UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE SANTANDER

Facultad de Ingenierías Fisicoquímicas

Escuela de Ingeniería de Petróleos

EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS GAS PIPELINES HYDRAULICS

Ana Paula Villaquiran Vargas

Juan Camilo Gonzalez Angarita
Nancy Alexandra Patiño Argüello
Samuel Francisco Martínez Hernández

Ing. Adolfo Polo Rodriguez

Primer Semestre Académico

Bucaramanga
2013
 EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS GAS PIPELINES HYDRAULICS

1. A gas pipeline, NPS 18 with 0.375 in. wall thickness, transports natural gas (specific gravity
= 0.6) at a flow rate of 160 MMSCFD at an inlet temperature of 60°F. Assuming isothermal
flow, calculate the velocity of gas at the inlet and outlet of the pipe if the inlet pressure is 1200
psig and the outlet pressure is 700 psig. The base pressure and base temperature are 14.7
psia and 60°F, respectively. Assume the compressibility factor Z = 0.95. What is the pipe
length for these pressures, if elevations are neglected?

PART A:

Using the general gas flow equation:

Pb T1
Q 1=Q b ( )( )
Tb
Z
P1 1

Knowing that Q=V ∗A

Pb T1
V =Q b
[( )( ) ]
Tb
Z /A
P1 1

0,2122∗Qb Pb T1
V=
D2 [( )( ) ]
Tb
Z
T1 1

NPS 18
Wall Thickness 0,375 in
ID 17,25 in
Q 160 MMSCFPD
γ 0,6
T 60°F → 520°R (Isothermal flow)
Tb 60°F → 520°R
Pb 14,7 psia
P1 1200 psig → 1214,7 psia
P2 700 psig → 714,7 psia
Z 0,95

0,2122∗160∗106
V 1=
17,25
2 ([ 14,7 )( 520
520 1214,7 )
0,95
]
 V1 = 13,12 ft

Using the relation between V1 and V2

P1
V 2=V 1∗( )
P2

V 2=13,118∗ ( 1214,7
714,7 )

V2 = 22,29 m/s

PART B:

NPS 18
Wall Thickness 0,375 in
ID 17,25 in
Q 160 MMSCFPD
γ 0,6
T 60°F → 520°R (Isothermal flow)
Tb 60°F → 520°R
Pb 14,7 psia
P1 1200 psig → 1214,7 psia
P2 700 psig → 714,7 psia
Z 0,95

First it is necessary calculate Reynolds number:

Pb γ∗Q
ℜ=0,00047 78 ( )( )
Tb μ∗D

14,7 0,6∗160∗106
ℜ=0,00047 78 ( )(
520 7,23∗10−6∗17,25 )
Re = 10396902,54
Now we calculate the critical Reynolds Number using Nikuradse and Von Karman equation.

The friction factor is:

1 D
√f
=4∗log 3,7 [
ε ]
1 17,25
√f
=4∗log 3,7 [
714,7 ]
1
=19,8396
√f
1
Replacing in Von Karman equation we find the critical Reynolds number.
√f

1 ℜc
√f
=4∗log
1 /√ f[ ]
- 0,6

(19,8386+ 0,6)
4
ℜc =19,8396∗10

ℜc =25550087,179

The regimen flow is fully turbulent because Re > Re c.

Now using:

Panhandle B Equation:

1,02 0,51
T P12−e s P22
Q=737∗E∗ b
Pb ( ) ( ∗
γ 0,961
¿ T f ¿ Le∗Z ) ∗D2,53

1,02 0,51
520 1214,72−714,72
1,60∗108=737∗ ( ) (
14,7
∗
0,6 0,961 ¿ 520∗Le∗0,95 ) ∗17,252,53
 1 −1
1,60∗108 1,02
0,60,961∗520∗0,95
L=
[(
737,02∗17,25 2
∗
14,7
520 ( ) ) ( 0,510
∗
1214,7 2−714,72 )]
L = 187,22 mi.

