®éng tõ

 Tæng quan vÒ ®éng tõ:

 §éng tõ lµ tõ chØ mét hµnh ®éng, mét sù kiÖn hoÆc mét
tr¹ng th¸i . Côm ®éng tõ (Phrasal verb) lµ ®éng tõ cã giíi
tõ hoÆc phã tõ kÌm theo ®Ó mang mét nghÜa kh¸c víi
nghÜa th«ng thêng .
VÝ dô :
- He translates a contract from Vietnamese into
English
(Anh ta dÞch mét hîp ®ång tõ tiÕng ViÖt sang tiÕng
Anh)
- Many memorable events happened last year
(N¨m ngo¸i ®· x¶y ra nhiÒu sù kiÖn ®¸ng nhí)
- The situation became unfavourable to them
(T×nh thÕ trë nªn bÊt lîi cho hä)
- He takes after his father (Anh ta gièng bè anh ta)
- Turn on the lights ! (BËt ®Ìn lªn!)
- Please write back as soon as possible
(Xin vui lßng viÕt th tr¶ lêi cµng sím cµng tèt)
- Their plane took off later than usual
(M¸y bay cña hä cÊt c¸nh muén h¬n thêng lÖ)

 Néi ®éng tõ (Intransitive Verb) lµ ®éng tõ tù nã ®· ®ñ

nghÜa vµ kh«ng cÇn tóc tõ theo sau. Ch¼ng h¹n, The
birdflies (Con chim bay), They are swimming (Hä
®ang b¬i). Ngo¹i ®éng tõ (Transitive Verb) lµ ®éng tõ
®ßi hái cã tóc tõ (Object) theo sau th× míi ®ñ nghÜa.
Ch¼ng h¹n, Ba opens the window (Ba më cöa sæ), The
police took the suicides to the hospital (C¶nh s¸t ®a
nh÷ng ngêi tù tö ®Õn bÖnh viÖn). NÕu kh«ng cã the
window vµ the suicides , ta ch¼ng biÕt Ba më c¸i g× vµ
C¶nh s¸t ®a ai ®Õn bÖnh viÖn. Tuy nhiªn, còng cã ®éng
tõ võa lµ Néi ®éng tõ võa lµ Ngo¹i ®éng tõ . Ch¼ng h¹n,
Please speak slowly (Xin vui lßng nãi chËm l¹i) vµ Please
speak English (Xin vui lßng nãi tiÕng Anh), hoÆc The
number of traffic accidentsincreased from day to day
(Sè vô tai n¹n giao th«ng gia t¨ng tõng ngµy mét) vµ She
increased her speed to evade the robbers (C« ta t¨ng
tèc ®é ®Ó tho¸t khái bän cíp).
 Th× (Tense), ta x¸c ®Þnh ®îc thêi ®iÓm diÔn ra mét
hµnh ®éng hoÆc mét sù kiÖn. T¬ng øng víi Qu¸ khø,
HiÖn t¹i vµ T¬ng lai lµ Th× qu¸ khø , Th× hiÖn t¹i vµ Th×
t¬ng lai .
- Th× qu¸ khø gåm Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Past), Qu¸
khø liªn tiÕn (Past Continuous), Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh
(Past Perfect), Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn hoµn thµnh (Past Perfect
Continuous).
- Th× hiÖn t¹i gåm HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Present),
HiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn (Present Continuous), HiÖn t¹i hoµn
thµnh (Present Perfect), HiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn hoµn thµnh
(Present Perfect Continuous).
- Th× t¬ng lai gåmT¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n (Simple future), T-
¬ng lai liªn tiÕn (Future Continuous), T¬ng lai hoµn
thµnh (Future Perfect), T¬ng lai liªn tiÕn hoµn thµnh
(Future Perfect Continuous).

 C¸ch (Mood) cho biÕt r»ng hµnh ®éng do ®éng tõ diÔn

t¶ lµ ch¾c ch¾n, cã tÝnh c¸ch mÖnh lÖnh, ph¶i phô thuéc
mét ®iÒu kiÖn nµo ®ã, cha ch¾c ch¾n hoÆc chØ míi lµ
mong íc mµ th«i. Ch¼ng h¹n, Trùc thuyÕt c¸ch
(Indicative Mood) diÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®·, ®ang hoÆc
sÏ diÔn ra trong hiÖn thùc. §iÒu kiÖn c¸ch (Conditional
Mood) diÔn t¶ mét ý tëng mµ viÖc thùc hiÖn cßn ph¶i tïy
thuéc mét ®iÒu kiÖn nµo ®ã. Gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch
(Subjunctive Mood) diÔn t¶ hoÆc mét mong íc hoÆc mét
t×nh tr¹ng gi¶ tëng. MÖnh lÖnh c¸ch (Imperative Mood)
diÔn t¶ mét mÖnh lÖnh hoÆc mét lêi khuyÕn c¸o.
VÝ dô :
- President Ho Chi Minh died in 1969 (Chñ tÞch Hå
ChÝ Minh tõ trÇn n¨m 1969)
- We are preparing for the university entrance
examination (Chóng t«i ®ang chuÈn bÞ cho kú thi
vµo ®¹i häc)
- Tomorrow morning, he will not preside at the
monthly meeting (S¸ng mai, «ng ta sÏ kh«ng chñ
tr× cuéc häp hµng th¸ng)
 - Try hard to succeed and stop thinking about
frivolities ! (H·y cè g¾ng hÕt m×nh ®Ó thµnh c«ng
vµ ®õng nghÜ ®Õn nh÷ng chuyÖn l«ng b«ng n÷a
!)
- She can stay at home if she likes (C« ta cã thÓ ë
nhµ nÕu c« ta thÝch)
- If we had been there yesterday morning, he would
have invited us to breakfast ( NÕu s¸ng
h«m qua chóng t«i cã mÆt ë ®ã, «ng ta ®· mêi
chóng t«i ¨n ®iÓm t©m)
- Long live the king ! (§øc vua v¹n tuÕ !)
- Heaven help us ! (L¹y trêi phï hé chóng con !)
- He staggers as though he were dead drunk (H¾n b-
íc lo¹ng cho¹ng nh lµ ®· say mÌm)

 H×nh thøc
- H×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh (Affirmative Form) : Hoa
is a programmer (Hoa lµ lËp tr×nh viªn), They go
shopping (Hä ®i mua s¾m), She smiled happily (C« ta
mØm cêi sung síng).
- H×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh (Negative Form) : Hoa is
not / isn't a programmer (Hoa kh«ng ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh
viªn), They do not / don't go shopping (Hä kh«ng ®i mua
s¾m), She did not / didn't smile happily (C« ta kh«ng
mØm cêi sung síng).
- H×nh thøc nghi vÊn (Interrogative Form) : Is Hoa a
programmer ? (Hoa cã ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn hay kh«ng?),
Do they go shopping ? (Hä cã ®i mua s¾m hay kh«ng?),
Did she smile happily ? (C« ta cã mØm cêi sung síng hay
kh«ng?).
- H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh (Negative
Interrogative Form) : Thay v× Is Hoa not a
programmer ? (Hoa kh«ng ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn hay
sao?), Do they not go shopping ? (Hä kh«ng ®i mua s¾m
chø?) vµ Did she not smile happily ? (C« ta kh«ng mØm c-
êi sung síng sao?), ngêi ta thêng viÕt Isn't Hoa a
programmer ?, Don't they go shopping ? vµ Didn't she
smile happily ?
 th× & c¸ch cña ®éng tõ
1- present
1.1- Hp. Simplle
H×nh thøc

VÝ dô : TO WORK

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh
I work I don't work Do I work?
Don't I work?
You work You don't work Do you work
Don't you work?
He/she/it works He/she/it doesn't work Does he/she/it
work? Doesn't he/she/it work?
We work We don't work Do we work?
Don't we work?
You work You don't work Do you work? Don't
you work?
They work They don't work Do they work?
Don't they work?

 Don't vµ Doesn't chÝnh lµ Do not vµ Does not. Ch¼ng

h¹n, I do not work tØnh lîc thµnh I don't work, hoÆc Do
you not work? tØnh lîc thµnh Don't you work?
 Th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cã h×nh thøc gièng nh nguyªn
mÉu, chØ kh¸c mét ®iÒu lµ thªm S ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt
(He/She/It). Ch¼ng h¹n, To play --> She plays, To stand
--> He stands, To smile --> She smiles.
 Tuy nhiªn, ph¶i thªm ES nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng SS,
CH, SH, X vµ O. Ch¼ng h¹n, To miss --> She misses, To
push --> He pushes, To clutch --> He clutches, To fix -->
He fixes, To do --> She does, To go --> It goes.
 Còng ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt, Y ®æi thµnh IES nÕu ®éng tõ
tËn cïng b»ng phô ©m + Y. Ch¼ng h¹n, To bury --> It
buries, To identify --> He identifies, To deny --> She
denies. Tuy nhiªn, nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng nguyªn
©m + Y th× thªm S nh b×nh thêng. Ch¼ng h¹n, To stay
--> She stays, To pay --> He pays, To obey --> He obeys.
C«ng dông
 DiÔn t¶ thãi quen hoÆc nÒ nÕp.
VÝ dô:
- I bath every night (Tèi nµo t«i còng t¾m)
- How often do the buses run? (C¸ch bao l©u l¹i cã xe
bóyt?)
- He always brushes his teeth after meals (Anh ta lu«n
ch¶i r¨ng sau khi ¨n)
- You never get up early (Ch¼ng bao giê c¸c anh dËy
sím c¶)
- We go to church twice a week (Chóng t«i ®i lÔ hai
lÇn mçi tuÇn)
- They often advise me to attend evening classes (Hä
thêng khuyªn t«i häc líp ®ªm)

 DiÔn t¶ tr¹ng th¸i hiÓn nhiªn hoÆc sù thËt bÊt di bÊt dÞch.
VÝ dô :
- This packet contains twenty cigarettes (Gãi nµy
®ùng hai m¬i ®iÕu thuèc)
- English is easier to learn than French (TiÕng Anh dÔ
häc h¬n tiÕng Ph¸p)
- The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
(MÆt trêi mäc ë ph¬ng ®«ng vµ lÆn ë ph¬ng t©y)
- Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius (Níc s«i ë 100 ®é
C)
- What does this acronym mean? (Côm tõ viÕt t¾t nµy
nghÜa lµ g×?)
- A full stop signifies the end of a sentence (DÊu chÊm
nghÜa lµ hÕt mét c©u)

 DiÔn t¶ ho¹t c¶nh s©n khÊu, tin tøc thÓ thao ...
VÝ dô :
- When the curtain rises, a French officer is making
advances to Eliza. The phone rings suddenly. She
picks it up and listens quietly. As for him, the French
officer smokes while staring into space (Khi mµn kÐo
lªn, mét sÜ quan Ph¸p ®ang t¸n tØnh Eliza. §iÖn tho¹i
bçng reo vang. Nµng nhÊc ®iÖn tho¹i lªn vµ b×nh th¶n
 l¾ng nghe. VÒ phÇn m×nh, viªn sÜ quan Ph¸p võa hót
thuèc võa nh×n ®¨m ®¨m vµo kho¶ng kh«ng).

 DiÔn t¶ mét dù ®Þnh, mét kÕ ho¹ch trong t¬ng lai.

VÝ dô:
- We leave London at 10.00 next Tuesday and arrive
in Paris at 13.00. We spend two hours in Paris and
leave again at 15.00. We arrive in Rome at 19.30,
spend four hours in Rome... (Chóng t«i rêi Lu©n §«n
lóc 10 giê s¸ng Thø Ba tíi vµ ®Õn Paris lóc 13 giê.
Chóng t«i ë Paris hai tiÕng ®ång hå vµ l¹i ra ®i lóc 15
giê. Chóng t«i ®Õn R«ma lóc 19 giê 30, ë R«ma bèn
tiÕng ®ång hå...).

