DB014

CHAPTER 1
MOLECULE OF
LIFE
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 1.1 : WATER
a) Illustrate the structure of water molecule.
b) State the properties of water.

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 Consist of an oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms
The two hydrogen atoms are combined with the oxygen atom
by sharing of electrons
The three atoms form a triangle, not a straight line
The water molecule is electrically neutral, but there is a net
negative charge on the oxygen atom and a net positive charge
The structure of on both hydrogen atoms
water molecule. A molecule carrying such an unequal distribution of electrical
charge is called a polar molecule
One water molecule can form hydrogen bond with 4 water
molecules
Positively charged hydrogen atoms attracted to the negatively
charged oxygen atoms of nearby water molecules by forces
called hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds
But there are strong enough to hold water molecules together
Because of their hydrogen bonds, water molecules are
attracted to charged particles or charged surfaces
In fact, hydrogen bonds largely account for the unique
properties of water
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 1. Universal solvent
Dissolving many types of substances.
Partial charge that develops across the water
molecule helps make it an excellent solvent.
2. Low viscosity
The less viscous the fluid is, the greater its
ease of movement (fluidity)
3. High specific heat capacity
The properties of The amount of energy required to raise the
water temperature of 1 gram of water by 1oC is
high
4. High latent heat of vaporization
High/ much energy is needed to turn liquid
water into water vapor
5. High surface tension
Water has a high surface tension caused by the
strong cohesion and high adhesion properties
because of its polar nature
6. Maximum density at 4oC
Water becomes even less dense upon
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freezing
1.2 : CARBOHYDRATE
a) State the classes of carbohydrates such as
monosaccharide, disaccharides and
polysaccharides.
b) Identify the structures α-glucose, β-glucose
(monosaccharide), maltose (disaccharides)
and cellulose (polysaccharides).
c) Describe condensation and hydrolysis.
d) Illustrate the formation and breakdown of
maltose.
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 State the classes of carbohydrates such as
monosaccharide, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

CARBOHYDRATE Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

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Identify the structures α-glucose, β-glucose (monosaccharide), maltose
(disaccharides) and cellulose (polysaccharides).

α –glucose β-glucose

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Differences between α-glucose and β-glucose
α –glucose
OH group of the first carbon
projects below the plane of
the ring.

β-glucose
OH group of the first carbon
projects upward the plane of
the ring.
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 Condensation and hydrolysis
• Condensation reaction
– The formation of a larger molecule from two smaller molecules, which also
form another, smaller molecule by losing functional groups in order to join
together.
– Byproducts of condensation reactions are water (H2O) is formed when one
molecule losing hydrogen (H) and another losing a hydroxyl group (-OH)
– When water is a product, the condensation reaction is often called a
dehydration reaction.

• Hydrolysis reaction
– A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the
addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water
– Hydrolysis is a type of decomposition reaction where one reactant is water.
– Water molecule is used to break chemical bonds in the other reactant.
– The term comes from the Greek prefix hydro- (meaning water)
with lysis (meaning to break apart).
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 Formation of maltose.
α-1,4 glycosidic bond

+ condensation + H 2O

α-glucose α-glucose Maltose Water

Breakdown of maltose.
α-1,4 glycosidic bond

hydrolysis +
+ H 2O

Maltose Water α-glucose α-glucose

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 1.3 : LIPID
a) State the types of lipid:
i. triglycerides (fat and oil)
ii. phospholipids
iii. steroids
b) Describe the structure of fatty acids and
glycerols.

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 Water-insoluble organic molecules but soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, ether
and chloroform.
 Contain C, H and O but proportion of O is lower than in carbohydrate.

Lipid

C-H bond > C-O bond in lipid compared to carbohydrate

C-H bond is stronger and store higher energy than C-O bond.
That is why lipid can store 3X energy higher than carbohydrate
So, lipid become main energy storage in living organism.
Triglyceride
Fat
Oil
3 types
Phospholipid

Steroid
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 • Formed by the ester linkage of 3 fatty acids to 1
glycerol molecule.
Triglyceride

The formation of triglyceride molecule

condensation

The breakdown of triglyceride molecule

hydrolysis

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  Has a long carbon skeleton (usually 16 to 18 carbon atoms).
 Carbon at one end is part of carboxyl group.
 Functional group.
 Carboxyl group attached to long hydrocarbon chain (non-polar C-
The H bonds).
 Hydrocarbon chain are the reason fats are hydrophobic.
structure
of fatty
acids

Saturated Fatty Acid

Contain only single covalent bonds
between carbon atoms..
Lack of double bonds.
Hydrocarbon chain saturated with
hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Contains one or more double
covalent bonds between carbon
atoms.
Hydrocarbon chain not completely
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saturated with hydrogen bonds.
 • Organic compound that is also referred to as
glycerin.
• Consists of
– a chain of 3 carbon atoms
The – each of the carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen
atoms and a hydroxyl group (OH).
structure of
glycerols

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 1.4 : PROTEIN
a) Describe the basic structure of amino acids.
b) State how amino acids are grouped.
c) Illustrate formation and breakdown of
dipeptide.