Weymouth Equation:
0,5
Tb P12−P22−E
Q=432,7
( )(
Pb
∗
γ ¿ T f ¿ Le∗Z ) ∗D 2,667

0,5 2
2,667
γ∗T e∗Z
L=
[ Q
∗
Pb
432.7 Tb
∗
1
( ) ( ) ∗( P −P )
D 1
2
2
2
]
L = 117,774 mi

AGA Equation:

0,5
Tb P12−P22−E 3,7 D
Q=38,774
( )(
Pb
∗
γ ¿ T f ¿ Le∗Z ) ( [ ]) ∗ 4 log
ε
∗ D 2,5

0,5 −2
2,5
γ∗T ∗Z

[ ]
Q Pb 1 1
( )( ) ( ∗ 2 e 2
)
L= ∗
38,774 Tb
∗
D P1 −P2
∗
(
4 log
3,7 D
ε [ ])
L = 143,79 mi
2. A natural gas pipeline, DN 400 with 10 mm wall thickness, transports 3.2 Mm3/day. The
specific gravity of gas is 0.6 and viscosity is 0.00012 Poise. Calculate the value of the
Reynolds number. Assume the base temperature and base pressure are 15 C and 101 kPa,
respectively.

NPS 400
Wall thickness 10 mm
ID 380 in
Q 3,2*106
γ 0,6
µ 0,00012 P
Tb 15 °C → 288 K
Pb 101 kPa

To calculate Reynolds Number:

Pb γ∗Q
ℜ=0,5134 ( )( )
Tb μ∗D

101 0,6∗3,2∗106
ℜ=0,5134 ( )(
288 0,00012∗380 )
Re = 7580906,4
3. A natural gas pipeline, NPS 20 with 0,500 in. Wall thickness, 50 miles long, transports 220
MMSCFD. The specific gravity of gas is 0,6 and viscosity is 0,000008 lb/ft-s. Calculate the
friction factor using Colebrook equation. Assume absolute pipe roughness=750µin. The base
temperature and base pressure are 60°F and 14,7 psia, respectively. What is the upstream
pressure for an outlet pressure of 800 psig?

Using Colebrook-white equation:

0,5
P21−P22−E
( )[
Q SC =3,774
Tb
Pb γ∗L∗T m∗Z m ] ∗F∗D
2,5

NPS 20
Wall thickness 0,5 in
ID 19 in
L 50 mi
Q 220*106 SCFD
γ 0,6
µ 0,000008 lb/ft.s
ε 750 µin
Tb 60°F → 520°R
Pb 14,7 psia
P2 800 psig → 814,7 psia

Assuming 60°F for gas flowing temperature and a compressibility factor Z b=1

First it’s necessary to calculate the Reynolds number:

Pb γ∗Q
ℜ=0,0004778∗ ( )( )
Tb
∗
μ∗D

14,7 0,6∗220∗106
ℜ=0,0004778∗ ( )(
520
∗
0,000008∗19 )
Re= 11729796,56
Using Colebrook equation the friction factor is:

√ 1
f
=−4 log
ε
[
3,7 D
1,426 1
+ ℜ ∗
f ( √ )]
1
√ f
=19,541

f =2,62∗10−3

The equation is:

0,5
Q Pb 1 γ∗L¿ T m∗Z m
)( ) 0,5
( )( )(
38,774 Tb F∗D2,5 1
=[ P21−P22 ]

220∗10 6 0,5
14,7 1 1 0,6∗50 mi∗520∗1
( 38,774 )( )(
520 19,576179 )( )(
192,5 1 ) =[ P21 −P22 ]
0,5

0,5
650,3489379= [ P 21−(814,7)2 ]

650,3489379= [ P21 −(814,7)2 ]

√
( 650,3489379 )2 +(814,7)2 =P 21

Therefore: P1=1042,4 psia

4. For a gas pipeline flowing 3.5 Mm3/day gas of specific gravity 0.6 and viscosity of 0.000119
Poise, calculate the friction factor and transmission factor, assuming a DN 400 pipeline, 10 mm
wall thickness, and internal roughness of 0.015 mm. The base temperature and base pressure
are 15°C and 101 kPa, respectively. If the flow rate is increased by 50%, what is the impact on
the friction factor and transmission factor? If the pipe length is 48 km, what is the outlet
pressure for an inlet pressure of 9000 kPa?

NPS 400; Wall thickness: 10 mm

ID 380 mm
L 48 km
Q 3,5*106m3/day
γ 0,6
µ 0,000119 P
ε 0,015 mm
Tb 15 °C → 288 K
Pb 101 kPa
P1 9000 kPa

m3 3
1 day 1 ft ++++¿+ ft 3
Q = 3,5∗10
6
(
∗
day 24 hours )
∗(
0,3048 m
) =5150055,564
hours

D=380 mm∗¿

Initially we calculate the Reynolds Number:

Q b∗γ
ℜ=45
D

ℜ=45 ( 5150055,546∗0,6
14,96 )
ℜ=¿ 9301103,694
It’s necessary to calculate the Critical Reynolds Number using Von Karman and Nikuradse
equations:

1 D
√f
=4∗log 3,7 [
ε ]
1 380
√f [
=4∗log 3,7
0,015 ]
1
=19,88
√f
1
Replacing in Von Karman equation we find the critical Reynolds number.
√f

1 ℜc
√f
=4∗log [ ]
1 /√ f
−0,6

(19,88+0,6)
4
ℜc =19,88∗10

ℜc =2633155,765

The flow regimen is fully turbulent because Re > Re c.