 Thay choHiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn cña c¸c ®éng tõ Like, Dislike,
Detest, Fear, Respect, Loathe, Hate, Love, Believe , Trust
, Want , Wish , Desire , Know , Perceive, Notice ,
Understand , Forget , Remember , Recollect , Consist ,
Contain , Concern , Belong , Possess , Own , Owe ,
Concern , Matter , Appear (cã vÎ), Look (cã vÎ), Seem (d-
êng nh), Smell (cã mïi), Taste (cã vÞ), Sound (cã vÎ),
Mean (cã nghÜa lµ), Signify (cã nghÜa lµ),See (hiÓu),
Realize (hiÓu), Recognize (nhËn thøc), Hold (chøa
®ùng), Keep (tiÕp tôc), Admire (kh©m phôc)...
VÝ dô :
- I want to see him right now (T«i muèn gÆp h¾n
ngay b©y giê), chø kh«ng nãi I am wanting to see him
right now.
- The meat smells of garlic (ThÞt cã mïi tái), chø kh«ng
nãi The meat is smelling of garlic.
- I perceive her smile as an ironic remark (T«i nhËn
thÊy nô cêi cña c« ta lµ mét lêi nhËn xÐt mØa mai), chø
kh«ng nãi I am perceiving her smile as an ironic remark
.

 DiÔn t¶ mét ®iÒu kiÖn.

VÝ dô:
- If he sees you, he'll give you a good talking-to
(NÕu gÆp anh, h¾n sÏ m¾ng anh mét trËn ra trß)
 - We'll starve unless we find any barracks at the foot
of the mountain
(Chóng ta sÏ chÕt ®ãi nÕu kh«ng t×m ®îc doanh tr¹i
nµo ë ch©n nói)

1.2- P. continuous
H×nh thøc

HiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn = HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cña TO BE + HiÖn
t¹i ph©n tõ.

VÝ dô : TO WORK

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh
I am working I am not working Am I working?
Am I not working?
You are working You are not working Are you
working? Are you not working?
He/she/it is working He/she/it is not working Is he/she/it
working? Is he/she/it not working?
We are working We are not working Are we
working? Are we not working?
You are working You are not working Are you
working? Are you not working?
They are working They are not working Are they
working? Are they not working

 I am working , He is working , They are working ... thêng

tØnh lîc thµnh I'm working , He's working, They're
working ...
 I am not working , You are not working , He is not
working ...thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I'm not working , You're
not working / You aren't working , He's not
working / He isn't working ...
 Am I not working? , Are you not working? , Is he not
working? ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh Aren't I working? ,
Aren't you working? , Isn't he working? ...
C«ng dông

 DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra.

VÝ dô:
- It is raining (Trêi ®ang ma)
- The kettle is boiling (Níc trong Êm ®ang s«i)
- What are you doing? - I am feeding the pigs
(Anh ®ang lµm g× vËy? - T«i ®ang cho lîn ¨n)
- At present, my younger sister is teaching English
and (is) studying medicine(HiÖn nay, em g¸i t«i ®ang
d¹y tiÕng Anh vµ häc y khoa)

 DiÔn t¶ mét t¬ng lai thËt gÇn. Ch¼ng h¹n, I am taking

an oral examination tomorrow morning (S¸ng mai, t«i thi
vÊn ®¸p), Are you doing anything this afternoon? (Anh
cã lµm g× chiÒu nay hay kh«ng?)
 DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i theo thãi quen.
Ch¼ng h¹n, She is always wearing her jumper the wrong
way round (C« ta lu«n mÆc ¸o len nhÇm ®»ng tríc ra
®»ng sau), You are always getting the wrong number
(C¸c anh lu«n quay nhÇm sè ®iÖn tho¹i).

1.3- P. perfect
H×nh thøc

HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh = HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cña TO HAVE +
Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ
VÝ dô : TO WORK

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

I have worked I have not worked Have I
worked?
You have worked You have not worked Have you
worked?
He/she/it has worked He/she/it has not worked Has
he/she/it worked?
We have worked We have not worked Have
we worked?
You have worked You have not worked Have you
worked?
They have worked They have not worked Have
they worked?

 I have worked , He has worked , They have worked ... th-

êng tØnh lîc thµnh I've worked, He's worked, They've
worked.
 I have not worked , He has not worked , They have not
worked ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I haven't worked/I've
not worked, He hasn't worked/He's not worked,
They haven't worked/They've not worked ...
 Have I not worked? , Has he not worked? , Have they not
worked? (Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh)... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh
Haven't I worked?, Hasn't he worked?, Haven't they
worked?

C«ng dông

 DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra, nhng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh
lµ x¶y ra lóc nµo.
VÝ dô :
- Don't worry ! He has received your complimentary
tickets
(§õng lo! ¤ng Êy nhËn ®îc vÐ mêi cña anh råi)
- Have you finished your work? - Yes, I have/No, I
haven't finished it yet
(Anh lµm xong c«ng viÖc cha? - Råi, t«i lµm xong råi/
Cha, t«i cha lµm xong)
- The lieutenant-general has just given orders to
bombard the enemy headquarters
(Trung tíng võa míi ra lÖnh ph¸o kÝch vµo tæng hµnh
dinh cña ®Þch)
- I wonder if my wife has subscribed to Vietnam News
(T«i ph©n v©n kh«ng biÕt vî t«i cã ®Æt mua Vietnam
News hay cha)
- Have you ever been to Switzerland? (Anh cã sang
Thôy SÜ bao giê cha?)
 - How long have you been there? (Anh ®· ë ®ã bao
l©u?)
- I am sure that she has agreed with you about it
(T«i tin ch¾c r»ng bµ ta ®· ®ång ý víi anh vÒ viÖc ®ã)

 DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ vÉn cßn quan hÖ

®Õn hiÖn t¹i.
VÝ dô :
- We have lived here for eight years (Chóng t«i sèng ë
®©y ®· t¸m n¨m råi)
- There have been many murders lately/recently (§· cã
nhiÒu vô ¸n m¹ng x¶y ra gÇn ®©y)
- He has been sick for three weeks/since last week
(¤ng ta ®au ®· ba tuÇn råi/tõ tuÇn råi ®Õn b©y giê)
- My mother is seventy-two years old and has been
bespectacled for four years
(MÑ t«i b¶y m¬i hai tuæi vµ mang kÝnh ®· bèn n¨m
nay)
- She has gone about on crutches since her childhood
(C« ta chèng n¹ng tõ bÐ ®Õn b©y giê)
- I have worked here since I graduated in law
(T«i lµm viÖc ë ®©y tõ khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt ®Õn
b©y giê)
- This tooth hasn't been filled for months (R¨ng nµy
mÊy th¸ng nay cha tr¸m)
- I haven't seen my parents for ages/since January
(L©u qu¸/ Tõ th¸ng giªng ®Õn nay, t«i cha gÆp bè mÑ
t«i)
- Their youngest son joined up last year. They haven't
heard from him since
(Con trai ót cña hä nhËp ngò n¨m ngo¸i. Tõ ®ã ®Õn
nay, hä bÆt tin cËu ta)

§Æc biÖt
- I have never heard such nonsense (T«i cha bao giê
nghe mét chuyÖn phi lý nh vËy)
- Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense
(Suèt ®êi t«i cha bao giê nghe mét chuyÖn phi lý nh
vËy)
 - She has often invited me home (C« ta vÉn thêng mêi
t«i ®Õn nhµ ch¬i)
- This is the best film I have ever seen (§©y lµ bé phim
hay nhÊt mµ t«i tõng xem)
- This is the first time they have visited the zoo
(§©y lµ lÇn ®Çu tiªn hä tham quan vên b¸ch thó)
- It is only the second time they have arrived in Hong
Kong
(§©y chØ lµ lÇn thø hai hä ®Õn Hång K«ng)
- It is ten years since I have seen them (LÇn sau cïng
t«i gÆp hä lµ c¸ch ®©y mêi n¨m)

1.4- P. perfect continuous

H×nh thøc

HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn = HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh cña
TO BE + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ.
 X¸c ®Þnh: I have been working , He has been working ...
 Phñ ®Þnh: I have not / haven't been working, He has not /
hasn't been working ...
 Nghi vÊn: Have I been working? Has he been working? ...
 Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh: Have I not / Haven't I been working?,
Has he not / Hasn't he been working?...

C«ng dông

 DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ vÉn tiÕp diÔn ®Õn

khi ta nãi, hoÆc võa míi hoµn tÊt khi ta nãi.
VÝ dô :
- They have been waiting for hours and the
policeman still hasn't opened the gate to let them out
(Hä chê ®· mÊy tiÕng ®ång hå vµ viªn c¶nh s¸t vÉn ch-
a më cæng cho hä ra)
- I am too busy to make you a phone call. Have you
been waiting long?
(T«i qu¸ bËn, nªn kh«ng ®iÖn tho¹i cho anh ®îc. Anh
®îi ®· l©u cha?)
 - They have been working all week without a
moment's leisure (Hä lµm viÖc suèt c¶ tuÇn, ch¼ng lóc
nµo r¶nh rçi)
 §«i khi ngêi ta vÉn dïng ®éng tõ Want vµ Wish ë HiÖn t¹i
hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn. Ch¼ng h¹n, Thank you very much
for the gardening guide. I have been wanting it for ages
(RÊt c¸m ¬n anh vÒ quyÓn s¸ch híng dÉn lµm vên. T«i
cÇn quyÓn Êy l©u l¾m råi)

2- past
2.1- Past simple
H×nh thøc

 §èi víi ®éng tõ cã qui t¾c, Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n h×nh
thµnh b»ng c¸ch thªm ed vµoNguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To
(hoÆc thªm d nÕu nguyªn mÉu tËn cïng b»ng e).
VÝ dô :
To play ---> I played, You played, He played, They
played...
To connect --> I connected, You connected, He
connected...
To raise --> I raised, You raised, He raised, They
raised...
To guide --> I guided, You guided, They guided...
§èi víi ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c, xin xem Phô Lôc.
 H×nh thøc qu¸ khø gièng nhau ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i (®èi víi
®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c còng vËy).
VÝ dô :
To work --> I worked, You worked, He worked, We
worked, They worked
To sleep --> I slept, You slept, He slept, We slept, They
slept
 Phñ ®Þnh = Did not / Didn't + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã
To
VÝ dô :
- I did not/didn't work, He did not/didn't work, They did
not/didn't work
- I did not/didn't sleep, He did not/didn't sleep, They did
not/didn't sleep
 Nghi vÊn = Did + chñ tõ + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To
VÝ dô :
- Did I work? Did you work? Did he work? Did we work?
Did they work?
- Did I sleep? Did you sleep? Did he sleep? Did we
sleep? Did they sleep?
 Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh :
VÝ dô :
- Did you not/Didn't you work? Did he not/Didn't he
work? Did they not/didn't they work?...
- Did you not/Didn't you sleep? Did he not/Didn't he
sleep? Did they not/didn't they sleep?...

C«ng dông

 DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· hoµn tÊt ë mét thêi ®iÓm

nhÊt ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô:
- I had an argument with them yesterday morning
(S¸ng h«m qua, t«i c·i nhau víi hä)
- Her father died twelve years ago (Bè c« ta mÊt c¸ch
®©y 12 n¨m)
- United Nations Organization was founded in October
1945
(Tæ chøc Liªn hiÖp quèc ®îc thµnh lËp th¸ng 10/1945)
- She adhered to Communist Party of Vietnam in 1964
(Bµ ta gia nhËp §¶ng céng s¶n ViÖt Nam n¨m 1964)
 DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng hoµn toµn thuéc vÒ qu¸ khø ,
t¸ch rêi víi hiÖn t¹i (dï kh«ng nªu mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt
®Þnh).
VÝ dô :
- King Quang Trung was a military genius, a visionary
diplomat, a preeminent leader
(Vua Quang Trung lµ mét thiªn tµi qu©n sù, mét nhµ
ngo¹i giao biÕt nh×n xa tr«ng réng, mét l·nh tô kiÖt
xuÊt)
- Our teacher always advised us to be studious and
dutiful to our parents
 (ThÇy chóng t«i lu«n khuyªn chóng t«i ch¨m chØ häc
hµnh vµ hiÕu th¶o víi cha mÑ) (Nay thÇy ®· qua ®êi
ch¼ng h¹n")
- They lived there for two years and had to disguise
themselves as stevedores to evade capture by the
Gestapo (Hä sèng ë ®ã hai n¨m vµ ph¶i c¶i trang lµm
phu bèc v¸c ®Ó tr¸nh sù lïng b¾t cña Gestapo)
- I once saw a drunk drive recklessly at top speed in
the rush-hour traffic. As a result, his car skidded,
rushed onto the pavement, ran over two pedestrians
and killed them (Cã lÇn t«i thÊy mét g· say rîu liÒu
lÜnh phãng xe hÕt tèc lùc gi÷a dßng xe cé ngîc xu«i
trong giê cao ®iÓm. KÕt qu¶ lµ xe h¾n trît b¸nh, lao
lªn vØa hÌ vµ c¸n chÕt hai ngêi ®i bé)
 Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 2.
VÝ dô :
- If you were expert in English and French, you would
easily find a job as a translator in my company
(NÕu anh th«ng th¹o tiÕng Anh vµ tiÕng Ph¸p, anh sÏ
dÔ kiÕm ®îc mét ch©n phiªn dÞch trong c«ng ty t«i)
- If someone volunteered to lend me money, I would
try my best to become a billionaire
(NÕu ai t×nh nguyÖn cho t«i mîn tiÒn, t«i sÏ lµm hÕt
søc m×nh ®Ó trë thµnh tØ phó)

2.2- past continuous

H×nh thøc

Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn = Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n cña TO BE + HiÖn
t¹i ph©n tõ

X¸c ®Ønh Phu ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

I was working I was not working Was I
working?
You were working You were notworking
Were you working?
He/she/it was working He/she/it was not working Was
he/she/it working?
We were working We were not working
Were we working?
You were working You were not working
Were you working?
They were working They were not working Were
they working?

