ANDROID O.

NABEEL AHMED
19-ARID-4782
SECTION:-C 2nd SEMESTER

SUBMITTED TO :- Mam Yusra Rehmat

COURSE :- IT-302
ANDROID O.S
WHAT IS ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM?

“An open-source operating system used for smartphones and tablet

computers.”

Android had became a most commonly used operating system. This oper
can be used in many types of devices from our handsets to smart watche
TVs. Nowadays many companies are introducing this O.S. in other types
such as Smart Homes which use virtual assistants that work under our voic
to do some simple operations like switching on or off other devices
conditioners, lights, TVs, and alarms.

INTERFACE OF ANDROID O.S

Android uses a very simple user friendly interface based on direct manip
touch inputs like tapping, swiping, pinching and reverse pinching along
keyboard. It also support some hardware like proximity, gyroscope, ac
light sensor (internal hardware),key boards, cursors, game controllers, cam
metric sensors like finger print and iris scanner etc.

Common Interface Common Interface Of Android

Of Android Phone TV

1
 Interface Of Android Watch Google Home

HISTORY OF ANDROID O.S

Android Inc. was found under the supervision of Andy Rubin with help of Rich Miner,
Nick Sears, and Chris White in California in the year 2003. Rubin described the Android
project as "tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more
aware of its owner's location and preferences". In April 2004 company’s intention was
to develop an O.S for digital cameras, later on they diverted their idea toward the
handsets that would rival Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile. In July 2005 Google
acquired Android Inc. for 50 million Dollars. In 2008 HTC Inc. launched first Android
running device commercially known as HTC dream or T-Mobile G1. This phone was
using Android version 1.6 i.e. donut. This device was using touch interface and as well
as physical Qwerty keyboard. Afterwards many other companies launched their
android devices and android O.S was improved with passage of time according to the
need of users. Nowadays android 10 is latest stable version of android.

ANDROID APPLICATION(APP)
HTC DREAM G-1
An Android application is defined using one or more of Android's four core application
components.
2
Two such application components are defined in this package: Activity and Service. The
other two components are from the android.content package: Broadcast Receiver and
Content Provider. Mostly android applications are built in java language combined with
C/C++ language .

HOW ANDROID O.S WORK?

Android uses Linux for its device drivers, memory management, process management,
and networking. The next level up contains the Android native libraries. They are all
written in C/C++ internally, but you'll be calling them through Java interfaces. In this
layer you can find the Surface Manager (for compositing windows), 2D and 3D
graphics, Media codecs, the SQL database and a native web browser engine. Android
runtime, including the Dalvik Virtual Machine. Dalvik runs dex files, which are
converted at compile time from standard class and jar files. Dex files are more compact
and efficient than class files, an important consideration for the limited memory and
battery powered devices that Android targets. The core Java libraries are also part of
the Android runtime. They are written in Java, as is everything above this layer. Here,
Android provides a substantial subset of the Java 5 Standard Edition packages,
including Collections, I/O, and so forth. The next level up is the Application Framework
layer. Parts of this toolkit are provided by Google, and parts are extensions or services
that you write. The most important component of the framework is the Activity
Manager, which manages the life cycle of applications and a common "back-stack" for
3
user navigation. Finally, the top layer is the Applications layer. Most of your code will
live here, along side built-in applications such as the Phone and Web Browser.
A BRIEF VIEW OF DIFFERENT ANDROID VERSIONS
1. ANDROID 1.5: ANDROID
CUPCAKE
Android "Cupcake" (version 1.5) is the
third version of Android developed by Google , a major platform release deployable to
Android-powered handsets starting in April 2009, that is no longer supported. The
release included new features for users and developers, as well as changes in the
Android framework API. For developers, the Android 1.5 platform was available as a
downloadable component for the Android SDK. Android 1.5 included new features
such as an on-screen keyboard and Bluetooth support as well as improvements to
existing features such as UI changes for application management and several Google
apps.

2. ANDROID 1.6: ANDROID

DONUT
Android "Donut" is the fourth version of
the open source Android mobile operating system developed by Google that is no
longer supported. Among the more prominent features introduced with this update
were added support for CDMA smartphones, additional screen sizes, a battery usage
indicator, and a text-to-speech engine. After the public release of Donut—its official
dessert-themed code name the convention employed by Google to designate major
4
Android versions—carriers were quick to follow with its roll out to customers in the
form of an over-the-air (OTA) update for compatible smartphones.