First calculate the friction factor and transmission factor (Initial Conditions) using Panhandle B
equation:

0,01961
1 Q∗γ
√f
=F=19,08∗
D ( )
F=22,592

f =1,959∗10−3
Now calculate the friction factor and transmission factor (With Q = Q o*1,5) using Panhandle B
equation:

0,01961
1 Q∗γ
√f
=F=19,08∗
D ( )
F '=22,77

f '=1,928∗10−3

Then the impact in the friction and transmissions factor is:

For the Friction Factor:

|f −f '|
%∆f = ∗100
f

|1,959∗10−3−1,928∗10−3|
%∆f = ∗100
1,959∗10−3
% ∆ f =1,61 %

For the Transmission Factor:

| F−F '|
%∆F ∗100
F
|22,592−22,77|
%∆F ∗100
22,592
% ∆ f =0,78 %
Finally, assuming standard conditions Tm=15°C which means 288K, Zb=1 the compressibility
factor dimensionless.

With PANHANDLE B EQUATION for SI units

1,02 0,51
T P12−e s P 22
Q=1,002∗10 ∗ b
Pb
5
( ) ( ∗
γ 0,961
¿T m∗L∗Z ) ∗D2,53

The outlet pressure will be

1,02
Q Pb 1
)( ) ( )
0,51

( 1,002∗10
−2
Tb D
2,53 (
γ 0,961 ¿ T m L∗Z ) =( P¿¿ 1¿¿ 2−P22)0,51 ¿ ¿

3,5∗106 1,02
101 1
( 1,002∗10 −2 )( ) (
288 380 2,53 )
0,51
( 0,60,961∗288∗48∗1 ) =(9000¿¿ 2−P22 )0,51 ¿

3590,6096=(9000¿ ¿2−P22)0,51 ¿
1
(3590,6096) 0,51 =90002 −P 22

9352291,437−90002=−P 22

−7147708,56=−P22

8464,49 [ kPa ] =P2

5. A gas pipeline flows 110 MMSCFD gas of specific gravity 0.65 and viscosity of 0.000008
lb/ft-s. Calculate, using the modified Colebrook-White equation, the friction factor and
transmission factor, assuming an NPS 20 pipeline, 0.375 in. wall thickness, and internal
roughness of 700 µin. The base temperature and base pressure are 60°F and 14.7 psia,
respectively.
NPS 20, Wall thickness: 0,375 in
ID 19,25 in
L 100 km
Q 110 MMSCFD
γ 0,65
µ 0,000008 lb/ft-s
ε 700 µin
Tb 60°F → 520°R
Pb 14,7 psia
ε
= 3,64 x 10−5
D

Pb 6,5∗Q
Re= 0,0004778* ( )(
Tb
∗
µxø )
6
14,7
( ) ( ∗¿ 0,65∗(110∗10 )
Re= 0,0004778*
520 0,000008∗19,25 )
Re=6271125

Colebrook-White equation

1 ε 2,51
√f
=−2∗log ¿( +
3,7 D ℜ √ f )
f= 0,011

2 2
F= F=
√f √ 0,011
F= 19,07
6. Using the AGA method, calculate the transmission factor and friction factor for gas flow in an
NPS 20 pipeline with 0.375 in. wall thickness. The flow rate is 250 MMSCFD, gas gravity = 0.6,
and viscosity = 0.000008 lb/ft-sec. The absolute pipe roughness is 600 µin. Assume a bend
index of 60°, base pressure =14.73 psia, and base temperature = 60°F. If the flow rate is
doubled, what pipe size is needed to keep both inlet and outlet pressures the same as that at
the original flow rate?
NPS 20, Wall thickness: 0,375 in
ID 19,25 in
L 100 km
Q 250 MMSCFD
γ 0,6
µ 0,000008 lb/ft-s
ε 600 µin
Tb 60°F → 520°R

Re= 0,0004778 ¿ ( PbTb ) ¿( 6,5∗Q

µ∗D )

6
14,73
∗¿ 6,5∗( 250∗10 )
) (
Re= 0,0004778 ¿ ( 520 0,000008∗19,25 )
Re= 13183055,69