 I was not working , You were not working , He was not

working ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I wasn't working, You
weren't working, He wasn't working ...
 Was I not working ?Were you not working ? Was he not
working ? (Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh)... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh
Wasn't I working? Weren't you working? Wasn't he
working? ...

Lu ý
- Like, Dislike, Detest, Fear, Respect, Loathe, Hate,
Love, Believe , Trust , Want , Wish , Desire , Know ,
Perceive, Notice , Understand , Forget , Remember ,
Recollect , Consist , Contain , Concern , Belong ,
Possess , Own , Owe , Concern , Matter , Appear (cã vÎ),
Look (cã vÎ), Seem (dêng nh), Smell (cã mïi), Taste
(cã vÞ), Sound (cã vÎ), Mean (cã nghÜa lµ), Signify (cã
nghÜa lµ),See (hiÓu), Realize (hiÓu), Recognize (nhËn
thøc), Hold (chøa ®ùng), Keep (tiÕp tôc), Admire
(kh©m phôc)... lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ kh«ng dïng ë Qu¸
khø liªn tiÕn.

C«ng dông

 DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng tiÕn triÓn dÇn dÇn trong qu¸ khø,
mµ kh«ng cÇn nªu tõ ng÷ chØ thêi gian.
VÝ dô :
- It was getting colder (Trêi ®ang l¹nh dÇn)
- The river was rising (Níc s«ng ®ang tõ tõ d©ng lªn)
 DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm
nhÊt ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô :
 - What were you doing at six o'clock yesterday
morning?
(Lóc 6 giê s¸ng h«m qua, anh ®ang lµm g×?)
- At that moment, I was sleeping (Lóc Êy, t«i ®ang
ngñ)
- What was she doing when you arrived? (C« ta ®ang
lµm g× khi anh ®Õn?)
- When I arrived, she was boiling eggs (Khi t«i ®Õn,
c« ta ®ang luéc trøng)
- They burst out laughing while their father was
speaking to me
(Hä cêi ph¸ lªn trong lóc cha hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi
t«i)
 Miªu t¶ qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô :
- The girl was cooking in the kitchen. Her father was
reading while her younger brother was revising for
the end-of-term test. Suddenly, there were shots and
screams in the distance (C« g¸i ®ang nÊu ¨n trong bÕp.
Cha c« ®ang ®äc s¸ch, trong khi em trai c« ®ang «n
tËp thi cuèi häc kú. Bçng cã nhiÒu tiÕng sóng vµ tiÕng
thÐt tõ xa väng l¹i).
 Thay choHiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn khi chuyÓn Lêi nãi trùc tiÕp
sang Lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp.
VÝ dô :
- He said, "I am writing to my siblings" (¤ng ta nãi :
"T«i ®ang viÕt th cho anh chÞ em ruét cña t«i) --> He
said that he was writing to his siblings" (¤ng ta nãi
r»ng «ng ta ®ang viÕt th cho anh chÞ em ruét cña
m×nh).
- She said, "I am combing my hair" (C« ta nãi : "T«i
®ang ch¶i tãc") ---> She said that she
was combing her hair (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang ch¶i
tãc)
 DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i trong qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô :
- I was always working full-time (T«i lu«n lu«n lµm
viÖc trän ngµy)
- He was always asking questions (Nã cø hái hoµi)
2.3- past perfect
H×nh thøc

 Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh = Had + Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ

 H×nh thøc x¸c ®Þnh lµ I had/I'd worked, He had/He'd
worked ...
 H×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh lµ I had not/hadn't worked, He
had not/hadn't worked ...
 H×nh thøc nghi vÊn lµ Had I worked? Had he
worked? .. ..
 H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Had I not/Hadn't I
worked? Had he not/Hadn't he worked?...

C«ng dông

 Khi hai hµnh ®éng cïng x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø, ta dïng Qu¸
khø hoµn thµnh cho hµnh ®éng nµo x¶y ra tríc vµ Qu¸
khø ®¬n gi¶n cho hµnh ®éng nµo x¶y ra sau.
VÝ dô :
- I met them after they had divorced each other (T«i
gÆp hä sau khi hä ly dÞ nhau)
- Lan said she had been chosen as a beauty queen
two years before
(Lan nãi r»ng tríc ®ã hai n¨m, c« ta tõng ®îc chän lµm
hoa hËu)
- I was anxious about these children's plight, because
their mother had been consumptive for three months
(T«i ¸i ng¹i cho hoµn c¶nh ®¸ng th¬ng cña nh÷ng ®øa
trÎ nµy, v× mÑ chóng m¾c bÖnh lao phæi ®· ba th¸ng
råi)
- An idea occured to him that she herself had helped
him very much in the everyday life
(H¾n chît nghÜ ra r»ng chÝnh c« ta ®· gióp h¾n rÊt
nhiÒu trong cuéc sèng hµng ngµy)
- She wondered why you had referred to her unhappy
childhood
(C« ta kh«ng hiÓu t¹i sao anh l¹i nh¾c ®Õn thêi th¬ Êu
bÊt h¹nh cña c« ta)
 - When I entered the dining-room, she had just
finished washing the dishes
(Khi t«i bíc vµo phßng ¨n, c« ta võa míi röa b¸t ®Üa
xong)
- When the police reached the scene of the crime, the
murderer had just killed himself with his own high-
powered rifle
(Khi c¶nh s¸t ®Õn hiÖn trêng, hung thñ võa míi tù s¸t
b»ng khÈu sóng trêng cùc m¹nh cña chÝnh h¾n)
- No sooner had he returned from a long journey than
he was ordered to pack his bags
(Anh ta míi ®i xa vÒ th× l¹i ®îc lÖnh cuèn gãi ra ®i)
 Thay choHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n khi
chuyÓnLêi nãi trùc tiÕp sangLêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp.
VÝ dô :
- He said, "I have worked in this company for years"
(¤ng ta nãi : "T«i lµm viÖc ë c«ng ty nµy ®· nhiÒu n¨m
råi") ---> He said that he had worked in that company
for years (¤ng ta nãi r»ng «ng ta lµm viÖc ë c«ng ty Êy
®· nhiÒu n¨m råi)
- She said, "I left France five years ago" (C« ta nãi :
"T«i rêi níc Ph¸p c¸ch ®©y n¨m n¨m") ---> She said
that she had left France five years before (C« ta nãi
r»ng c« ta ®· rêi níc Ph¸p tríc ®ã n¨m n¨m)
 Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 3. Ch¼ng h¹n, If I had met
them early this morning, I would have given them a lift to
the town (NÕu s¸ng sím nay t«i gÆp hä, t«i ®· cho hä ®i
nhê xe ra thÞ trÊn)
 Sau If only (thÓ hiÖn sù hèi tiÕc) Ch¼ng h¹n, If only I
had met them early this morning ! (Ph¶i chi s¸ng sím
nay t«i gÆp hä!).

2.4- past p. co
H×nh thøc

Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn = Had been + HiÖn t¹i ph©n
tõ
 X¸c ®Þnh: I had / I'd been working , He had / He'd been
working ...
 Phñ ®Þnh: I had not / hadn't been working, He had not /
hadn't been working ...
 Nghi vÊn: Had I been working? Had he been working? ...
 Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh: Had I not / Hadn't I been working?,
Had he not / Hadn't he been working?...

C«ng dông

 Quan hÖ gi÷a Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµ Qu¸ khø
hoµn thµnh còng gièng nh quan hÖ gi÷a HiÖn t¹i hoµn
thµnh liªn tiÕn vµHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh .
VÝ dô :
- She was sluggish because she had been sitting up
all night to watch the Olympics on TV
(C« ta uÓ o¶i v× ®· thøc suèt ®ªm xem §¹i héi ¤limpich
thÕ giíi trªn ti-vi)
- I had been trying hard not to laugh
(T«i cè g¾ng hÕt søc ®Ó kh«ng cêi to)
 §«i khi ngêi ta vÉn dïng ®éng tõ Want vµ Wish ë Qu¸ khø
hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn. Ch¼ng h¹n, I lent her an
encyclopedia of music. She had been wanting it for
ages (T«i cho c« ta mîn mét quyÓn tù ®iÓn b¸ch khoa vÒ
©m nh¹c. C« ta cÇn quyÓn Êy l©u l¾m råi)

3- future
3.1- simple
H×nh thøc

T¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n = Shall / Will + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng

cã To

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh

I will/I'll work I will not/I won't work
You will/You'll work You will not/You won't work
He will/He'll work He will not/He won't work
We will/We'll work We will not/We won't work
You will/You'll work You will not/You won't work
They will/They'll work They will not/They won't work
Nghi vÊn Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh
Shall I work? Shall I not work?/Shan't I work?
Will you work? Will you not work?/Won't you work?
Will he work? Will he not work?/Won't he work?
Shall we work? Shall we not work?/Shan't we work?
Will you work? Will you not work?/Won't you work?
Will they work? Will they not work?/Won't they work?

 Will th«ng dông h¬nShall , nhng kh«ng trang träng

b»ngShall . Ch¼ng h¹n, I ensure that customers shall
receive a warm welcome from my company (T«i b¶o
®¶m kh¸ch hµng sÏ ®îc c«ng ty t«i tiÕp ®ãn nång nhiÖt),
The coastal defences shall be personally inspected by
Fleet Admiral (C¸c tuyÕn phßng thñ bê biÓn sÏ do ®Ých
th©n thñy s ®« ®èc kiÓm tra),The private enterprises
shall maintain their operations until further notice (C¸c
doanh nghiÖp t nh©n sÏ duy tr× ho¹t ®éng cña m×nh
®Õn khi cã th«ng b¸o míi).
 Shall I vµ Shall we dïng ®Ó më ®Çu lêi gîi ý. Ch¼ng
h¹n, Shall I come in? (T«i vµo ®îc chø?), Shall we go
home? (Chóng ta vÒ nhµ nhÐ?).