3. ANDROID 2.0: ANDROID

ÉCLAIR
Android éclair is fifth operating system
for Android, and for the no-longer supported versions 2.0 to 2.1. Unveiled on October
26, 2009, Android 2.1 builds upon the significant changes made in Android 1.6
"Donut".
INTERFACE:-
Google search bar was added to home screen. The camera app was redesigned with
addition of new features more over basic editing tool was also added to gallery. Live
wallpapers were introduced i.e. animated background.

4. ANDROID 2.2: ANDROID

FROYO
Android "Froyo" is the sixth version of
Android and is a codename of the Android mobile operating system developed by

5
Google, spanning versions between 2.2 and 2.2.3. It was unveiled on May 20, 2010,
during the Google I/O 2010 conference.
Most prominent update in this version was that it support Bluetooth, Wi-Fi hotspot
functionality and USB tethering. It also support for the Android Cloud to Device
Messaging (C2DM) service, enabling push notifications, additional application speed
improvements.

5. ANDROID 2.3: ANDROID

GINGERBREAD
Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" is
the seventh version of Android, a codename of the Android mobile operating system
developed by Google and released in December 2010. support for near field
communication (NFC) used in mobile payment solutions and Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP) used in VoIP internet telephones. Its interface was refined in many ways, making
it easier to master, faster to use, and more power-efficient. A simplified color scheme
with a black background gave vividness and contrast to the notification bar, menus,
and other user interface components. Improvements in menus and settings resulted in
easier navigation and system control. It also support multiple cameras i.e. front facing
and rear cameras.

6. ANDROID 3.0: ANDROID

HONEYCOMB Android "Honeycomb" is the
codename for the eighth version of Android, designed for devices with larger screen
sizes, particularly tablets. Honeycomb introduced a new so-called "holographic" user
interface theme and an interaction model that built on the main features of Android,

6
such as multitasking, notifications and widgets. Many updates were made in this
version. The Email and Contacts apps use a two-pane UI. The Gallery app now lets
users view albums and other collections in full-screen mode, with access to thumbnails
for other photos in a collection. The Browser app replaces browser windows with tabs,
adds an incognito mode for anonymous browsing, and presents bookmarks and history
in a unified view, among other features. A redesigned keyboard to make entering text
easier on large-screen devices such as tablets. A Recent Apps view for multitasking.
Customizable home screens.

7. ANDROID 4.0: ANDROID ICE CREAM

SANDWICH
Android "Ice Cream
Sandwich" is the ninth version of the Android mobile operating system developed by
Google. Unveiled on October 19, 2011, Android 4.0 builds upon the significant changes
made by the tablet-only release Android Honeycomb, in an effort to create a unified
platform for both smartphones and tablets. Android 4.0 was focused on simplifying
and modernizing the overall Android experience around a new set of human interface
guidelines. It introduced a number of other new features, including a refreshed home
screen, near-field communication (NFC) support and the ability to "beam" content to
another user using the technology, an updated web browser, a new contacts manager
with social network integration, the ability to access the camera and control music
playback from the lock screen, visual voicemail support, face recognition for device
unlocking ("Face Unlock"), the ability to monitor and limit mobile data usage, and
other internal improvements.

7
 8. ANDROID 4.1 TO 4.3.1: ANDROID JELLY
BEAN
Android "Jelly Bean" is
the codename given to the tenth version of the Android mobile operating system
developed by Google, spanning three major point releases (versions 4.1 through 4.3.1).
It focused on performance improvements designed to give the operating system a
smoother and more responsive feel, improvements to the notification system allowing
for "expandable" notifications with action buttons, and other internal changes. It also
include multi-user support for tablets, lock screen widgets, quick settings, and screen
savers.

9. ANDROID 4.4 TO 4.4.4: ANDROID

KITKAT
Android "KitKat" is the
codename for the eleventh version of the Android. KitKat focused primarily on
optimizing the operating system for improved performance on entry-level devices with
limited resources. The overall interface of KitKat further downplays the "Holo"
interface appearance introduced on 4.0, replacing remaining instances of blue
accenting with greys and white (such as the status bar icons). Apps may trigger a
translucent status and navigation bar appearance, or trigger a full screen mode
("Immersive mode") to hide them entirely. The launcher also received a refreshed
appearance, with the implementation of the translucent navigation bars, and the
replacement of the black backdrop in the application drawer with a translucent
backdrop. Additionally, action overflow menu buttons in apps are always visible, even
on devices with the deprecated "Menu" navigation key. In the Settings menu, users can
now specify a default Home (launcher) and text messaging app. On stock devices, the
8
Messaging and Movie Studio apps were removed; the former was replaced by Google
Hangouts, which supported SMS. The AOSP Gallery app was also deprecated in favor of
Google+ Photos.

