ACTIVITY 12

1. TOLUENE in procedure number 1, is an aromatic compound tested into several

experiments to determine its physical state, color, odor, solubility in water, and
density compared to water. According to the first procedure which corroborates
the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s definition and
description of toluene which states that toluene (or C₆H₅CH₃) is a colorless liquid
with a sweet yet pungent smell; which, as stated by the U.S. National Library of
Medicine - National Center for Biotechnology Information, equates to have lesser
density compared to that of water (7.2 lb / gal) and is insoluble in water. Hence,
toluene’s physical state causes it to float on water.
Toluene. (n.d.). National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database.
Retrieved from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/toluene.
Toluene. (n.d). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Workplace Safety and Health Topics. Retrieved from:
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/toluene/default.html.

2. In procedure number 2, toluene is placed in two test tubes, both added with 3
drops of bromine, however, both are separated and one is placed under the
presence of the light and the other inside a place of no light. The result of the
former shows that toluene and bromine placed under the light cause the solution to
go from a yellowish solution to a more milky or cloudy texture with its prevalence
of white. The latter, on the other hand, stays the same. This is due to the
brominating of a benzene, specifically methylbenzene or toluene by replacing the
hydrogen atoms in the methyl group to a bromine atom, also called as a
substitution reaction (Clark, 2000). However, the reaction doesn't stop there, and
all three hydrogens in the methyl group can in turn be replaced by bromine atoms,
this is why we see a yellowish liquid when both are mixed together. Yet, not only
will it stop there, toluene also went into two conditions, with light and without
light; and the experiment shows the comeuppance of photocatalysis or reactions
catalyzed by light. Wherein, after that process, a chain reaction occurs from free
radicals removed from the system without replacing them by new ones, giving
importance to when any two free radicals collide without producing any new
radicals. Thus, the mixture under UV light with the process of a photochemical
process changes the radicals between methylbenzene and bromine to give birth to
a white cloudy or murky solution- this overall process is called free radical
substitution or free radical chain reaction.
CLARK, J. (2000). The Reaction Between Methylbenzene and Chlorine. Retrieved from:
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/freerad/tolueneandcl2.html.

3. One milliliter of toluene is mixed with 2 drops of dilute potassium permanganate

solution to form a heterogenous solution where materials from both solutions are
dispersed into the walls of the test tube and some settling at the bottom. Potassium
Benzoate is quite soluble in water. However, Benzoic Acid is much less soluble.
Because there is a lot of HCl dissolved, the solubility of Benzoic Acid decreases
even more. This is due to the combination of salts in a solution which are all
ionized according to the solubility products and of constituents, which are
balanced constants describing a mixture of two phases. Both contribute to the
concentration of the specific ion when the salts share a common cation or anion,
Moreover, Helmenstine (2020), states that Le Chatelier's principle of equilibrium
will shift to counter a change when more of a reactant is added; such that, as one
salt dissolves, it affects how well the other salt can dissolve, essentially making it
less soluble.

HELMENSTINE, A.M., Ph.D. (2020). Common-Ion Effect. Retrieved from:

thoughtco.com/definition-of-common-ion-effect-604938.

4. A toluene combusted into flames yields a luminous flame, which Jim Clark (2004)
states with hydrocarbons, not being hardly complete, especially in the presence of
atmospheric air. High proportion of carbon in the molecules means that you need a
very high proportion of oxygen to hydrocarbon to get complete combustion. As a
general rule, the hydrogen in a hydrocarbon tends to get what oxygen is available
first, leaving the carbon to form carbon itself, or carbon monoxide, if there isn't
enough oxygen to go around. The arenes tend to burn in air with extremely smoky
flames - full of carbon particles. You almost invariably get incomplete
combustion, and the arenes can be recognized by the smokiness of their flames.

CLARK, J. (2004). Assorted Reactions of Benzene and Methylbenzene. Retrieved from:

https://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/arenes/other.html.
 5. A test tube of anhydrous aluminum chloride, heated gently, until sublimed with
the glass of the sides of the test tube, with 5 drops of benzene and ethyl iodide
when cooled. Since ethylene oxide is so very reactive, it was thought that it might
react with benzene in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride to form
phenyl ethyl alcohol- which shows how certain ions in the tetrachloride reacting
with present benzene ring molecules and the ethyl iodide all under the organic
nature to form sizzling and a reaction to an extent and an extereme (Spiegler,
1920).
SPIEGLER, L. (1920). Condensation 0f Ethylene Oxide with Benzene in The Presence of
Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride. University of Illinois. Retrieved from:
https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/51655/condensationofet00spie.pdf?
sequence=2
ACTIVITY 13
A.
1. When burnt, kerosene as stated in Britannica.com also called paraffin or paraffin
oil is typically a pale yellow or colorless and has a not-unpleasant characteristic
odor, flammable hydrocarbon liquid commonly used as a fuel. Kerosene consists
of hydrocarbons containing between 12 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. The
foremost uses of kerosene are as lamp oil, diesel fuel, and for catalytic cracking, a
process discussed in the section on unsaturated hydrocarbons. This allows these
larger hydrocarbons to be broken down to a size that can be used for gasoline. An
example of a hydrocarbon that would be in the kerosene fraction is tetradecane
(Vitz, Moore, Shorb, Prat-Resina, Wendorff, & Hahn, 2008).
MOORE, J.W.; STANITSKI, C.L.; JURS, P.C. (2008). 8.4: Organic Compounds:
Hydrocarbons. Chemisty: The Molecular Science. 3rd edition. Thompson Brooks/Cole.
2008. pages 546-547.