C«ng dông

 DiÔn t¶ mét ý kiÕn, mét dù ®o¸n vÒ t¬ng lai (nhÊt lµ khi

®i kÌm c¸c ®éng tõ Assume , be afraid , be / feel sure ,
believe , daresay , doubt , expect , hope , know ,
suppose , think , wonder hoÆc c¸c phã tõ Perhaps ,
maybe , possibly , probably , surely ).
VÝ dô:
- We shall soon be home (Ch¼ng mÊy chèc n÷a chóng
ta sÏ cã mÆt ë nhµ)
- How long will you stay here? (Anh sÏ ë l¹i ®©y bao
l©u?)
- He is sure that everyone will arrive later than usual
(Anh ta tin ch¾c r»ng mäi ngêi sÏ ®Õn muén h¬n thêng
lÖ)
- I hope that she will think again before offering her
resignation
 (T«i mong r»ng c« ta sÏ suy nghÜ l¹i tríc khi nép ®¬n
xin th«i viÖc)
- I wonder where I shall be next year (T«i ph©n v©n
kh«ng biÕt sang n¨m t«i sÏ ë ®©u)
- Perhaps they will not forget to revenge their
companions in arms
(Cã lÏ hä sÏ kh«ng quªn tr¶ thï cho chiÕn h÷u cña hä)
 DiÔn t¶ mét lêi yªu cÇu, mét mÖnh lÖnh.
VÝ dô :
- Will you help me, please? (Anh vui lßng gióp t«i chø?)
- You will drive me to the post office, won't you? (Anh
®a t«i ®Õn bu ®iÖn, ®îc kh«ng?)
- You will address the letters of invitation and post
them this afternoon
(Anh ph¶i ghi ®Þa chØ lªn c¸c th mêi vµ chiÒu nay
mang ra bu ®iÖn göi ®i)
 Trong mÈu tin têng thuËt hoÆc b¸o chÝ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The
Primer Minister will open a new industrial zone
tomorrow morning (S¸ng mai, Thñ tíng sÏ kh¸nh thµnh
mét khu c«ng nghiÖp míi).
 Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 1.
VÝ dô :
- If it rains, Ba will go there by taxi (NÕu trêi ma, Ba sÏ
®i taxi ®Õn ®ã)
- If he hasn't finished with his coworkers, we shall
wait for him at the canteen (NÕu «ng ta cha gi¶i quyÕt
xong c«ng viÖc víi c¸c ®ång sù, chóng t«i sÏ ®îi «ng ta
ë c¨ng-tin)

Lu ý
 Be going to nghÜa lµ "S¾p söa" (t¬ng lai gÇn), "Dù
®Þnh".
VÝ dô :
- It is going to rain (Trêi s¾p ma)
- We are going to take our driving-test (Chóng t«i s¾p
thi lÊy b»ng l¸i xe)
- I am going to buy a cheap but powerful car
(T«i ®Þnh mua mét chiÕc xe rÎ tiÒn nhng ch¹y khoÎ)
 - He is going to resign as ambassador-at-large (¤ng ta
®Þnh tõ chøc ®¹i sø lu ®éng)

3.2- con
H×nh thøc

T¬ng lai liªn tiÕn = T¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n cña To Be + HiÖn
t¹i ph©n tõ.
 X¸c ®Þnh : I shall/will be working, We shall/will be
working, He/she/it will be working ...
 Phñ ®Þnh : I shall not/shan't be working, I will not/won't
be working, We shall not/shan't be working, We will
not/won't be working, He/she/it will not/won't be
working ...
 Nghi vÊn : Shall/will I be working?, Shall/will we be
working?, Will he/she/it be working? ...
 Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Will you not be working?/Won't you
be working?, Will they not be working?/Won't they be
working? ...

C«ng dông

 DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm

nhÊt ®Þnh trong t¬ng lai.
VÝ dô :
- Now we are making necessary preparations for the
honeymoon trip to Nha Trang. This day week, we shall
be visiting Nha Trang's tourist attractions (B©y giê,
chóng t«i ®ang chuÈn bÞ nh÷ng thø cÇn thiÕt cho
chuyÕn ®i hëng tuÇn tr¨ng mËt ë Nha Trang. Ngµy
nµy tuÇn sau, chóng t«i sÏ ®ang tham quan c¸c th¾ng
c¶nh du lÞch cña Nha Trang).
- This time tomorrow, all the workers will be queuing
up to receive luncheon vouchers (Giê nµy ngµy mai, tÊt
c¶ c«ng nh©n sÏ ®ang xÕp hµng nèi ®u«i nhau ®Ó
nhËn phiÕu ¨n tra)

3.3- f. per
H×nh thøc
T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh = Shall/Will + Nguyªn mÉu hoµn
thµnh kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 1) hoÆc Will + Nguyªn
mÉu hoµn thµnh kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 2 vµ 3)

 X¸c ®Þnh : I will/I'll have worked (hoÆc I shall have

worked), He will/He'll have worked, We will/We'll have
worked (hoÆc We shall have worked) ...
 Phñ ®Þnh : I will not/won't have worked (hoÆc I shall
not/shan't have worked), He will not/won't have worked,
We will not/won't have worked (hoÆc We shall not/shan't
have worked) ...
 Nghi vÊn : Shall I have worked? Will he have worked?Shall
we have worked? ...
 Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Shall I not/Shan't I have worked?
Will he not/Won't he have worked? Shall we not/Shan't we
have worked? ...

C«ng dông

DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tríc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c
trong t¬ng lai. Thêng th× T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh ®i kÌm víi tõ
ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh By then , By that time , By the end of
the year ... ch¼ng h¹n.
VÝ dô :
- Early next week, we shall hold the marathon for the
elderly. Regrettably, you will have left Vietnam by
then (§Çu tuÇn tíi, chóng t«i sÏ tæ chøc cuéc ®ua
marat«ng cho ngêi cao tuæi. TiÕc lµ ®Õn lóc ®ã, c¸c
anh ®· rêi khái ViÖt Nam råi)
- By the time this quotation reaches you, their
company will have gone bankrupt (Lóc anh nhËn ®îc
b¶n b¸o gi¸ nµy còng lµ lóc c«ng ty cña hä bÞ ph¸ s¶n
råi)

3.4- f. per. Con

H×nh thøc
T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn = Shall/Will have been +
HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (®èi víi ng«i 1) hoÆc Will have been +
HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (®èi víi ng«i 2 vµ 3)

C«ng dông

Quan hÖ gi÷a T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµT¬ng lai
hoµn thµnh còng gièng nh quan hÖ gi÷a HiÖn t¹i hoµn
thµnh liªn tiÕn vµHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh . T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh
liªn tiÕn còng ®i kÌm víi tõ ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh By then ,
By that time , By the end of the year ... ch¼ng h¹n.
VÝ dô :
- By the end of this century, United Nations
Organization will have been existing for 55 years
(§Õn cuèi thÕ kû nµy, Tæ chøc Liªn hiÖp quèc tån t¹i ®·
®îc 55 n¨m)
- They will move to Ho Chi Minh City next year. By that
time, you will have been living in Ho Chi Minh City for
twenty-four years (N¨m tíi, hä sÏ dän vÒ ë thµnh phè Hå
ChÝ Minh. §Õn lóc ®ã, anh sèng ë thµnh phè Hå ChÝ
Minh ®· ®îc 24 n¨m)
4- ®iÒu kiÖn c¸ch (conditional)
4.1- present conditional
H×nh thøc

HiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn c¸ch = Should/Would + Nguyªn mÉu

kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 1) hoÆc Would + Nguyªn mÉu
kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 2 vµ 3)

 X¸c ®Þnh : I would/I'd work (hoÆc I should work), You

would work/You'd work ...
 Phñ ®Þnh : I would not/wouldn't work (hoÆc I should
not/shouldn't work), You would not/wouldn't work ...
 Nghi vÊn : Would/Should I work? Would you work? ...
 Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Should I not/Shouldn't I work?
Would you not/Wouldn't you work? ...

C«ng dông
 Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 2. Ch¼ng h¹n, If she turned up
now, we would be very surprised (NÕu b©y giê c« Êy
xuÊt hiÖn, chóng t«i sÏ rÊt ng¹c nhiªn).
 Thay choT¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n , khi ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò
chÝnh ë th× qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô :
- They assume that I shall/will applaud their audacious
plan (Hä cho r»ng t«i sÏ t¸n thµnh kÕ ho¹ch t¸o b¹o cña
hä) ---> They assumed that I should/would applaud
their audacious plan.
- I expect that your business will get better results (T«i
mong r»ng c«ng chuyÖn lµm ¨n cña anh sÏ ®¹t kÕt qu¶
kh¶ quan h¬n) ---> I expected that your business would
get better results.
 Trong c¸c c«ng dông ®Æc biÖt cña Should vµ Would .
VÝ dô :
- We should say our prayers before going to bed
(Chóng ta nªn cÇu nguyÖn tríc khi ®i ngñ)
- Children shouldn't imitate the adults' vices (TrÎ em
kh«ng nªn b¾t chíc thãi h tËt xÊu cña ngêi lín)
- You should have rised early to attend morning
service (LÏ ra anh ph¶i dËy sím ®Ó dù lÔ s¸ng)
- I should like to ask a favour of you (T«i muèn nhê
anh mét viÖc)
- Why should he have the audacity to do it? (Sao nã l¹i
c¶ gan lµm nh vËy nhØ?)
- Hoa was anxious that exam results should be
announced as soon as possible (Hoa nãng lßng mong
cho kÕt qu¶ thi ®îc c«ng bè cµng sím cµng tèt)
- He grown a beard in order that everyone should
believe him to be old (¤ng ta ®Ó r©u ®Ó mäi ngêi t-
ëng «ng ta giµ)
- Should you change your mind, please let us know at
once (NÕu cã thay ®æi ý kiÕn, xin «ng vui lßng b¸o
cho chóng t«i biÕt ngay)
- Would you give this report a look-over to make
suggestions? (Anh vui lßng xem qua b¶n b¸o c¸o nµy
®Ó gãp ý)
 - Would you like some white coffee? (Anh dïng tÝ cµ
phª s÷a nhÐ?)
- That's just what he would say (§ã chÝnh lµ ®iÒu mµ
cã lÏ anh ta sÏ nãi ra)
- He changed his password so that nobody would be
able to access data on his computer (Anh ta ®æi mËt
khÈu ®Ó kh«ng ai truy cËp ®îc d÷ liÖu trªn m¸y cña
anh ta)

4.2- past conditional

H×nh thøc

HiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn c¸ch = Should/Would + Nguyªn mÉu

hoµn thµnh kh«ng cã To

 X¸c ®Þnh : I would/should have worked, You would have

worked...
 Phñ ®Þnh : I would not/should not have worked, You
would not have worked ...
 Nghi vÊn : Should I have worked? Would you have
worked? ...
 Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Should I not/Shouldn't I have
worked? ...

C«ng dông

 Trong c¸c c«ng dông ®Æc biÖt cña Should vµ Would .

Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 3. Ch¼ng h¹n, If you had
arrived earlier, I would have introduced you to my director
(NÕu anh ®Õn sím h¬n, t«i ®· giíi thiÖu anh cho gi¸m
®èc cña t«i).

 Thay choT¬ng lai hoµn thµnh , khi ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò

chÝnh ë th× qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô :
- I hope that he will have solved the problem before we
get back (T«i hy väng anh ta sÏ gi¶i ®îc bµi to¸n tríc khi
chóng ta trë l¹i) ---> I hoped that he would have solved
the problem
 before we got back.

4.3- conditional sentence

 C©u ®iÒu kiÖn nµo còng cã hai phÇn : MÖnh ®Ò If
(mÖnh ®Ò b¾t ®Çu b»ng liªn tõ If) vµ MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
MÖnh ®Ò If nªu gi¶ thuyÕt, cßn mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh th× nªu
kÕt qu¶ cña gi¶ thuyÕt Êy. Trong c©u If it rains, they will
get up later than usual (NÕu trêi ma, hä sÏ dËy muén h¬n
thêng lÖ), ta cã mÖnh ®Ò If lµ If it rains vµ mÖnh ®Ò
chÝnh lµThey will get up later than usual .
 Cã ba lo¹i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn. Lo¹i 1dµnh cho nh÷ng t×nh
huèng rÊt cã thÓ dù ®o¸n ®îc. Ch¼ng h¹n, I shall turn off
the record-player if you don't turn it down (T«i sÏ t¾t m¸y
h¸t nÕu anh kh«ng vÆn nhá l¹i). Lo¹i 2 dµnh cho nh÷ng
t×nh huèng tëng tîng. Ch¼ng h¹n, If she were my
mother, I would try my utmost to look after her (NÕu bµ
ta lµ mÑ t«i, t«i sÏ cè g¾ng hÕt søc ®Ó ch¨m sãc bµ ta)
[Nhng thùc ra, bµ ta ®©u ph¶i lµ mÑ t«i]. §Æc biÖt, lo¹i 3
dµnh cho nh÷ng t×nh huèng hoµn toµn tr¸i ngîc víithùc
tÕ trong qu¸ khø . Ch¼ng h¹n, If I had gone out in the
rain yesterday afternoon, I would have had a high fever
(NÕu chiÒu h«m qua t«i ®i ma th× t«i ®· bÞ sèt cao) (Nh-
ng thùc ra, chiÒu h«m qua t«i kh«ng hÒ ®i ma).