F= 4 log ( 3,7e D )
F= 4log ( 3,7∗19,25
600∗10 ) −6

F= 20,298

The transmission factor for smoth pipelines

ℜ
(
F= 4log 1,4125∗F
t
)
Df = 0,96

ℜ
F t= 4 log ( F )−6
t
 F t= 4 log ( 13183055,99
F t
)−6
F t= 22,47

13183055 ,69
F= 4 (0,96) log ( 1,4125∗22,47 )
F= 21,57

Working with F=20,298

2 4 4
F= f= f= 2
√f F2 (20,298)

f= 9,81* 10−3

PART B

Q 500 MMSCFD

Re= 0,0004778 ¿ ( PbTb ) ¿( 6,5∗Q

µ∗D )

So

Pb 6,5∗Q
D= 0,0004778 ¿ ( ) (
Tb
∗¿
µ∗ℜ )
14,73 6,5∗(500∗106)
D= 0,0004778¿ ( 520
¿)(
0,000008∗13183055,69 )
D= 38.50 in

NPS= 42 in
7. A natural gas transmission line transports 4 million m 3/day of gas from a processing plant to
a compressor station site 100 km away. The pipeline can be assumed to be along a flat terrain.
Calculate the minimum pipe diameter required such that the maximum pipe operating pressure
is limited to 8500 kPa. The delivery pressure desired at the end of the pipeline is a minimum of
5500 kPa. Assume a pipeline efficiency of 0,92. The gas gravity is 0,60, and the gas
temperature is 18°C. Use the Weymouth equation, considering a base temperature=15°C and
base pressure=101 kPa. The gas compressibility factor Z=0,90.

L 100 km
Q 4000000 m3/day
γ 0,6
es 1
E 0,92
Tb 15 ° C → 288 K
Tf 18 ° C → 291 K
Pb 101 kPa
P1 8500 kPa
P2 5500 kPa

Weymouth equation
0,5
Tb P12−e s P22
−3
Q=3,7435∗10 ∗E∗
Pb
∗
( )(
G ¿T f ¿ Le∗Z ) ∗D 2,667
0,5
288 85002−55002
−3
4000000=3,7435∗10 ∗0,92∗ ( )(
101
∗
0,6∗291∗100∗0,9 ) ∗D 2,667

4000000∗101
D2,667=
( 3,7435∗10−3∗0,92∗288∗ ( 85002−55002
0,6∗291∗100∗0,9
0,5

) )
D2,667=7878471,018

D=385,3385846 mm

DN = 400 mm
8. Using the Panhandle B equation, calculate the outlet pressure in a natural gas pipeline, NPS
16 with 0,250 in. Wall thickness, 25 miles long. The gas flow rate is 120 MMSCFD at 1200 psia
inlet pressure. The gas gravity=0,6 and viscosity=0,000008lb/ft-sec. The average gas
temperature is 80°F. Assume the base pressure=14,73 psia and base temperature=60°F. The
compressibility factor Z=0,90 and pipeline efficiency is 0,95.

NPS 16
Wall thickness 0,250 in
E 0,92
So the diameter is 15,5 in
Tb 60 ℉ → 520 ° R
L 25 mi
Tf 80 ℉ → 540 ° R
Q 120 MMSCFD
Pb 14,73 psia
γ 0,6
P1 1200 psia
s
e 1

Panhandle B equation
0,51
T 1,02 P 2−e s P22
Q=737∗E∗ b
Pb ( ) (
∗ 0,9611
G ¿ T f ¿ Le∗Z ) ∗D2,53

0,51
520 1,02
12002 −e 0 P22
120000000=737∗0,95∗ ( 14,73 ) ( ∗
0,60,961∗540∗25∗0,9 ) ∗15,52,53

0,51
120000000 1200 2−e 0 P22

737∗15,5 2,53∗0,95∗
( =
520 1,02 0,6 0,961∗540∗25∗0,9
( )
)
14,73

120000000 1
12002 −e 0 P22

( )
0,51
1,02
=
520 0,60,961∗540∗25∗0,9
737∗15,52,53∗0,95∗ ( 14,73 )
1
120000000
∗0,60,961∗540∗25∗0,9=12002−P22
( )
0,51
1,02
520
737∗15,52,53∗0,95∗ ( 14,73 )
 1
120000000
12002−
[( 520
( 14,73
737∗15,52,53∗0,95∗
1,02

) )
0,51

]
∗0,60,961∗540∗25∗0,9 =P22

1304004,227=P 22

P2=1141,930045 psia