III.

Questions

1. What is meant by “octane no” of gasoline?

It is used for SI Engine or gasoline. It is a standard measure of the performance of an

engine fuel. It is the measure of resistance of gasoline against detonation or pre-ignition
of fuel. It is measured relative to Iso-octane and n-heptane.

2. Describe briefly the preparation of:

a. Gasoline - Gasoline is made from crude oil. The crude oil pumped out of the
ground is a black liquid called petroleum. This liquid contains hydrocarbons, and
the carbon atoms in crude oil link together in chains of different lengths.

b. Kerosene - Kerosene is a flammable liquid mixture of chemicals that are

produced in the distillation of crude oil. To produce kerosene, crude oil is
distilled in a distillation tower in a process similar to that used to produce diesel
and gasoline. It is a thin, clear liquid consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons that
boil between 302°F and 527°F (150°C and 275°C). While kerosene can be
extracted from coal, oil shale, and wood, it is primarily derived from refined
petroleum.

c. LPG - is made during natural gas processing and oil refining. LPG is separated

from unprocessed natural gas using refrigeration. LPG is extracted from heated
crude oil using a distillation tower. This LPG can be used as is or separated
into LPG products three primary parts: propane, butane and isobutane.

3. What is meant by flash point?

It is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can gives off vapor to form an

ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier
it is to ignite the material. A closely related and less common term is fire point, the
 temperature at which the flame becomes self-sustained so as to continue burning the
liquid (at the flash point, the flame does not need to be sustained). The fire point is
usually a few degrees above the flash point.

Definition of Terms:

1. SI Engine - a spark-ignition engine (SI engine) is an internal combustion engine,

generally a petrol engine, where the combustion process of the air-fuel mixture is ignited
by a spark from a spark plug.
2. Crude oil - is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of
hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. A type of fossil fuel, crude oil can be
refined to produce usable products such as gasoline, diesel, and various other forms of
petrochemicals.
3. Refined Petroleum - are derived from crude oils through processes such as catalytic
cracking and fractional distillation. Refining is a necessary step before oil can be burned
as fuel or used to create end products.
4. Fractional Distillation - is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or
fractions. Chemical compounds are separated by heating them to a temperature at which
one or more fractions of the mixture will vaporize. It uses distillation to fractionate.
5. Catalytic cracking - is an ionic process involving carbonium ions (hydrocarbon ions
having a positive charge on a carbon atom) and are produced by: (1) addition of a proton
from an acid catalyst to an olefin, (2) abstraction of a hydride ion (H−) from a
hydrocarbon by the acid catalyst or by another carbonium ion.
6. Oil Refining (Process)- is the central activity of downstream oil and gas companies. In
the refining process, crude oil is refined to produce different petroleum products like
gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. For the conversion to take place, crude oil is heated and
introduced into the distillation tower. In the tower, oil is broken down into various
petroleum products.
7. Lipophilic - the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-
polar solvents such as hexane or toluene.
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