1/ VÝ dô vÒ c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 1

 Th«ng thêng, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò If ë HiÖn t¹i ®¬n

gi¶n , ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë T¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n
.
VÝ dô :
- If you exceed the speed limit, you will be liable to a
heavy fine (NÕu vît qu¸ giíi h¹n tèc
®é tèi ®a, anh sÏ bÞ ph¹t nÆng)
- The pregnant bitch will bite you if you walk upstairs
(Con chã ®ang cã mang sÏ c¾n anh
nÕu anh ®i lªn lÇu)

§Æc biÖt
- If he is poor, why does he own two adjacent houses?
 (NÕu anh ta nghÌo th× t¹i sao anh ta cã hai c¨n nhµ kÒ
nhau?)
- If it stops raining, I can drive faster
(NÕu trêi t¹nh ma, t«i cã thÓ l¸i xe nhanh h¬n)
- If this staircase is slippery, she may take a false step
(NÕu cÇu thang nµy tr¬n, cã thÓ bµ Êy sÏ bÞ trît ch©n)
- If you want to lose weight, eat less fat and take more
exercise (NÕu muèn sôt c©n, chÞ h·y bít ¨n chÊt bÐo vµ
tËp thÓ dôc nhiÒu h¬n)
- If they are sleeping, I'll turn off the radio
(NÕu hä ®ang ngñ, t«i sÏ t¾t ra®i«)
- If you have finished eating, I'll have the domestic clear
the table (NÕu anh ¨n xong, t«i sÏ b¶o ngêi gióp viÖc dän
bµn)

2/ VÝ dô vÒ c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 2

 Th«ng thêng, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò If ë Qu¸ khø ®¬n

gi¶n (®óng ra ®©y lµQu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch) , ®éng tõ
cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ëHiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn c¸ch .
VÝ dô :
- If I were their father, I would demand an apology from
them (NÕu t«i lµ cha cña hä, t«i sÏ b¾t hä xin lçi)
- If someone gave her a villa, she would use it as an
orphanage (NÕu ai cho c« ta mét c¨n biÖt thù, c« ta sÏ
dïng c¨n biÖt thù ®ã lµm n¬i nu«i trÎ må c«i)
§Æc biÖt
- If you didn't love her, why did you pray for her speedy
recovery from illness?
(NÕu anh kh«ng yªu c« ta th× t¹i sao anh cÇu cho c« ta
mau khái bÖnh?)
- If someone knocked at the door, he said "Come in,
please"
(NÕu cã ai gâ cöa, «ng ta thêng nãi "Mêi vµo")
- If I knew their address, I could correspond with them
(NÕu t«i biÕt ®Þa chØ cña hä, t«i cã thÓ trao ®æi th tõ
víi hä)

3/ VÝ dô vÒ c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 3

 Th«ng thêng, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò If ëQu¸ khø hoµn
thµnh , ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ëQu¸ khø ®iÒu
kiÖn c¸ch .
VÝ dô :
- If I had heard the news last night, I would have come
there to give you a hand
(NÕu ®ªm qua t«i hay tin th× t«i ®· ®Õn ®ã gióp anh
mét tay)
- If their papers had been in order, they would have left
the police station at once
(NÕu giÊy tê cña hä hîp lÖ th× hä ®· ra khái ®ån c¶nh
s¸t ngay råi)
§Æc biÖt
- If we had discovered his shelter, we could have arrested
him long before
(NÕu ph¸t hiÖn ®îc n¬i Èn n¸u cña h¾n th× chóng t«i ®·
b¾t ®îc h¾n l©u råi)
- If he hadn't had a lawyer, he might have gone to prison
(NÕu kh«ng cã mét luËt s giái th× cã thÓ anh ta ®i tï råi)
- If you had followed my advice, you would be singing
joyfully with your family now
(NÕu nghe theo lêi khuyªn cña t«i th× b©y giê anh ®·
®ang ca h¸t vui vÎ víi gia ®×nh anh)
- If I hadn't followed your advice, I would be behind bars
now/I would have been behind bars
(NÕu kh«ng nghe theo lêi khuyªn cña anh th× b©y giê t«i
®· ngåi tï)
- Thay v× If they had obeyed traffic regulations, this
accident wouldn't have happened
(NÕu hä ®i ®óng luËt, tai n¹n nµy ®©u cã x¶y ra), ta cã
thÓ nãi Had they obeyed traffic regulations, this accident
wouldn't have happened .
- Thay v× If we had met him in the street, we would have
invited him to our house (NÕu gÆp anh ta ngoµi phè,
chóng t«i ®· mêi anh ta vÒ nhµ ch¬i råi), ta cã thÓ nãi
Had we met him in the street, we would have invited him
to our house .
* mÖnh lÖnh c¸ch - imperative
MÖnh lÖnh c¸ch thÓ hiÖn mét lêi khuyªn, mét lêi yªu cÇu
hoÆc mét mÖnh lÖnh.

 VÒ h×nh thøc, mÖnh lÖnh c¸ch cña ng«i thø hai gièng nh
Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To.
VÝ dô :
- Hurry ! (Nhanh lªn!)
- Shut up ! (Im ®i !)
- Wait for them ! (H·y ®îi hä!)
- Always clean your teeth before going to bed ! (H·y
lu«n lu«n ®¸nh r¨ng tríc khi ®i ngñ)
- Never repeat it ! (§õng bao giê nh¾c l¹i ®iÒu ®ã !)
- Never tell lies (§õng bao giê nãi dèi)
- Don't hurry ! (§õng véi !)
- Don't wait for them ! (§õng ®îi hä!)
- Don't be rude ! (§õng hæn l¸o!)
 ™ ng«i thø nhÊt, mÖnh lÖnh c¸ch = Let us/Let's + Nguyªn
mÉu kh«ng cã To .
VÝ dô :
- Let's hand in our examination papers ! (Chóng ta h·y
nép bµi thi !)
- Let's stand up ! (Chóng ta h·y ®øng dËy!)
- Let's not make so much noise ! (Chóng ta ®õng lµm
ån nh vËy!)
- Let's not talk with them ! (Chóng ta ®õng nãi chuyÖn
víi hä!)

 ™ ng«i thø ba, mÖnh lÖnh c¸ch = Let him / her / it / them
+ Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To . Tuy nhiªn, ë phñ ®Þnh, ta
dïng Is not / Are not to hoÆc Must not .
VÝ dô :
- Let him wait ! (H·y ®Ó anh ta ®îi ®Êy!)
- Let them come in ! (H·y ®Ó hä vµo!)
- They must not come in / They are not to come in (Hä
kh«ng ®îc vµo)
 Do lµm cho mÖnh lÖnh hoÆc lêi yªu cÇu døt kho¸t h¬n.
VÝ dô :
- Do shut up ! (C©m måm ngay!)
 - Do stand aside ! (§øng sang mét bªn xem nµo!)

* gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch- subjunnctive

H×nh thøc

 Kh¸c víi HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n , HiÖn t¹i gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch kh«ng
cãs ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt. §Æc biÖt, HiÖn t¹i gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch
cñaTo Be lµ Be ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.
VÝ dô :
- The king lives here (§øc vua sèng ë ®©y) (HiÖn t¹i
®¬n gi¶n )---> Long live the king ! (§øc vua v¹n tuÕ!)
(HiÖn t¹i gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch )
- It is requested that all shareholders be present
(Yªu cÇu tÊt c¶ c¸c cæ ®«ng ®Òu ph¶i cã mÆt)
 Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch cã h×nh thøc gièng nhQu¸ khø
®¬n gi¶n . §Æc biÖt, Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch cña To Be
lµ Were ë tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.
VÝ dô :
- If only hewere good at English ! (Gi¸ mµ anh ta giái
tiÕng Anh!)
- I wish Iwere a little bit taller (T«i íc g× m×nh cao
thªm mét tÝ)
- He talks as if heknew everything in the world (H¾n
nãi chuyÖn nh thÓ h¾n biÕt mäi sù
trªn ®êi vËy)

C«ng dông

 ThÓ hiÖn íc muèn hoÆc hy väng.

VÝ dô :
- Heaven help us! (L¹y trêi phï hé chóng ta!)
- God save the king ! (L¹y chóa phï hé ®øc vua!)
 Sau cÊu tróc It is important / necessary / essential that ...
hoÆc c¸c ®éng tõ Ask , Demand , Insist , Require ,
Suggest , Propose .
VÝ dô :
- It is important that he pay on time (§iÒu quan träng
lµ anh ta ph¶i chi tr¶ ®óng h¹n)
 - He demands that he be told everything (Anh ta yªu
cÇu ®îc nghe kÓ l¹i mäi chuyÖn)
 Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh c¸ch ®îc dïng sau If , If only (thÓ hiÖn
íc muèn), As if / As though .
VÝ dô :
- If Ihad much money, I would make a round-the-world
tour
(NÕu t«i cã nhiÒu tiÒn, t«i sÏ lµm mét chuyÕn du lÞch
vßng quanh thÕ giíi)
- If only Iknew her phone number ! (Gi¸ mµ t«i biÕt sè
®iÖn tho¹i cña c« Êy!)
- He shouted and jumped up and down as though
hewere crazy (Nã la hÐt vµ nh¶y cÉng lªn nh ®iªn d¹i)

* hßa hîp c¸c th×- sequence of tenses

C©u phøc (Complex Sentence) lµ c©u cã mét hoÆc nhiÒu
mÖnh ®Ò phô. ChØ cÇn nhí mét ®iÒu lµ Th× cña ®éng tõ
cña mÖnh ®Ò phô tïy thuéc Th× cña ®éng tõ cña mÖnh
®Ò chÝnh . Díi ®©y lµ vÝ dô minh ho¹ cho sù hoµ hîp c¸c
th×.

A/ §éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë Th× hiÖn t¹i

1) She says that she is a film star (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta lµ

ng«i sao ®iÖn ¶nh)
2) She says that she has been ill for three days (C« ta
nãi r»ng c« ta èm ®· ba h«m nay)
3) She says that she lived there from 1990 to 1995
(C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta sèng ë ®ã tõ 1990 ®Õn 1995)
4) She says that she has just seen a horror film
(C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta võa míi xem mét phim kinh dÞ)
5) She says that she is breast-feeding her baby (C« ta
nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang cho con bó)
6) She says that she will teach us Japanese every day
(C« ta nãi r»ng ngµy nµo c« ta còng sÏ d¹y tiÕng NhËt cho
chóng t«i)

B/ §éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë Th× qu¸ khø

 1) She said that she was a film star (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta
lµ ng«i sao ®iÖn ¶nh)
2) She said that she had been ill for three days (C« ta
nãi r»ng c« ta èm ®· ba h«m råi)
3) She said that she had lived there from 1990 to 1995
(C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®· sèng ë ®ã tõ 1990 ®Õn 1995)
4) She said that she had just seen a horror film
(C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta võa míi xem mét phim kinh dÞ)
5) She said that she was breast-feeding her baby (C« ta
nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang cho con bó)
6) She said that she would teach us Japanese every day
(C« ta nãi r»ng ngµy nµo c« ta còng sÏ d¹y tiÕng NhËt cho
chóng t«i)

trî ®éng tõ
1- trî ®éng tõ chÝnh
Trî ®éng tõ chÝnh (Principal Auxiliaries) ---> Have , Be ,
Do

BE

Th× hiÖn t¹i (Present Tense)

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

I am / I'm I am not / I'm not Am I?
You are / You're You are not / You're not Are you?
He is / He's He is not / He's not Is he?
She is / She's She is not / She's not Is she?
It is / It's It is not / It's not Is it?
We are / We're We are not / We're not Are we?
You are / You're You are not / You're not Are you?
They are / They're They are not / They're not Are they?

- Thay v× You're not , We're not , He's not , They're not , ta

cã thÓ viÕt You aren't, We aren't, He isn't, They aren't
- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Am I not / Aren't I? Are you not
/ Aren't you? Is he not / Isn't he? ...
 Th× qu¸ khø (Past Tense)

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

I was I was not/wasn't Was I?
You were You were not/weren't Were you?
He/She/It was He/She/It was not/wasn't Was he/she/it ?
We were We were not/weren't Were we?
You were You were not/weren't Were you?
They were They were not/weren't Were
they?

- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Was I not / Wasn't I? Were you

not / Weren't you? Was he not /
Wasn't he? ...

C«ng dông

 Phèi hîp víiHiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (Present Participle) ®Ó t¹o

thÓ liªn tiÕn. Ch¼ng h¹n, I am washing my face (T«i
®ang röa mÆt), He was reading at that time (Lóc Êy nã
®ang ®äc s¸ch).
 Phèi hîp víi Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (Past Participle) ®Ó t¹o d¹ng
thô ®éng. Ch¼ng h¹n, That house was built ten years
ago (Ng«i nhµ Êy ®îc x©y c¸ch ®©y mêi n¨m), The
victims are being taken to the emergency ward (C¸c
n¹n nh©n ®ang ®îc ®a ®Õn khu cÊp cøu), This
experienced mechanic will be trained as a mechanical
engineer (Ngêi thî m¸y giµu kinh nghiÖm nµy sÏ ®îc ®µo
t¹o thµnh kü s c¬ khÝ).
 ThÓ hiÖn sù cÇn thiÕt. Ch¼ng h¹n, They are to stay here
until further notice (Hä ph¶i ë ®©y ®Õn khi cã th«ng b¸o
míi), You are to consult your lawyer before starting
proceedings against your unreasonable neighbour (B¹n
ph¶i hái ý kiÕn luËt s tríc khi kiÖn ngêi l¸ng giÒng kh«ng
biÕt ®iÒu).
 ThÓ hiÖn mét dù ®Þnh, mét môc ®Ých. Ch¼ng h¹n,
Presidential candidates are to canvass the constituency
next week (TuÇn tíi, c¸c øng cö viªn tæng thèng sÏ ®i vËn
®éng ë khu vùc bÇu cö), This testimonial is to confirm
 that he has been chosen as dean of the faculty of law by
common consent (GiÊy chøng nhËn nµy nh»m x¸c nhËn
r»ng «ng ®· ®îc mäi ngêi nhÊt trÝ chän lµm chñ nhiÖm
khoa luËt).
 ThÓ hiÖn sù gi¶ ®Þnh. Ch¼ng h¹n, If I were to tell him
that his parents deceived me, would he believe me ?
(NÕu t«i nãi víi h¾n r»ng bè mÑ h¾n ®· lõa t«i, liÖu h¾n
cã tin t«i kh«ng?).

HAVE

Th× hiÖn t¹i (Present Tense)

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

I have/I've I have not/haven't Have I?
You have/You've You have not/haven't Have
you?
He has/He's He has not/hasn't Has he?
She has/She's She has not/hasn't Has she?
It has/It's It has not/hasn't Has it?
We have/We've We have not/haven't Have we?
You have/You've You have not/haven't Have
you?
They have/They've They have not/haven't Have
they?

- Thay v× I haven't, You haven't, He hasn't, ta cã thÓ viÕt

I've not, You've not, He's not ...
- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Have I not / Haven't I? Have
you not / Haven't you? Has he not/Hasn't he? ...
- §èi víi th× qu¸ khø, Had / 'd lµ h×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh
cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i & Had not / Hadn't lµ h×nh thøc phñ
®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i. H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh
lµ Had I not / Hadn't I?, Had you not / Hadn't you? ...

C«ng dông
 Phèi hîp víi Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (Past Participle) ®Ó t¹oHiÖn
t¹i hoµn thµnh (Present Perfect), Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh
(Past Perfect), T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh (Future Perfect), §iÒu
kiÖn hoµn thµnh (Perfect Conditional). Ch¼ng h¹n, He
has worked here for three years (Anh ta lµm viÖc ë
®©y ®· ba n¨m); I knew that he had worked under my
younger brother for three years (T«i biÕt r»ng «ng ta tõng
lµm ba n¨m díi quyÒn em trai t«i); He will have been
abroad by then (§Õn lóc ®ã th× «ng ta ®· ë níc ngoµi
råi); If he had witnessed such a traffic accident, he
would have driven more carefully (NÕu tõng chøng
kiÕn mét tai n¹n giao th«ng nh vËy, cã lÏ «ng ta ®· l¸i xe
cÈn thËn h¬n).
 Trong c¸c trêng hîp nh We shall have our clerk translate
this contract into Vietnamese (Chóng t«i sÏ b¶o th ký dÞch
hîp ®ång nµy ra tiÕng ViÖt), Did you have the locks oiled
? (Anh cã cho ngêi tra dÇu vµo c¸c æ kho¸ hay kh«ng?),
She had her pocket picked (C« ta bÞ mãc tói), I won't
have student teachers arriving late (T«i sÏ kh«ng cho
phÐp c¸c gi¸o sinh ®Õn muén).

DO

Th× hiÖn t¹i (Present Tense)

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

I do I do not/don't Do I?
You do You do not/don't Do you?
He does He does not/doesn't Does he?
She does She does not/doesn't Does she?
It does It does not/doesn't Does it?
We do We do not/don't Do we?
You do You do not/don't Do you?
They do They do not/don't Do they?

- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Do I not / Don't I? Do you not /

Don't you? Does he not / Doesn't he? ...
- §èi víi th× qu¸ khø, Did lµ h×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh cho
tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i & Did not / Didn't lµ h×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh
 cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i. H×nh thøc nghi vÊn lµ Did he?, Did
you?... , nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Did he not / Didn't
he?...

C«ng dông

 T¹o h×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn choHiÖn t¹i ®¬n
gi¶n (Simple Present) vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (Simple
Past). Ch¼ng h¹n, He doesn't work (Anh ta kh«ng lµm
viÖc), He didn't work (Anh ta ®· kh«ng lµm viÖc), Does
he work ? (Anh ta cã lµm viÖc hay kh«ng?), Did he work
? (Anh ta ®· cã lµm viÖc hay kh«ng?).
 T¨ng cêng kh¼ng ®Þnh choNguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To.
VÝ dô:
- Peter didn't find the solution. I did find it
(t¨ng cêng kh¼ng ®Þnh h¬n lµ I found it )
(Peter ch¼ng t×m ra ®¸p sè. T«i t×m ra råi)
- You don't want me crying aloud, but I do cry aloud
(t¨ng cêng kh¼ng ®Þnh h¬n lµ I cry aloud )
(Anh kh«ng muèn t«i thÐt lªn, nhng t«i vÉn thÐt lªn)
 §Ó khái nh¾c l¹i mét ®éng tõ tríc ®ã.
VÝ dô:
- She runs faster than I do (C« ta ch¹y nhanh h¬n t«i)
- Who won? - They did (Ai th¾ng? - Hä th¾ng)
- Does she know you ? - Yes, she does / No, she
doesn't
(C« ta biÕt anh hay kh«ng? - Cã, c« ta biÕt t«i / Kh«ng,
c« ta kh«ng biÕt t«i)
- They sing well. Yes, they do / No, they don't
(Hä h¸t hay. V©ng, hä h¸t hay/Kh«ng, hä h¸t kh«ng
hay)
- He learns Japanese and so do I (Nã häc tiÕng NhËt vµ
t«i còng vËy)
- You like volleyball but I don't (Anh thÝch m«n bãng
chuyÒn, nhng t«i th× kh«ng)
 C©u hái ®u«i (Tag Question).
VÝ dô:
- You often take fast food , don't you? (Anh thêng dïng
thøc ¨n nhanh, ph¶i kh«ng?)
 - She didn't take fast food, did she? (C« ta kh«ng dïng
thøc ¨n nhanh, ph¶i kh«ng?)
 Phèi hîp víi MÖnh lÖnh c¸ch (Imperative Mood) ®Ó nhÊn
m¹nh mét yªu cÇu.
VÝ dô:
- Do stay here with the unfortunate fishermen
(H·y ë l¹i ®©y víi nh÷ng ngêi d©n chµi bÊt h¹nh)
- Do give me a chance to lay bare the truth
(H·y cho t«i mét c¬ héi ®Ó bãc trÇn sù thËt)

§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt (Modal Auxiliaries) ---> Can

&Could , May &Might , Must , Ought ,Shall &Should , Will
&Would , Need , Dare , Used

2- ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt

§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt (Modal Auxiliaries) ---> Can
&Could , May &Might , Must , Ought ,Shall &Should , Will
&Would , Need , Dare , Used

