, the software will give an error message, without creating a mesh.
If you have exited the Creo Simulation environment, click on the Application menu and select the
Simulate tab. This will bring you to the Creo environment.
When in the Creo environment, click on the Force/Moment Load icon located on top of the
screen.
This will open the Force/Moment Load window shown in Figure 3.13.
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
When applying a concentrated force on 2D or 3D elements, the applied force should be distributed uniformly
on an edge/curve or surface, respectively.
The space below the Surfaces option prompts you to select the surface where the loads are applied. The
space box should be pink, and if it’s not, click in this space to activate it and then select the surface at the
end of the shaft. The selected surface will turn green, ready to accept the applied load.
Under the heading Force, leave the Components option unchanged and enter a value of -8,000 for y-
component and leave all other force and moment components blank. If your units are correct, you should
see the units lbf and in lbf at the bottom of the Force/Moment Load window.
We will discuss the other options provided in the Force/Moment Load window in the subsequent
tutorials.
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
The last two headers in this window: Translation and Rotation allow you to specify the constraints. A
node can be free, constrained, or allowed a specified deflection.
We will constrain the model in all degrees of freedom at the left-end surface of the shaft.
Click in the Surface box to make sure it’s active (Showing pink), then select the left-end surface of the
model, which will turn green, confirming it has been selected.
The software pre-selects the ‘fixed’ icons for Translation and Rotation. Since the model is fixed at the
left-end surface, accept the defaults and click on OK.
Observe the constraints icon placed on the left-end surface of the model. Creo uses the constraints symbol
shown in Figure 3.15. The upper three boxes represent the status of translations along the x, y, z, directions and
the lower ones represent rotations. A shaded box indicates that the node is fixed in that direction.
Constraint symbol
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
Since the model is fixed, i.e., all six DOF are suppressed, the constraints icon on the shaft will show all
the boxes shaded. We are now ready to run the analysis.
On top of the Creo Simulation screen, click on the Analysis and Studies icon.
This will open the Analysis and Design Studies window shown in Figure 3.16.
Name: By default, Creo assigns the name Analyis1. If you have already run an analyses earlier and
saved them in the Working Directory, you should name the current analysis with a distinct name,
otherwise Creo will overwrite the previously run analysis that has the default name Analysis1.
Description: Write a brief description of the analysis (for your convenience only, it doesn’t affect the
analysis).
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
1. Quick Check
With this option, the model is analyzed using the elements
originally created by Creo, without varying the edge shapes of any
element.
Figure 3.17; Static Analysis Definition
As the name implies, it’s a quick analysis; the purpose of the analysis is to check if the analysis is valid
and only the first order elements are utilized. If the analysis is valid, the results obtained in the analysis
are only approximate values and should be investigated further with higher edge-order elements.
Since all the element edges are of only the first order and only a single run is executed, the execution time
is much shorter. Use this option for the complex models that will require a long execution time and would
waste time if the analysis or the model is invalid.
conducts series of analyses. Each run compares its results with the previous run until the desired
convergence is reached.
We will run the analysis with both the options, first with the Quick Check and then the Multi-Pass
Adaptive.
● The Results window, as the name implies, launches the Results window
The icons shown below the menus can also be used to carry out the functions. You can also open the
results window from the Creo screen; however, the data from the analysis will not be automatically
transferred – you will have to import them from the saved file.
Run the analysis by clicking on the menu Run > Start or by clicking on the green flag.
Select the applicable response in the Question window that opens and start the analysis.
To view the progress and the results of the running analysis, Click Info > Status or click on the Run
Status icon
Study the Run Status window that opens. Creo creates a directory for the results file and gives it a name
as shaft3d.rpt. You can open this file in the Notepad or any word processor for editing and printing
your report.
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
Let us look at the results. The rpt file should show the max_disp_mag approximately 0.0473 in. and the
max_stress_vm approximately 2.143e+04 (21,143 psi). If your values are too far off, check the geometry
and the load data. You can ignore any small variation in the values.
Close the rpt file and click on the Edit > Analysis/Study menu in the Analysis and Design Studies
window. This will open the Static Analysis Definition window.
Under the header Method, click on the fold down arrow and select Multi-Pass Adaptive for the Method.
Change the Polynomial Order to 9 and Percent Convergence to 2. Your completed window should look
similar to Figure 3.19.
Close the Static Analysis Definition window by clicking OK. This will take you back to the Analysis and
Design Studies window.
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
When the analysis is successfully completed, the software prints the words: Run Completed. You can
copy the file into a word processer or the Notepad and edit it. The file can be located in the Working
directory, with the suffix .rpt. Figure 3.18 shows the edited rpt file.
