Professional Documents
Culture Documents
assignment
TOPIC :
BIOMOLECULES
“THERE ARE AS MANY ATOMS IN A SINGLE
AMOLECULE OF A DNA AS THERE ARE STARS IN A
TYPICAL GALAXY.WE ARE ,EACH OF US,A LITTLE
UNIVERSE “
ROLL NO: 23
CLASS: 12th C
CONTENTS
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. BIOMOLECULES
4. TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES
4.1 MICROMOLECULES
4.1.1. AMINO ACID
4.1.2. SUGAR
4.1.3. LIPID
4.1.4. NUCLEOTIDES
4.2. MACROMOLECULES
4.2.1. POLYSACCARIDES
4.2.2. NUCLEIC ACID
4.2.3. PROTEINS
5.MONOMERS
6.METABOLIC BASIS FOR LIVING
7.THE LIVING STATE
8.IMPORTANT QUESTION AND
CONCEPT OF BIOMOLECULES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
GLUCOSE:
GLACTOSE:
For lipids present in biological membranes, the
Lipids (oleaginous) are chiefly fatty acid esters, and
are the basic building blocks of biological membranes.
Another biological role is energy storage
(e.g., triglycerides). Most lipids consist of
a polar or hydrophilic head (typically glycerol) and
one to three nonpolar or hydrophobic fatty acid tails,
and therefore they are amphiphilic. Fatty acids consist
of unbranched chains of carbon atoms that are
connected by single bonds alone (saturated fatty
acids) or by both single and double
bonds (unsaturated fatty acids). The chains are usually
14-24 carbon groups long, but it is always an even
number.
hydrophilic head is from one of three classes:
Glycolipids, whose heads contain
STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN
The particular series of amino acids that form a
protein is known as that protein's primary structure.
This sequence is determined by the genetic makeup of
the individual. It specifies the order of side-chain
groups along the linear polypeptide "backbone".
Proteins have two types of well-classified, frequently
occurring elements of local structure defined by a
particular pattern of hydrogen bonds along the
backbone: alpha helix and beta sheet. Their number
and arrangement is called the secondary structure of
the protein. Alpha helices are regular spirals stabilized
by hydrogen bonds between the backbone CO group
(carbonyl) of one amino acid residue and the
backbone NH group (amide) of the i+4 residue. The
spiral has about 3.6 amino acids per turn, and the
amino acid side chains stick out from the cylinder of
the helix. Beta pleated sheets are formed by
backbone hydrogen bonds between individual beta
strands each of which is in an "extended", or fully
stretched-out, conformation.
Isoenzymes
Isoenzymes, or isozymes, are multiple forms of an
enzyme, with slightly different protein sequence and
closely similar but usually not identical functions. They
are either products of different genes, or else different
products of alternative splicing. They may either be
produced in different organs or cell types to perform
the same function, or several isoenzymes may be
produced in the same cell type under differential
regulation to suit the needs of changing development
or environment. The relative levels of isoenzymes in
blood can be used to diagnose problems in the organ
of secretion.
MONOMERS
A monomer is a molecule that, as a