1/ §Æc ®iÓm :
- Kh«ng cã s ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt. Ch¼ng h¹n, He must
(Anh ta ph¶i), She can (C« ta cã thÓ).
- Kh«ng cã nguyªn mÉu vµ ph©n tõ, nªn còng kh«ng dïng
ë thÓ liªn tiÕn.
- Theo sau ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt lµ Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng
cã To (ngo¹i trõ Ought ). Ch¼ng h¹n, We should / must
try our best (Chóng ta nªn/ph¶i cè g¾ng hÕt søc m×nh),
nhng We ought to try our best (Chóng ta ph¶i cè g¾ng
hÕt søc m×nh).
- Could, Might, Should vµ Would lµ c¸c h×nh thøc qu¸
khø, nhng dïng rÊt h¹n chÕ.
2/ VÝ dô minh ho¹ :
- Can you speak Vietnamese ?
(Anh nãi tiÕng ViÖt Nam ®îc kh«ng?)
- She cannot / can't swim faster
(C« ta kh«ng thÓ b¬i nhanh h¬n)
- Can I smoke here?
(T«i hót thuèc ë ®©y ®îc kh«ng ¹?)
- You can come with me, if you like
(Anh cã thÓ ®i víi t«i, nÕu anh thÝch)
- We cannot / can't make a lot of noise at work
(Chóng ta kh«ng ®îc to tiÕng ë n¬i lµm viÖc)
- Can you help me with this door ?
(Anh cã thÓ gióp t«i më cöa nµy hay kh«ng?)
- Hanoi can be rainy
(™ Hµ Néi cã thÓ ma nhiÒu)
- Couldn't we stand here for a moment ?
(Chóng ta kh«ng ®øng ®©y chèc l¸t ®îc sao?)
- Could I ask you a question?
(T«i hái anh mét c©u ®îc kh«ng ¹?)
- Don't worry - she could have just told you a joke
(§õng lo - cã lÏ c« Êy chØ nãi ®ïa víi anh th«i)
- On arrival in France, I shall be in touch with your family
(Khi ®Õn Ph¸p, t«i sÏ liªn l¹c víi gia ®×nh anh)
- Shall we be there in time for the press conference?
(Chóng ta sÏ ®Õn ®ã kÞp buæi häp b¸o hay kh«ng?)
- Our company shall not / shan't be responsible for any
damage caused by customers
(C«ng ty chóng t«i sÏ kh«ng chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ bÊt cø
thiÖt h¹i nµo do kh¸ch hµng g©y ra)
- Tomorrow will be her birthday
(Ngµy mai sÏ lµ sinh nhËt cña c« ta)
- She will never forget the horrific scenes after that flood
(C« ta sÏ kh«ng bao giê quªn ®îc nh÷ng c¶nh tîng h·i hïng
sau trËn lôt Êy)
- Will you please come in ?
(Mêi anh vµo)
- Will you have a drink?
(Anh uèng thø g× nhÐ?)
- May I turn on the air-conditioner?
(T«i bËt m¸y l¹nh ®îc kh«ng ¹?)
- You may turn on the air-conditioner if you wish
(Anh cã thÓ bËt m¸y l¹nh nÕu anh thÝch)
- Hoa may not cook today
(Cã thÓ h«m nay Hoa kh«ng nÊu ¨n)
- She may be cooking in the kitchen
(Cã thÓ c« Êy ®ang nÊu ¨n trong bÕp)
- She may have forgotten to cook me my lunch
(Cã thÓ c« Êy ®· quªn nÊu c¬m tra cho t«i)
- May our friendship last forever !
(Chóc t×nh h÷u nghÞ gi÷a chóng ta ®êi ®êi bÒn v÷ng!)
- May good fortune attend you !
(Chóc anh nhiÒu may m¾n!)
- He said that his wife might be short-sighted (Anh ta nãi
r»ng cã lÏ vî anh ta bÞ cËn thÞ)
- Hoa might not be able to translate this sentence into
Chinese
(Cã lÏ Hoa kh«ng ®ñ søc dÞch c©u nµy ra tiÕng Hoa)
- Might I ask another question? (T«i hái thªm mét c©u ®-
îc kh«ng ¹?)
- Candidates must answer the following questions (ThÝ
sinh ph¶i tr¶ lêi c¸c c©u hái sau ®©y)
- Candidates must not / musn't exchange views during
examination
(ThÝ sinh kh«ng ®îc trao ®æi ý kiÕn víi nhau trong khi
thi)
- He must be exhausted after ten years' imprisonment
(Ch¾c lµ h¾n ®· kiÖt søc sau mêi n¨m tï)
- You must have known who she was (H¼n anh ®· biÕt
bµ ta lµ ai råi)
- Does he have to take exercise every morning before
breakfast?
(S¸ng nµo «ng ta còng ph¶i tËp thÓ dôc råi míi ¨n ®iÓm
t©m µ?)
- This room is too stuffy, so you don't have to close the
door
(Phßng nµy qu¸ ngét ng¹t, nªn b¹n khái ph¶i ®ãng cöa)
- Any driver ought to obey traffic regulations (Tµi xÕ nµo
còng ph¶i chÊp hµnh luËt giao th«ng)
- We ought not / oughtn't to say we are freshmen
(Chóng ta kh«ng nªn nãi m×nh lµ sinh viªn n¨m thø nhÊt)
- Trang ought to have been a fashion model (§¸ng lÏ
Trang ph¶i lµ ngêi mÉu thêi trang)
- You should inform the director of this problem (Anh nªn
b¸o cho gi¸m ®èc biÕt vÊn ®Ò nµy)
- Children should not / shouldn't keep late hours (TrÎ em
kh«ng nªn thøc khuya)
- If we had much money, we should buy a larger house
(NÕu chóng t«i cã nhiÒu tiÒn, chóng t«i sÏ mua mét c¨n
nhµ to h¬n)
- Should anyone come here, please tell them I'm not at
home
(NÕu cã ai ®Õn ®©y, h·y nãi víi hä r»ng t«i kh«ng cã ë
nhµ)
- The floor should be less slippery today (Ch¾c lµ h«m
nay sµn nhµ ®· bít tr¬n trît)
- He should / shouldn't have apologized to them (LÏ ra
anh ta nªn/kh«ng nªn xin lçi hä)
- If you had your hair well cut, you would look much
younger
(NÕu c¾t tãc gän gµng l¹i th× tr«ng anh trÎ h¬n nhiÒu)
- If he hadn't been somnolent, he would not / wouldn't
have run over my dog
(NÕu anh ta kh«ng ngñ gËt th× ®· kh«ng c¸n ph¶i con
chã cña t«i)
- Would you like some sugar in your tea? (Anh thÝch bá
tÝ ®êng vµo trµ hay kh«ng?))
- We hoped that they would get better results
(Chóng t«i hy väng hä sÏ ®¹t ®îc kÕt qu¶ kh¶ quan h¬n)
- I dare say / daresay these students will fail in their law
finals
(T«i d¸m ch¾c r»ng c¸c sinh viªn nµy sÏ trît kú thi tèt
nghiÖp ngµnh luËt)
- I dare not / daren't affirm it (T«i kh«ng d¸m kh¼ng
®Þnh ®iÒu ®ã)
- Nobody dared sleep in a haunted house (Kh«ng ai d¸m
ngñ trong mét c¨n nhµ cã ma)
- Daren't he appear in public? (¤ng ta kh«ng d¸m xuÊt
hiÖn gi÷a c«ng chóng hay sao?)
- How dare she leave the classroom without asking my
permission !
(Sao c« ta d¸m ra khái líp mµ kh«ng xin phÐp t«i !)
- I wonder if they dare go home after midnight
(T«i kh«ng râ chóng cã d¸m vÒ nhµ sau nöa ®ªm hay
kh«ng)
- Need you consult a doctor about your megrim?
 (Bµ cã cÇn b¸c sÜ kh¸m vÒ chøng ®au nöa ®Çu hay
kh«ng?)
- You need not / needn't be in a hurry (C¸c b¹n ch¼ng
cÇn ph¶i véi vµng)
- You need not / needn't have been in such a hurry
(LÏ ra c¸c b¹n kh«ng cÇn ph¶i véi vµng nh vËy)
- Nobody need be anxious for me (Kh«ng ai ph¶i lo l¾ng
cho t«i c¶)
- You used to drink beer, didn't you? (Tríc kia anh thêng
uèng bia, cã ph¶i kh«ng?)
- I used to drink beer, now I prefer fresh pineapple juice
(Tríc kia t«i thêng uèng bia, nay t«i l¹i thÝch níc døa t¬i
h¬n)
- Used you to drink beer ?/ Did you use to drink beer ?
(Tríc kia anh cã hay uèng bia kh«ng?)
- I used not / usedn't / didn't use to like alcoholic
drinks (T«i vèn kh«ng a thøc uèng cã cån)

3- c©u hái ®u«i

- I'm short-listed, aren't I? (T«i ®îc vµo danh s¸ch vßng
trong, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- You were waiting outside at that time, weren't you?
(Lóc Êy c¸c anh ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- He was killed by a stray bullet, wasn't he?
(H¾n chÕt v× ®¹n l¹c, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Hoa short-circuited the washing-machine, didn't she?
(Hoa lµm cho m¸y giÆt bÞ chËp m¹ch, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- You like American films, don't you?
(Anh thÝch phim Mü, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- We have lived here for more than five years, haven't
we?
(Chóng ta sèng ë ®©y ®· h¬n n¨m n¨m, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Lan was a typist, wasn't she?
(Lan lµ nh©n viªn ®¸nh m¸y, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- You can speak Vietnamese, can't you?
(Anh nãi ®îc tiÕng ViÖt Nam, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Everybody held him in high regard, didn't they?
(Mäi ngêi ®Òu kÝnh träng «ng ta, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Lan wasn't there, was she?
 (Lan kh«ng cã ë ®ã, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- They didn't bid you good morning, did they?
(Hä kh«ng chµo anh, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Bill couldn't speak Vietnamese, could he?
(Bill kh«ng nãi ®îc tiÕng ViÖt Nam, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- There wasn't enough vermicelli for latecomers, was
there?
(Kh«ng cã ®ñ miÕn cho nh÷ng ngêi ®Õn muén, ph¶i
kh«ng?)
- We shouldn't keep those medicines within the children's
reach, should we?
(Chóng ta kh«ng nªn ®Ó nh÷ng lo¹i thuèc nµy trong tÇm
tay trÎ em, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Nothing is given away, is it?
(Ch¼ng cã g× ®îc biÕu kh«ng c¶, ph¶i kh«ng?)

4- c©u hái yes/no

- Do you feel hungry? - Yes, I do / No, I don't
- Did she phone you last night? - Yes, she did / No, she
didn't
- Is that Hoa? - Yes, it is / No, it isn't
- Is it raining cats and dogs? - Yes, it is / No, it isn't
- Are you closely related to that old women ? - Yes, we
are / No, we aren't
- Was he absent from work yesterday? - Yes, he was / No,
he wasn't
- Will there be a beauty contest next week? - Yes, there
will / No, there won't
- Can you call back tomorrow? - Yes, I can / No, I can't
- Should they have said it? - Yes, they should / No, they
shouldn't

§Æc biÖt
 NÕu ®ång ý víi mét c©u phñ ®Þnh th× gãp ý b»ng No
+ Trî ®éng tõ phñ ®Þnh . NÕu kh«ng ®ång ý víi mét
c©u phñ ®Þnh th× gãp ý b»ng Oh yes + Trî ®éng tõ
kh¼ng ®Þnh .
VÝ dô :
 - He didn't go to school - No, he didn't / Oh yes, he
did
(Nã kh«ng ®i häc - Kh«ng, nã kh«ng ®i häc/ Cã chø, nã
cã ®i häc)
- I haven't paid the newsboy yet - No, you haven't /
Oh yes, you have (T«i cha tr¶ tiÒn cho cËu bÐ b¸n b¸o
- Cha, «ng cha tr¶ / Råi, «ng tr¶ råi mµ)
- You needn't come there in good time - No, we
needn't / Oh yes, we need
(C¸c b¹n ch¼ng cÇn ph¶i ®Õn ®ã sím - Kh«ng, chóng
t«i ch¼ng cÇn ph¶i ®Õn ®ã sím / Cã chø, chóng t«i
cÇn ph¶i ®Õn ®ã sím)

 CÊu tróc díi ®©y còng rÊt th«ng dông trong ®µm tho¹i.
- Their car broke down. Mine did too / So did mine
(Xe hä bÞ háng. Xe t«i còng vËy)
- Their car didn't break down but mine did
(Xe hä kh«ng bÞ háng, nhng xe t«i th× bÞ)
- Their car didn't break down. Mine didn't either /
Neither did mine
(Xe hä kh«ng bÞ háng. Xe t«i còng kh«ng)
- Bill doesn't know my new address. His wife doesn't
either / Neither does his wife
(Bill kh«ng biÕt ®Þa chØ míi cña t«i. Vî anh ta còng
kh«ng)
- Bill has no time to read. His wife hasn't either /
Neither has his wife
(Bill kh«ng cã thêi giê ®äc s¸ch. Vî anh ta còng kh«ng)
- My husband likes football but I don't
(Chång t«i thÝch m«n bãng ®¸, nhng t«i th× kh«ng)
- She was very good at Chinese cooking but her
daughter wasn't (Bµ ta nÊu mãn ¨n Trung Hoa rÊt
ngon, nhng con g¸i cña bµ ta th× kh«ng)

 ®éng tõ nguyªn mÉu- infinitive

H×nh thøc

 Nguyªn mÉu hiÖn t¹i---> To do (lµm), To work (lµm viÖc)

 Nguyªn mÉu hiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn --->To be doing (®ang lµm),
To be working (®ang lµm viÖc)
 Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh --->To have done (®· lµm), To
have worked (®· lµm viÖc)
 Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn --->To have been doing
(®· lµm), To have been working (®· lµm viÖc)
 Nguyªn mÉu thô ®éng hiÖn t¹i --->To be done
 Nguyªn mÉu thô ®éng hoµn thµnh --->To have been done

Nguyªn mÉu ®Çy ®ñ = To + ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, To

deal with drug addicts is dangerous hoÆc It is dangerous
to deal with drug addicts (Giao du víi ngêi nghiÖn ma tóy lµ
nguy hiÓm). §«i khi kh«ng cã To ®øng tríc ®éng tõ vµ ®©y
chÝnh lµ trêng hîp Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To . Ch¼ng h¹n,
We shouldn't deal with drug addicts (Chóng ta kh«ng nªn
giao du víi ngêi nghiÖn ma tóy), He will come back (Anh ta
sÏ trë l¹i).
# Phñ ®Þnh cña nguyªn mÉu = Not + to + ®éng tõ.
Ch¼ng h¹n, They decide not to attend the next
symposium (Hä quyÕt ®Þnh kh«ng dù héi nghÞ chuyªn ®Ò
s¾p tíi).
# Nguyªn mÉu chÎ (Split infinitive) lµ trêng hîp chÌn c¸c phã
tõ Really , completely , entirely , duly , unduly ... vµo gi÷a To
vµ ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, To duly punish serious crimes,
National Assembly has made several amendments to the
penal code (§Ó trõng ph¹t thÝch ®¸ng c¸c träng téi, Quèc héi
®· cã nhiÒu söa ®æi trong bé luËt h×nh sù).

