III.

Questions

1. Give 5 examples of halogen compounds with the formula and use of each.
a. Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) -  is used as a refrigerant, as a catalyst solvent in Butyl
rubber, as a reagent in silicone production, in organic synthesis, in the
manufacture of tetramethyl lead, as a solvent, and as a starting material in the
manufacture of such chemicals as methyl mercaptan, methylene chloride,
chloroform, carbon tetrafluoride.
b. Bromomethane (CH3Br) - is most often used as a gas fumigant against insects,
termites, rodents, weeds, nematodes, and soil-borne diseases. It has been used to
fumigate agricultural commodities, grain elevators, mills, ships, clothes, furniture
and greenhouses.
c. Chloroform (CHCl3) - used as a solvent for iodine, alkaloids, fats and some other
substances. Chloroform is majorly used for the manufacturing of Freon refrigerant
R-22.  The application of R-22 as refrigerants has been phased out in developed
countries due to global warming, but it continues to be in high demand in
developing countries owing to its easy availability and manufacturing.
d. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) - In the past, carbon tetrachloride was widely used as
a cleaning fluid (in industry and dry-cleaning establishments as a degreasing
agent, and in households as a spot remover for clothing, furniture, and carpeting).
Carbon tetrachloride was also used in fire extinguishers and as a fumigant to kill
insects in grain.
e. Isopropyl chloride ((CH₃) ₂CHCl) - is a versatile solvent and extractant due to its
low solubility in water. Since the product has a low boiling point, it is easy to
eliminate from extracts. This is used as a starting material for alkylation
processes.
 2. Illustrate with equations 2 different methods for preparing ethyl iodide.

The first process can be the burning of ethane with iodine in the presence of iodic acid.

Alternatively, we can produce the required compound by reacting to ethene with hydrogen

iodide.

Definition of Terms:

1. Alkylation Process - process of producing gasoline range material light olefins (primarily
propylene and butylene) with isobutane in the presence of a highly acidic catalyst, either
sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The product (alkylate) contains a mixture of high-
octane, branched-chain paraffinic hydrocarbons.
2. Catalyst Solvent - in chemistry, any substance that increases the rate of a reaction without
itself being consumed. Enzymes are naturally occurring catalysts responsible for many
essential biochemical reactions.
3. Freon Refrigerator R22- R22 refrigerant is one of the most commonly used refrigerants
in the air conditioning systems. R22 is the short name for the halocarbon compound
CHClF2 (monochlorodifluoromethane), which is used as the refrigerant. R stands for the
refrigerant. In the number “22" second “2" denotes the number of the fluorine atoms in
the compound.
 4. Fumigants - are gaseous pesticides that control pests in agricultural fields, structures like
buildings and apartments, storage houses and various other sites. Fumigants are generally
biocides—chemicals that can kill/injure living organisms with which they come in
contact.

References:

Lumen. (2018). Halogen Uses. Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/halogen-uses/

Gribble, Gordon W. (1994). "Natural Organohalogens—Many More Than You Think!" Journal

of Chemical Education 71(11):907–911.

Gribble, Gordon W. (1994). "Natural Organohalogens—Many More Than You Think!" Journal

of Chemical Education 71(11):907–911.

Gribble, Gordon W. (1995). Chlorine and Health. New York: American Council on Science and
Health.

Gribble, Gordon W. (2003). "The Diversity of Naturally Occurring Organohalogen

Compounds." Chemosphere 52:289–297.

Howe-Grant, Mary, ed. (1991). Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th edition. New York:

Wiley.

Tschirley, Fred H. (1986). "Dioxin." Scientific American 254(2):29–35.

Winterton, Neil (2000). "Chlorine: The Only Green Element—Towards a Wider Acceptance of
Its Role in Natural Cycles." Green Chemistry 2:173–225.

Study.com. (2012). Illustrate with equations two different methods for preparing ethyl iodide.
Retreived https://study.com/academy/answer/illustrate-with-equations-two-different-methods-
for-preparing-ethyl-iodide.html
Alysar R. J. (N.D.). Alkylation Process. Retrieved from
https://ceng.tu.edu.iq/ched/images/lectures/chem-lec/st4/c2/lec.21&22.pdf

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2019). Catalyst. Encyclopædia Britannica.

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Retrived from https://www.britannica.com/science/catalyst

Bright Hub Engineering. (2001). What is R22 Refrigerant, Refrigerant R22 or Freon 22 (R 22
Freon). Retrieved from https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/61758-r22-refrigerant-or-
freon-22/