10. ANDROID 5.0 TO 5.1.1: ANDROID

LOLLIPOP
Android "Lollipop"
th
12 version of android. One of the most prominent changes in the Lollipop release is a
redesigned user interface built around a design language known as Material Design,
which was made to retain a paper-like feel to the interface. Other changes include
improvements to the notifications, which can be accessed from the lockscreen and
displayed within applications as top-of-the-screen banners. Google also made internal
changes to the platform, with the Android Runtime (ART) officially replacing Dalvik for
improved application performance, and with changes intended to improve and
optimize battery usage.

11. ANDROID 6.0 TO 6.0.1: ANDROID

MARSHMALLOW
Android
"Marshmallow" is 13th version of android. Marshmallow primarily focuses on improving
the overall user experience of its predecessor, Lollipop. It introduced a new
permissions architecture, new APIs for contextual assistants, a new power
management system that reduces background activity when a device is not being
physically handled, native support for fingerprint recognition and USB-C connectors,
the ability to migrate data and applications to a microSD card, and other internal
changes.

9
 12. ANDROID 7.0 TO 7.1: ANDROID
NOUGAT
Android "Nougat" is
th
14 version of android. Nougat introduces notable changes to the operating system
and its development platform, including the ability to display multiple apps on-screen
at once in a split-screen view, support for inline replies to notifications, and an
expanded "Doze" power-saving mode that restricts device functionality once the
screen has been off for a period of time. Additionally, the platform switched to an
OpenJDK-based Java environment and received support for the Vulkan graphics
rendering API, and "seamless" system updates on supported devices.

13. ANDROID 8.0 TO ANDROID 8.1: ANDROID

10
ORE
Android "Oreo" is 15th version of android, released to the public on August 21, 2017. It
contains a number of major features, including notification grouping, picture-in-picture
support for video, performance improvements and battery usage optimization, and
support for auto fillers, Bluetooth 5, system-level integration with VoIP apps, wide
color gamut, and Wi-Fi Aware. Android Oreo also introduces two major platform
features: Android Go – a software distribution of the operating system for low-end
devices – and support for implementing a hardware abstraction layer.

14. ANDROID 9.0: ANDROID

PIE
Android Pie is 16th version of android
released publicly on August 6, 2018. Android Pie utilizes a refresh of Google's "material
design" language, unofficially referred to as "Material Design 2.0". The revamp
provides more variance in aesthetics, encouraging the creation of custom "themes" for
the base guidelines and components rather than a standardized appearance. Bottom-
aligned navigation bars are also more prominent. As applied to Android Pie's interface,
rounded corners (influenced by the proprietary Google theme used by in-house
software implementing Material Design 2.0) are more prominent. In addition, Pie
contains official support for screen cutouts ("notches"), including APIs and system
behaviors depending on their size and position. Android certification requirements
restrict devices to two cutouts, which may only be along the top or bottom of the
screen.

11
15. ANDROID 10.0:
ANDROID Q
Android 10 is the 17th version of the Android mobile operating system. It was released
on September 3, 2019. Android 10 introduces a revamped full-screen gesture system,
with gestures such as swiping from either side edge of the display to go back, swiping
up to go to the home screen, swiping up and holding to access Overview, swiping
diagonally from a bottom corner of the screen to activate the Google Assistant, and
swiping along the gesture bar at the bottom of the screen to switch apps. The use of an
edge swiping gesture as a "Back" command was noted as potentially causing conflicts
with apps that utilize sidebar menus and other functions accessible by swiping. An API
can be used by apps to opt out of handling a back gesture within specific areas of the
screen, a sensitivity control was added for adjusting the size of the target area to
activate the gesture, and Google later stated that the drawer widget would support
being "peeked" by long-pressing near the edge of the screen, and then swiped open.
The traditional three-key navigation system used since Android "Honeycomb" remains
supported as an option.

THE END

12