C«ng dông

a) §ãng vai trß chñ tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, To go by plane is

quicker and safer (§i m¸y bay th× nhanh h¬n vµ an toµn
h¬n), To obey the laws is everyone's duty (Tu©n thñ luËt
ph¸p lµ bæn phËn cña mäi ngêi), To argue with them
appears useless (Tranh c·i víi hä cã vÎ v« Ých),To imitate
them seemed unwise (B¾t chíc hä lµ d¹i). Tuy nhiªn, It is
quicker and safer to go by plane , It is everyone's duty to
obey the laws , It appears useless to argue with them vµ It
seemed unwise to imitate them th× th«ng dông h¬n.
b) §ãng vai trß bæ ng÷. Ch¼ng h¹n, Their mission was to
destroy the enemy naval bases (NhiÖm vô cña hä lµ ph¸
hñy c¸c c¨n cø h¶i qu©n cña ®Þch).
c) Sau c¸c ®éng tõ Agree , aim , appear , arrange , ask ,
attempt , bother , care (phñ ®Þnh hoÆc nghi vÊn), choose
, claim , condescend , consent , decide , demand ,
determine, be determined , endeavour , fail , forget ,
guarantee , happen , hesitate, hope , know, learn , long ,
manage, neglect , offer , plan , be prepared, pretend ,
proceed , promise , prove , refuse, remember , resolve ,
seem , swear , tend , threaten , trouble , try , volunteer ,
vow , wonder .
VÝ dô :
- They arranged to meet at the riverside five-star hotel
(Hä tho¶ thuËn gÆp nhau t¹i kh¸ch s¹n n¨m sao ven
s«ng)
- She didn't bother/trouble to answer straightforwardly
(Bµ ta kh«ng chÞu tr¶ lêi th¼ng th¾n)
- The boy asks to go swimming with his classmates
(CËu bÐ xin phÐp ®i b¬i víi c¸c b¹n cïng líp)
- Would you care to dance? (Anh thÝch khiªu vò hay
kh«ng?)
- The banker condescended to say hello to his poor
neighbours yesterday morning
(S¸ng h«m qua, «ng chñ ng©n hµng ®· h¹ m×nh mµ
chµo nh÷ng ngêi l¸ng giÒng nghÌo khæ)
- Soldiers were determined to fight till the last (Binh sÜ
quyÕt t©m chiÕn ®Êu ®Õn h¬i thë cuèi cïng)
- The strikers failed to reach a settlement with their
employer
(Phe ®×nh c«ng kh«ng ®¹t ®îc mét tho¶ thuËn víi «ng
chñ)
- The employer threatened to dismiss anyone claiming
a pay rise
(¤ng chñ do¹ sa th¶i bÊt cø ngêi nµo ®ßi t¨ng l¬ng)
- They seem to be quarrelling about money matters
(Dêng nh hä ®ang c·i nhau vÒ chuyÖn tiÒn nong)
 - The girl pretended to be making herself up (C« g¸i
gi¶ vê ®ang trang trang ®iÓm)
- I want to know how to use this device (T«i muèn biÕt
c¸ch dïng c¸ch dïng thiÕt bÞ nµy)
- We are wondering whether to be angry with her or
with her friends
(Chóng t«i ph©n v©n kh«ng biÕt nªn giËn c« ta hay
giËn b¹n c« ta)
d) Sau Assume , Believe , Consider , Deem , Know , Think
(nhÊt lµ ë d¹ng thô ®éng) .
VÝ dô :
- Everyone must assume her to be innocent until she is
proved guilty of blackmail
(Mäi ngêi ph¶i xem c« ta lµ v« téi ®Õn khi nµo chøng
minh ®îc r»ng c« ta ph¹m téi tèng tiÒn)
- He is known to be a benevolent doctor (¤ng ta næi
tiÕng lµ mét b¸c sÜ nh©n hËu)
- Smoking is known to be harmful (Ai còng biÕt hót
thuèc lµ cã h¹i)
- The thieves were thought to be hiding in the wood-
shed
(Bän trém bÞ cho lµ ®ang trèn trong kho cñi)
- The four escapees are believed to have suffered
shipwreck off Cape Horn
(Ngêi ta tin r»ng bèn kÎ vît ngôc ®· bÞ ®¾m tµu ë
ngoµi kh¬i mòi Horn)
e) Sau Be about , be able, afford, do one's best , make
an/every effort , make up one's mind , occur , set out, take
the trouble, turn out .
VÝ dô :
- They stayed at home because they couldn't afford to
get tickets for the Cup Final
(Hä ë nhµ v× kh«ng ®ñ tiÒn mua vÐ xem trËn chung
kÕt Cóp v« ®Þch)
- They have made up their mind to join their family in
Vietnam
(Hä ®· quyÕt ®Þnh ®i ®oµn tô víi gia ®×nh t¹i ViÖt
Nam)
 - It never occurred to him to help anyone (H¾n ch¼ng
bao giê n¶y ra ý nghÜ gióp ai)
- The director-general turned out to be one of my
fellow countrymen
(Ho¸ ra «ng tæng gi¸m ®èc lµ ngêi ®ång h¬ng víi t«i)
f) Sau Advise, allow , ask , beg , command , compel ,
enable, encourage , expect , forbid , force , implore , induce ,
instruct , invite , oblige , order , permit , persuade , remind ,
request , show , teach , tell , train , urge , want , warn .
VÝ dô :
- I want you to go there with me (T«i muèn anh ®i víi
t«i ®Õn ®ã)
- They asked Bill to finish his work as soon as possible
(Hä yªu cÇu Bill hoµn thµnh c«ng viÖc cµng sím cµng
tèt)
- She always expects his husband to earn more and
more money
(C« ta lu«n mong chång m×nh ngµy cµng kiÕm ®îc
nhiÒu tiÒn h¬n)
- My parents taught me never to tell lies (Bè mÑ t«i d¹y
t«i kh«ng bao giê ®îc nãi dèi)
- Show us how to operate this machine-gun (H·y chØ
chóng t«i c¸ch sö dông khÈu sóng m¸y nµy)
- Tell her to take medicine before bedtime (H·y b¶o bµ
Êy uèng thuèc tríc khi ®i ngñ)
g) Sau The first , the second , the last , the only hoÆc sau
h×nh thøc so s¸nh cùc cÊp ®Ó thay cho mÖnh ®Ò quan
hÖ.
VÝ dô :
- They are the first to leave all their money to charity
(Hä lµ nh÷ng ngêi ®Çu tiªn ®Ó l¹i toµn bé tiÒn b¹c cho
c«ng cuéc tõ thiÖn)
- She was the only person in her village to study
abroad
(C« ta lµ ngêi duy nhÊt trong lµng ®i häc ë níc ngoµi)
- It is one of the best comedies to be performed last
year
(§ã lµ mét trong nh÷ng hµi kÞch hay nhÊt ®îc diÔn
trong n¨m qua)
h) Sau c¸c tÝnh tõ Sorry, Anxious , Happy , Glad , Pleased ,
Ready , Proud , Ashamed , Afraid , Surprised , Sure ,
Reluctant , Unwilling ...
VÝ dô :
- The young soldier was reluctant to give us a lift to the
provincial polyclinic
(Ngêi lÝnh trÎ miÔn cìng cho chóng t«i ®i nhê xe ®Õn
bÖnh viÖn ®a khoa tØnh)
- We are very surprised to see such scoundrels in a so-
called institution
(Chóng t«i rÊt ng¹c nhiªn khi thÊy nh÷ng kÎ c«n ®å nh
vËy ë mét n¬i gäi lµ c¬ së tõ thiÖn)
- He was proud to be a nobleman (H¾n tù hµo lµ
m×nh thuéc dßng dâi quÝ téc)
- I am ashamed to criticize my colleagues (T«i ng¹i phª
b×nh b¹n ®ång nghiÖp)
i) Sau Too + tÝnh tõ / phã tõ , Too + tÝnh tõ + a + danh tõ,
TÝnh tõ / Phã tõ + enough.
VÝ dô :
- He is too short to become a pilot (H¾n qu¸ thÊp, nªn
kh«ng thÓ lµm phi c«ng)
- You speak too quickly for me to understand
thoroughly
(Anh nãi qu¸ nhanh, nªn t«i kh«ng hiÓu râ)
- Bi was too numerate a pupil to succumb to such
simple problems
(Bi lµ mét häc sinh qu¸ giái to¸n, nªn kh«ng thÓ chÞu
thua nh÷ng bµi to¸n ®¬n gi¶n nh vËy)
- This concrete bridge isn't strong enough to support
heavy lorries
(ChiÕc cÇu bª t«ng nµy kh«ng ®ñ v÷ng ®Ó chÞu ®îc
xe t¶i nÆng)
- All athletes jumped high enough to reach the basket
(TÊt c¶ c¸c vËn ®éng viªn ®Òu nh¶y ®ñ cao ®Ó vãi tíi
c¸i ræ)
j) Sau c¸c danh tõ Ability , ambition, anxiety , attempt ,
decision , demand , desire , determination , eagerness ,
effort , failure , offer , plan , promise , refusal , request ,
scheme , willingness , wish .
VÝ dô :
- Upstart officials often nurse their ambition to become
the well-known statesmen
(Quan chøc míi phÊt lªn thêng nu«i tham väng trë
thµnh chÝnh kh¸ch lõng danh)
- I want to know the sanctions against the failure to
comply with traffic regulations
(T«i muèn biÕt biÖn ph¸p trõng ph¹t trêng hîp kh«ng
tu©n thñ luËt ®i ®êng)

§Æc biÖt
- Why did you take so much milk? - I had to [take so
much milk]. I underwent an operation for appendicitis
five days ago (Sao anh uèng s÷a nhiÒu vËy? - T«i ph¶i
uèng nhiÒu nh vËy. T«i mæ ruét thõa c¸ch ®©y n¨m
ngµy).
- Would you like to join us for dinner? - Yes, I'd love to
(join you for dinner) but I must go to school right now
(T«i rÊt muèn, nhng t«i ph¶i ®i häc ngay b©y giê).
- She wished to become a teacher but she wasn't able
to (become a teacher)
(C« Êy muèn lµm c« gi¸o, nhng kh«ng thµnh).
- I feel lonely and want someone to talk to (T«i c¶m
thÊy c« ®¬n vµ muèn cã ai ®ã ®Ó nãi chuyÖn)
- They need a cabinet to keep job applications in (Hä
cÇn mét c¸i tñ ®Ó ®ùng hå s¬ xin viÖc)
- There wasn't a thing to eat (Ch¼ng cã c¸i g× ®Ó ¨n
c¶)
- The main thing to remember is .... (§iÒu chñ yÕu cÇn
nhí lµ...)
- To be perfectly frank/ To be honest/ To tell the
truth, you are no match for her in tae kwon do (Thùc
t×nh mµ nãi, anh kh«ng ph¶i lµ ®èi thñ cña c« ta vÒ
Th¸i cùc ®¹o)
- Thay v× He intends to go to supermarket and to buy
a dishwasher (Anh ta ®Þnh ®i siªu thÞ vµ ®Þnh mua
mét m¸y röa b¸t ®Üa), ta viÕt He intends to go to
supermarket and buy a dishwasher .
Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To

a) Sau Do & Do not , Did & Did not , Can & Cannot , Could
& Could not , May & May not , Might & Might not , Must &
Must not, Shall &Shall not, Should & Should not , Will &Will
not, Would & Would not , Need & Need not , Dare & Dare
not .
VÝ dô :
- Do say you'll help them ! (H·y nãi r»ng anh sÏ gióp hä!)
- They didn't go to church last week (TuÇn råi, hä kh«ng
®i lÔ)
- She daren't answer my question (C« ta kh«ng d¸m tr¶
lêi c©u hái cña t«i)
- You musn't interrupt me now (Anh kh«ng ®îc ng¾t lêi
t«i lóc nµy)
b) Sau c¸c ®éng tõ Feel, See, Hear, Watch, Had better,
Would rather, Would sooner, Let, Make, Have.
VÝ dô :
- I heard him knock at the door (T«i nghe h¾n gâ cöa)
- Did you see her cross the road? (Anh cã thÊy c« ta
b¨ng qua ®êng hay kh«ng?)
- You'd better not tell lies (Anh ®õng nãi dèi th× h¬n)
- I'd rather work than sleep all day long
(T«i thÝch lµm viÖc h¬n lµ ngñ suèt ngµy)
- He would sooner retire on a pension than take part in
such scandalous business deals (¤ng ta nªn vÒ nghØ ¨n
l¬ng hu h¬n lµ tham gia vµo nh÷ng vô lµm ¨n tai tiÕng
nh vËy)
- Let me know what you are doing (H·y cho t«i biÕt c¸c
anh ®ang lµm g×)
- Have your driver meet me at the airport
(H·y dÆn tµi xÕ cña anh ®ãn t«i t¹i t¹i phi trêng)
- The delicious smell from the kitchen makes my mouth
water
(Mïi th¬m ngon tõ trong bÕp bay ra lµm t«i thÌm ch¶y
níc d·i)

§Æc biÖt
- The joiner helped me to unlock the bicycle (B¸c thî
méc gióp t«i më kho¸ chiÕc xe ®¹p) = The joiner
helped me unlock the bicycle.