Organiser son discours

Introduire l’idée générale:

As a general rule = in most cases = most of the time (la plupart du temps, en régle générale)
People usually say that (on dit que)
It is a well-known fact that (c’est un fait connu que)
It raises an important issue (cela souleve un probleme important)
We may wonder wether (on peut se demander si)
There are several aspects to the problem. First of all, let’s us try to understand (il y a plusieurs aspects à
traiter, d’abord essayons de comprendre)

Présenter la thèse:
At first sight (à première vue), it would seem that (cela n’a pas l’air de)
Let’s have a look at (regardons d’abord)
Let’s us begin with (commençons par)

Présenter l’antithèse:
As for the question of (Quant à la question de)
There is also a bright side to the problem (il y a aussi un côté positif)
On the one hand… on the other end (d’une part… d’autre part)
In fact, it would be more accurate to say that (il serait plus juste de dire)
In spite of = despite (malgré)
However = nevertheless = yet = though (cependant)

Présenter uns solution, la synthèse:

We must weigh up the pros and the cons of that problem (on doit peser le pour et le contre)
It should be recognized that (on doit reconnaitre que)
All in all (tout bien pesé, tout compte fait)

Conclure :
As a conclusion = in conclusion = to conclude
We can come to the conclusion that (on peut en venir à la conclusion que)
All things considered = for all these reasons I think that (pour toutes ces raisons, je pense)

Construire une phrase complexe et un paragraphe

Ordonner ses idées :

To begin with = first = firstly = first of all = in the first place (d’abord)
First and foremost (en tout premier lieu)
Secondly = in the second place (deuxiémement)
Thirdly (troisiémement)
Then = next (ensuite)
Lastly = finally = eventually (finalement)

Présenter son point de vue:

From my point of view = in my view = in my opinion = personally (selon moi)
As far as I’m concerned = if you ask me
It seems to me that (il me semble que)
I have the feeling that (je sens que)
I am well aware that (je suis conscient que)
We are given the impression that (on a l’impression que)
It may be noticed that (on peut noter que)

Présenter un autre point de vue:

As for (quant à)
Regarding = concerning (concernant)
As far as … is concerned = according to … (selon)

Ajouter une idée supplémentaire :

Moreover = in addition to that = added to that = what is more (de plus)
Besides (d’ailleurs)
As we have previously seen (selon ce que nous avons vu avant)
We must also remember that (on doit aussi se rappeler que)

Donner des exemples pour étayer les faits :

For instance = for example
That is to say (c'est-à-dire)
Let’s take the example of (prenons l’exemple de)
Let us consider the example of (considérons l’exemple de)
There is a striking example of (il existe un exemple frappant de)

Expliquer

Parler de l’auteur et du narrateur :

He talks about (il parle de)
He describes = he depicts (il décrit)
He narrates = he relates (il raconte)
He refers to (il fait référence à)
He explains that/how (il explique que/comment)
He accounts for this by saying that (il explique cela par le fait que)
He justifies (il justifie)
He analyses (il analyse)
He draws our attention to the fact that (il attire notre attention sur le fait que)
He comments upon (il commente)
He mentions (il mentionne)
He quotes (il cite)
He suggests that (il suggère que)
He argues in favour of / against (il argumente en faveur / contre)
He takes sides (il prend parti)
He approves / disapproves of(il approuve / désapprouve)
He stands for = he supports (il supporte)
He denounces = he attacks (il denonce)
He objects to (il objecte que)
He criticizes (il critique)
He accuses/blames x for v-ing (il accuse x de faire…)
He reproaches x for something (il repproche à x quelque chose)
Mettre en valeur ses arguments

Actually (en fait)

In fact = as a matter of fact = indeed (en fait, bien-sûr)
Above all (par dessus tout)
There can be no doubt that (on ne peut douter de)
What is quite certain is that (ce qui est sûr c’est que)
As everyone knows (comme tout le monde le sait)
We must not forget that (on ne doit pas oublier que)
It should be remembered that (on doit se rappeler que)
It is worth mentioning that (il est important de mentionner que)
It is quite true that (il est vrai que)
This does not mean that … but rather that… (cela ne veut pas dire que… mais plutot que…)
And furthermore (qui plus est)
Most important in all is (le plus important de tout, c’est)

Exprimer son opinion et réagir

Exprimer son accord

I agree with… (je suis d’accord avec)
I agree on that point (je suis d’accord sur ce point)
One must admit that (on doit admettre que)
And indeed (de fait)
It is true to say that (il est vrai que)
What he says is all the more convincing as (ce qu’il dit est d’autre plus convaincant que)

Concéder un point
It must be admitted that (on doit admettre que)
It should be recognized that (on doit reconnaitre que)
It is certainly possible that (il est possible que)
In a sense (dans un ceetain sens)
Up to a certain point (jusqu’à un certain point)
Somehow (d’une certain façon)
It might be said that (on peut dire que)
This may be true but (cela est vrai mais)

Exprimer le doute
On second thoughts (en y réfléchissant bien)
Anyway = anyhow = in any case (de tout façon)
It is hard to believe that (il est difficle de croire que)
It is one thing to … it is another to… (c’est une chose de… mais cela en est une autre de…)
There is no reason to suppose that (il n’y a pas de raison de supposer que)
The problem is not to… but to… (le problème n’est pas de… mais de…)
I wonder whether (je me demande si)
What I cannot understand is (ce que je ne peux comprendre c’est)
What I would like to know is why (ce que je voudrais savoir c’est que)
Exprimer son désaccord
It would be wrong to say that (cela serait faux de dire que)
I do not see it that way (je ne vois pas la chose comme ça)
I cannot share this point of view because (je ne peux pas partager ce point de vue parce que)
Unlike… I think that (contrairement à… je pense que)
Contrary to.. I feel that (contrairement à… je pense que)
It is not justified (cela n’est pas justifié)
On the contrary (au contraire)
We cannot overlook the fact that (on ne peut ignore le fait que)
We must not ignore that (on ne doit pas ignorer que)
Instead of v-ing, we should (au lieu de faire… nous devrions)
He generalizes too much (il generalize trop)
That proves nothing (cela ne prouve rien)
He goes too far (il va trop loin)

Exprimer la cause, le but et la conséquence

Cause :
Perhaps it is because (c’est peut-être parce que)
This is the reason why (c’est la raison pour laquelle)
This could explain why (cela pourrait expliquer que)
Given that (étant donné que)
Due to = since = owing to (comme, puisque)

But :
His purpose is to (son but est de)
He aims at (il a pour but de)
He plans to = He means to = he intends to (il a l’intention de)
He would like us to x (il veut que nous x)
He wants us to say (il veut que nous disions)

Conséquence :
Of course, this implies that (cela implique que)
As a result = as a consequence (En conséquence)
Therfore (c’est pourquoi)
Thus = so (ainsi)
… which means that… (ce qui veut dire que)
… which is why… (c’est pourquoi)

Comparer

By comparison (en comparaison)

Similarly = likewise (de la même façon)
Compared with (comparé à)

Comparatif de supériorité :
X is longer than Y (adjectif court + -er)
X is more comfortable than Y (more + adjectif long)
Comparatif d’infériorité
X is less interesting than Y (less = moins)

Comparatif d’égalité
X is as interesting as Y (aussi … que)

Superlatif
X is the biggest (the + adjectif court + -est)
X is the most important (the most + adjective long)

Résumer vos idées pour conclure

In short = in brief (en bref)

To put it in a nutshell (pour résumer)
To put it differently (De le dire différemment)
Generally speaking (en general)
In most cases (dans la plupart des cas)