d 2u du

a 2  cu  f u (0)  0, a Q
dx dx xL
a, c and f are function of x. here it is assumed that a, c and f are constant on an element.
So, we can write the formulation as follow:
d  du  du
 a   cu  f u (0)  0, a Q
dx  dx  dx xL

Weighted residual method is applied to get weak formulation for the given second order differential equation as
follow:

A. Weak-Form of the Governing Equations

The solution of the differential equation at a node is approximated by following equation.
xe 1
 d  d h  
0  w   dx  a dx
xe
  ch  q dx
 
 d  d   d  d  dw d h
w   a h      wa h   a
 dx  dx   dx  dx  dx dx
xe 1 x xe  1
 d  d   e 1
d  d  dw d h
 
xe
w    a h  dx   
 dx  dx   xe dx 
 wa h dx 
dx  
xe
a
dx dx
dx

xe 1 xe 1
 d  dw dh
  wa h  
 dx  xe  a dx
xe
dx
dx

xe 1 x xe 1
 d  d    d 
e 1
 dw d h 
 
xe
w    a h   ch  q dx   wa h  
 dx  dx    dx  xe 
xe
a dx dx  cwh  qw dx
 
xe 1
d h d h  dw d h 
 w  xe 1   w  xe    a dx dx  cwh  qw dx
dx xe 1 dx xe xe  
d h d h
 Qe 1,  Qe
dx xe 1 dx xe
xe 1 xe 1
 d  d    dw d h 
 w    a h   ch  q dx  w  xe 1  Qe 1  w  xe  Qe   a dx dx  cwh  qw dx  0
xe  dx  dx   xe  
xe 1
 dw dh 
B  w,u    a dx dx  cwh  qw dx
xe  
l e  w   w  xe 1  Qe 1  w  xe  Qe
xe 1
 dw dh 
 a dx dx  cw h  qw dx  w  xe 1  Qe 1  w  xe  Qe
xe  
Substitution to transform from physical to natural coordinates

1
 2
h      u j e N j   
j 1

w Nj
dw 2 dN j

dx j 1 dx
xe  1
 d  du  
0  w  dx  a dx   cu  q dx
xe
xb

2 xb
e dNi
e
dN j e  d  du  
0     aeu  ce i e j e   i efi  dx    wa

j 1 xa  dx dx 
  dx  dx   x
a

xb  e d N e  
e dN i  j   c N eN e  dx  K
 
xa 
ae u
dx dx
e i j
 ij

xb

N fedx  fi
e
i
xa

 K e   u e    f e 

Linear Element:

x
 1e  1 
he
x
 2e 
he
d 1e 1

dx he
d 2 e 1

dx he
 d e d  j e  
xb
K ij  ae   i    dx
 dx
xa 
dx 


2
So
he  d e d  1e   he
 1 1  a
K11  ae   1    dx  ae   dx  e
 dx 
0
dx  0 e
h he  he

he 
d 1e d  2  
e he
 1 1  a
K12  ae    dx  ae    dx   e
0
 dx dx  0 e
h he  he

he 
d 2 e d  1  
e he
 1 1  a
K 21  ae    dx  ae    dx   e
0
 dx dx  0  e
h he  he

he 
d 2e d  2  
e he
1 1 a
K 22  ae    dx  ae    dx  e
0
 dx dx  h h
0 e e 
he

he he
 e  x  1 e
0  f  1  dx  0  f 1  he   dx  2 f he
e e

 
he he
 e  x  1 e
0  2   0  f  he   dx  2 f he
e e
f dx
 

 e
 K11 K12  u1e   f1e  Q1e 
K  e   e  e
 21 K 22  u1   f1  Q2 

 he e e 
 e    f  1  dx 
aavg  1 1 u1   0
e
 Q1 
e

 e    he  e
he  1 1  u2    Q2 
   f  2  dx 
e e

0 
Using the above element matrix,
 e
 K111 K12  u1e   f1e  Q1e 
   e   e e
 K 21 K 22  u2   f 2  Q2 
0  U   f1  Q11 
1
 K111 K121 0 0
1

 1      1
0  U   f1  f 2  Q1  Q2 
2 1 2
 K 21 K 221  K112 K12 2 0
 0    2 3  2 3 
K 212 K 22 2  K113 K123 0  U 3    f 2  f1   Q2  f1 
 
 0 0 K 213 K 223  K114 K12 4  U 4   f 23  f14  Q23  Q14 
     
 0 0 0 K 214 K 22 4  U 5   f 2 4  Q 4 
    2 

3
 1 0 0 0 0  U 1  0  0 
   
K 0  U 2   f1  f 2  0 
2 1
 21 K 22  K11 K12 0
     
 0 K 21 K 22  K11 K12 0  U 3    f 2 2  f13   0 
 
 0 0 K 21 K 22  K11 K12  U 4   f 23  f14  0 
     
 0 K 22  U 5   f 4
  
0 0 K 21 Q
 2

General Equation, obtained

 he e e 
 e
u1e   0
  f  1  dx 
aavg  1 1  Q1 
e

 e    he  e
he  1 1  u2    Q2 
   f  2  dx 
e e

0 