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 Nonpolar amino acid
Have side chain that contain –CH2 or –CH3

Amino acid
Polar uncharged amino acid
Basic structure Have side chain that contain oxygen.
(monomer) of
protein
Classes of amino acids
(are grouped based on
Amino acid their side chain)

Ionizable (electrically charged) amino acid

Have both acidic & basic properties Side chain contain acids or bases.
They are amphoteric
Can act as buffer solution
Soluble in water
Form bipolar ion
Having +ve & -ve pole
Called zwiterions RCA/ DB014-2020//...
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 • Polymer formed from condensation of many
amino acids joined by peptide linkages.
• Not soluble in water – form colloidal
suspension
• Contains C, H, O and N – sometimes S and P

PROTEIN

Formation of
polypeptide
A condensation
reaction occurs
+ H2 O
between the
amino group of
Water
one amino acid
and carboxyl group
of another, form
dipeptide
molecule
Further
combination of
amino acid form
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polypeptide.
 1.5 : DNA and RNA
a) State the structures of nucleotide as the
basic composition of nucleic acids
(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA and ribonucleic
acid, RNA).
b) Differentiate between RNA and DNA
nucleotide.
c) Describe the structure of DNA based on the
Watson and Crick Model.

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NUCLEIC ACID Very Large and Complex Organic Molecules that STORE
Genetic or Heredity Information in the Cell

Is a polymer made up of nucleotide

→Monomer/basic unit of nucleic

acid
→Made up of pentose sugar,
nitrogenous base and phosphate

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

A polymer made up of many
deoxyribonucleotide.
Contains information that is essential for
Type almost all Cell Activities, Including Cell Division
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
A polymer made up of many ribonucleotide.
Stores and Transfers Information essential for
the Manufacturing of Proteins
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 ribose
→in RNA nucleotides
Pentose sugar
deoxyribose
Phosphate →in DNA nucleotides
group
The only difference
3 components

Nitrogenous bases between ribose and

(rings of carbon and deoxyribose is the
nitrogen) lack/absent of an
oxygen atom on
Pyrimidine
Nucleotide carbon two in
Purine have a single six- deoxyribose
have a six- membered ring
membered ring 3 pyrimidines are
joined to a five- →Cytosine(C)
membered ring →Thymine (T)
2 purines are →Uracil (U)
→Adenine (A)
→Guanine (G)

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 Single strand-stranded molecule
Structure of RNA Contain ribose sugar

4 different 3 types
nucleotide bases →mRNA
→Adenine (A) →rRNA
→Guanine (G) →tRNA
→Cytosine (C)
→Uracil (U) mRNA transcribed the
DNA and directs the
translation of proteins
rRNA involved in
Functions of RNA
translation of protein
tRNA delivers amino
acids to the ribosomes
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during translation
 The different between DNA and RNA.

DNA RNA
The basic unit The basic unit
(monomer) is (monomer) is
deoxyribonucleotide ribonucleotide
Type of pentose Type of pentose
sugar is deoxyribose sugar is ribose
The nitrogenous The nitrogenous
bases are adenine, bases are adenine,
guanine, cytosine, guanine, cytosine,
thymine uracil
The structure are The structure only
double helix consist of single
consisting of two strand
strands of polynucleotide.
polynucleotide.
The size is larger The size is relatively
smaller
Only one type Have three different
types of RNA, mRNA,
tRNA and rRNA. RCA/ DB014-2020//...
 Structure of DNA
→Based on Watson and Crick Model
• Genetic information is stored in the molecule
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
• Double stranded molecule
• Contain deoxyribose sugar.
• The DNA molecule is a double helix.
• 4 different nucleotide bases
– adenine (A)
– cytosine (C)
– guanine (G)
– thymine (T)
• 2 strands are held together by hydrogen
bonds
– that form between the nitrogenous
bases of opposite strands.
• Adenine pairs with Thymine
– form 2 hydrogen bonds
• Cytosine pairs with Guanine
– form 3 hydrogen bonds.
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END OF CHAPTER 1

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