Measures:
Name Value Convergence
-------------- ------------- -----------
max_beam_bending: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_beam_tensile: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_beam_torsion: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_beam_total: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_disp_mag: 4.801840e-02 0.0%
max_disp_x: -6.879836e-03 0.0%
max_disp_y: -4.753570e-02 0.0%
max_disp_z: -1.454624e-04 0.0%
max_prin_mag: -2.753383e+04 0.1%
max_rot_mag: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_rot_x: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_rot_y: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_rot_z: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_stress_prin: 2.594546e+04 0.6%
max_stress_vm: 2.528855e+04 0.8%
max_stress_xx: -2.615616e+04 0.2% Figure 3.20: .rpt file
max_stress_xy: -9.769088e+03 0.6%
max_stress_xz: 4.886693e+03 0.2%
max_stress_yy: 7.638299e+03 0.7%
max_stress_yz: 1.955522e+03 3.1%
max_stress_zz: -5.842814e+03 2.3%
min_stress_prin: -2.753383e+04 0.1%
strain_energy: 1.898453e+02 0.0%
Analysis "shaft3d_static" Completed (13:30:35)
------------------------------------------------------------
Run Completed
Mon Jan 02, 2012 13:30:35
------------------------------------------------------------
You can view your results in various graphical formats. Creo can plot the results data including stresses,
convergence, mass, strain energy, deflections, etc. The results are plotted in the Results window. We will
explore some important graphs.
In the Analyses and Design Studies window (Figure 3.18), you can view the results in various graphical
formats. By clicking on any of the icons shown below you can launch the Results window. Creo
transfers the data file into the Results window. Experiment with each of these icons.
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
We will create 4 graphical results windows: Model animation, Stress contours, and a couple of
Convergence plots.
ANIMATION PLOT
You can verify if the loads and constraints are properly applied by animating the deflection of the model.
There should be no deflection at the constrained nodes and the deflection should be in compliance with
the applied loads. To animate the model,
Click on the first of the three icons shown above. This will launch the Results Window Definition,
shown in Figure 3.21. Complete the window entries as follows:
Name: shaft3d
Title: Animation
Design Study: shaft3d_stat
Display Option: check the boxes for Deform and Animate
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
STRESS CONTOURS
Stress contour plot provide visual maps of the stress distribution. Color of the fringes represents the
magnitude of stresses. You can also use the mouse cursor to find the exact stress magnitude at any point
in the model.
To create the stress plot, we will make a copy of the definitions associated with the animation plot. You
could also edit the window or start a new window for a new plot. However, it’s much easier to just copy
the window definition and make the appropriate changes.
In the Results window, click the Copy icon on top of the screen. This will bring back the Results
Definition window. Make the following changes:
Name: fringe_plot
Title: Von Mises Stresses
Display Type: Stress
Uncheck the Deformed and Animate boxes.
Creo will create another window next to the Animation window. You can activate either window by
clicking inside the desired window. The active window will show with a green border, whereas, the
inactive window will shown with a red border.
You can view just one plot at a time or both the plots. The plots are stored and can be accessed by
clicking the Display Results Window icon
If you had both the Results windows open, the Display Results window
will show and highlight the title of both the windows. You can choose
to show just the fringe_plot window by highlighting the title of this
window only. See Figure 3.23.
Creo will show the model with color fringes, similar to the Animation plot. However, in this plot, you
can explore the model further by using the Info menu. Before proceeding further, explore the options
given in this menu.
To locate the point of maximum Von-Mises stress, click Info > View Max. This will place a small
triangle at the point of the maximum Von-Mises stress on the model, along with the value.
CONVERGENCE PLOTS
Now we will look at a couple of additional plots that will provide us with a better understanding of how
the VMS and Strain Energy vary with variation in the element shapes (p-order).
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
This will open the Result Window Definition and copy all the analysis data from the existing plot.
However, if you do not wish to overwrite and save the existing window, you can edit the earlier input for
the plot by clicking on the menu Edit > Results Window.
Since we would like to save the previous windows, we will opt for the Copy and not the Edit option.
Click File > Edit .This will open the Results Window Definition, Figure 3.24.
In the Result Window Definition, delete fringe_plot and enter vm_converge for the name and VMS
Convergence under the header Title. For display type, select Graph by clicking on the fold-down arrow.
For Graph Ordinate, select Measure and then click on the icon.
Browse through the list in the Measures window; scroll down to view all the listed Measures, then select
Max_stress_vm . Close the window by clicking OK.
Click OK and Show in the Results Window Definition. Creo will open a new Results window showing
the VMS Convergence plot. See Figure 3.26.
The convergence plot shows the variation of VMS with the p-order of elements. When all the elements
edges are modeled with straight edges (p = 1), the VMS value is approximately 4,000 psi. As the p-order
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
is increased, the stress value rises, and begins to converge after the 5th order, at approximately 24,000
psi. Even though the curve is not completely horizontal, the analysis has satisfied the convergence limit
(2%) that we set in the analysis.
To plot Strain Energy Convergence vs. p-order, we will follow the same procedure used in the VMS
versus p-order plot.
In the Result window (Figure 3.26), Click on the menu Edit > Copy
This will open the Result Window Definition and copy all the analysis data from the existing plot.
In the Result Window Definition, Figure 3.27, enter Strain_converge for the name and Strain Energy
Convergence under the header Title. For display type, select Graph by clicking on the fold-down arrow.
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Tutorial 1 – 3D Models
For Graph Ordinate, select Measure and then click on the icon. This will open the Measures
window. Scroll down and select the Strain Energy from the list. Your completed window should look as
shown.
Click OK and Show. As shown in Figure 3.28, the graph shows variation of the Strain Energy as the p-
order changes.
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