2. Kerosene and bromine when put together yields a homogenous mixture with both
ions in kerosene and bromine dissolving into each other because both are non-
polar or no disarrangement of charges, having no positive or negative poles
formed. In other words, across the molecule, the electrical charges of nonpolar
molecules are evenly distributed. Nonpolar molecules tend to dissolve well in
nonpolar solvents, which are frequently organic solvents- which means Kerosene
and bromine are non-polar substances that jive in together when subjected to each
other. Kerosene as stated in number 2 is a non-polar compound having no
disarrangement of charges as well as the absence of positive or negative poles in
its formation, while potassium permanganate presents as a polar solution.
(Helmenstine, Ph.D., 2020). This means that in a polar molecule, both sides of the
molecule are opposite of each other, where one positive electrical charge exists
with the other side has a negative electrical charge. Polar molecules tend to
dissolve well in water and other polar solvents, yet fail to dissolve in non-polar
solutions, therefore, Kerosene and potassium permanganate only yield a
heterogenous mixture where a layer of kerosene oil persists above the potassium
permanganate which settled at the bottom of the test tube.
HELMENSTINE, A.M., Ph.D. (2020). Nonpolar Molecule Definition and Examples.
Retrieved from: https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-nonpolar-molecule-604582.
B.
1. Gasoline is a compound where chemical bonding is the result of either an atom
taking outer orbit electrons from the atom with which it is bonding or an atom
 sharing one or more outer orbit electrons with another atom. A resulting electrical
field in that area is formed, if usually an atom has no even distribution of electrons
in the orbits or shells, and more end up on one side that the other in a molecule.
On other hand, bromine is also a nonpolar compound which causes both to diffuse
into each other. Potassium permanganate however is a non-polar molecule which
means, one in which the electrons are distributed more symmetrically and thus
does not have an abundance of charges at the opposite sides. The charges all
cancel out each other. Thus, gasoline and potassium permanganate repel each
other causing the gasoline ions to settle at the bottom and potassium permanganate
on top.
KURTUS, R. (2016). Polar and Non-Polar Molecules. Retrieved from:
https://www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/polar_molecules.htm#.XmfEsagzbIU

C. Paraffin and Bromine together form what we call a decolorization, wherein

decolorization refers to the process of removing brightly colored organic
impurities from the sample mixture. The procedure is usually carried out in the
solution phase after the solid product and impurities are dissolved in a suitable
solvent. Before beginning this procedure, it is important to know whether the
observed color is really an impurity or just the natural color of the desired product.
Bromine water, then, is an orange solution of bromine and becomes colorless
when it is shaken with an alkene- such that, in the experiment, the bromine and
paraffin decolorize with each other causing the orange solution to get tainted and
form a different color. Potassium permanganate, however is an alkane, which
means that it doesn’t not cause the decolorization of bromine water (Clark, 2003).
CLARK, J. (2003). The Halogenation of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. Retrieved from:
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkanes/halogenation.html
D. Liquefied petroleum gas is one of the most common and an alternative fuel used in
the world today. Liquefied petroleum gas is also called as LPG, LP Gas, or Auto
gas. The gas is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel for various purposes.
This is mainly used in heating appliances and vehicles and is replacing
chlorofluorocarbons as an aerosol propellant. It is also used as a refrigerant mainly
to reduce damage to the ozone layer. The refining is very similar to that of
gasoline is refined from crude oil. LPG is basically a hydrocarbon with propane
and butane as main constituent. LPG is a by-product of natural gas processing. It is
the product that comes from crude oil refining when carried with the smaller
amounts of propylene and butylene. LPG is largely propane and thus the
characteristics of propane are sometimes taken as a close approximation to those
of LPG. When the natural gas is produced, it constitutes of methane and some
 other light hydrocarbons which are easily separated in a gas processing plant.
There are many natural gas liquid components that are recovered during
processing. (LPG.in, n.d.). Therefore, due to the presence of mostly propane,
butane, and most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane, KMn04
causes a reaction of a brown or reddish-brown solution, while bromine doesn’t
decolorize the certain mixture.

LPG. (n.d.). Retrieved from: lpg.in

E. Petroleum ether is a mixture of the higher alkane hydrocarbons obtained as a

fraction of petroleum. Despite its name, the substance does not belong to ether
class. The term is used only to emphasize its extreme lightness and volatility.
Petroleum ether is a colorless, non-fluorescent liquid with gasoline-like odor. It is
usually hydro desulfurized, and sometimes hydrogenated to reduce the amount of
aromatic and other unsaturated hydrocarbons. The substance is insoluble in water,
but soluble in ethanol. Which means when subjected to bromine, it dissolves into
each other and forms a homogenous mixture where one diffuses into each other,
while KMNO4 only causes the ether to stay constant and its constituents settling at
the bottom of above the mixture, showing various differences in polarity and
certain volatility levels (Brumer.com, n.d.).
Petroleum ether. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://brumer.com/paper/petroleum-ether