Literature Review Draft 1

The design of the road tunnel different steps as follows:

1. Define the Geometry of Tunnel

Alignment, Diameter of tunnel, lining thickness,
2. Geo technical Data
Specific gravity, cohesion, friction angle, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength
3. Load calculation
Soil pressure, surcharge load, hydrostatic pressure
4. Design of Tunnel
a. Analytical Model : using different formulas and standards
b. Numerical Model : Using finite element programs

This analysis is for the very soft soil for which secondary lining for the shield tunnel. The
properties of the soft soil are:
Standard Penetration Value (N) < 50
Elastic Modulus of soil E = 2.5* N < 125 MN/m2
Unconfined Compressive Strength qu = N/80 <0.6 MN/m2

Figure 1: Soil condition around the tunnel No, W. G., & Association, I. T. (2000).
Figure 2: Pressure in the tunnel lining No, W. G., & Association, I. T. (2000).
We can calculate the effective stress in the tunnel using the formulas pe1 = ɣ*H Pw1 = ɣw*Hw

Tunnels in Weak Rocks

Rocscience.com. (2019. To understand the concept of tunnel in the rock surrounding condition
a simple analytical model is used. This model involves the circular tunnel with hydrostatic stress
where horizontal and vertical stresses are equal. Mohr- Coulomb criteria was used to
demonstrate the failure of the rock mass surrounding the tunnel.
The total stress by Mohr-Coulomb criteria is
σ1= σcm + kσ3
σ1 is the axial stress at which failure occurs
σ3 is the confining stress

Uniaxial compressive strength of rock mass (σcm) =

2 c cos ∅
¿¿
And the slope of the σ1 and σ3 is
1+sin ∅
K=
1−sin ∅
C is the cohesion
Ø is the angle of friction
 Figure: Plastic zone surrounding the tunnel. Rocscience.com. (2019
2 po−σcm
Tunnel lining pressure pcr =
1+k

If internal pressure is more than the external pressure pcr no failure occurs.
The inward displacement of the tunnel is given by

γ is the Poisson’s ratio

The radius of plastic zone around the tunnel is given by

For plastic failure, the total inward displacement of the tunnel

Rocscience.com. (2019). [online] Available at:

https://www.rocscience.com/assets/resources/learning/hoek/Practical-Rock-Engineering-
Chapter-12-Tunnels-in-Weak-Rock.pdf [Accessed 25 Sep. 2019].

No, W. G., & Association, I. T. (2000). Guidelines for the design of shield tunnel lining.
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 15(3), 303-331.