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Taking into account that in (5.218) and (5.219) the currents ik,
respectively I , are algebraical summed (then with positive or negative
k
(5.219)
In the case of the circuit from fig. 5.50, the affiliation matrix (N)
branches-nodes has the form:
n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6
l1 1 -1
l2 1 -1
l3 1 -1
l4 1 -1
l5 1 -1
l6 1 -1
l7 -1 1
l8 1 -1
l9 1 -1
l10 1 -1
Fig. 5.51.
Obviously, under these circumstances, using the coeficients nka we
may write the Kirchhof's first theorem under the form :
n
kna
ka . ik 0
(a)
n
k n a
ka . Ik 0
(b) (5.221)
i1 I1
i I2
i 2 (a) I (b)
...
.....
il Il
In our case
i1 I1
i2 I2
i ; I (5.222)
...
.....
i10 I10
then will be able to write Kirchhoff's first theorem using matrices under the
form:
N . i ] 0] (5.223)
or in complex:
N . I ] 0] (5.224)
0] - represents a column vector with n-rows, with all the elements zero. The
above relations refer to isolated networks (with no relation with the
exterior).
If the networks are not isolated, we should introduce in the points of
contact with the exterior (in the connection nodes), current sources which
will generate currents in the respective nodes, this way substituting the inter-
connection terminals (fig. 5.53).
In this case, choosing a separation surface which surrounds the node, for
the quasi-stationary regime we'll get:
dq
v
i S
0 (5.225)
S dt
or in our case:
i1 i2 i3 i 4 j a 0 (5.226)
n
k ( n a )
ka . ik ja
(5.227)
u
k( o p )
bk 0 o p 1, 2 ,..., o (5.232)
dik l di 1
ubk ek Rk ik Lk Lkj . j . ik dt
dt j 1 dt Ck
jk
(5.233')
Hence, using (5.232) too, we'll obtain Kirchhoff's Second Theorem for a
loop of circuit (with active and passive elements) under the form:
dik l di j
1
(R i L dt L
k ( o p )
k k k
j 1
kj . . ik dt ) ek
dt Ck
k ( o p )
(5.235)
jk
k ( o p )
U bk 0
(5.236)
(ii) for the formula with voltage drops:
1 l
R I k k jLk . I k
jCk
. I k jLkj . I j E k
k ( o p ) j 1 k(o p )
j k
or:
1 l
+1 if lk o p and the sense along the branch k (the same with the sense of
current) and the sense of crossing over the loop o p are alike
-1 if lk o p but the sense of branch k and the sense of crossing over the
loop o p are different
0 if lk o p
ckp
l = 10; n = 6; s = 1;
o = l – n + 1=5 (5.241)
lk/op o1 o2 o3 o4 o5
l1 1 0 0 0 0
l2 -1 1 0 0 0
l3 -1 0 1 0 0
l4 0 0 0 0 -1
l5 0 0 0 -1 1
l6 -1 0 0 1 0
l7 -1 0 0 0 0
l8 0 -1 0 0 1
l9 1 1 0 0 0
l10 0 1 0 -1 0
fig.5.54
Using the coefficients ckp given by (5.240) we'll be able to write
Kirchhoff's Second theorem (5.232) under the form:
c
k ( o p )
kp ubk 0
(5.242)
If we'll define the column vector of the voltages at the terminals of the
circuit branches:
ub1
ub 2
ub (5.243)
.....
ubl
C ub 0 (5.244)
dik 1 l di j
c
k ( o p )
kp (ubk ek ) c .(R i L . dt C . i dt L . dt ) (5.245)
k ( o p )
kp k k k k
j 1
kj
k
jk
dik 1 l di
k(o ) kp k k k dt C k j1 Lkj dtj ) k(o c) kp ek
c . ( R i L . . i dt
(5.246)
p k p
j k
(5.248)
d 1 d d
R1 L1 dt C dt L12
dt
.... L1l
dt
1
d d 1 d
z L21 R2 L2 dt .... L2 l
dt dt C2 dt
.... .... ....
d d d 1
Ll1 Ll 2 Rl Ll dt
dt dt dt Cl
This way the relations of the form (5.245) or (5.246) can be written
using matrix:
-for (5.245) we'll have:
and we'll use again the theorems of complex representation. It will result:
C U b 0 (5.252)
C Z I C E
(5.253)
N 0 I J
(5.258)
C Z I C E
- at the excitations E''] and J''] will result the currents I''] given by:
N 0 I J
(5.259)
C Z I C E
If will bring together the circuits excitations:
E S E E
(5.260)
J S J J
then, summing member by member the relations (5.258) and (5.259) we'll
find:
N 0 I I J J
(5.261)
C Z I I C E E
5.7.3. The theorem and the method of contour currents for solving
the problem of analyze for circuits found in PSPR ( or the method of
cyclic currents or mesh currents)
C Z C I C C E
or:
C
Z C I C E
l
E
l
C E
(5.268)
(i)
Z kk Z
p( o k )
p Z
p o k
pq
(5.271)
q o k
Z 1 2 R3 jX C 3 jX L 3 jX M
1 2
Z 2 1 Z 1 2
Z 2 2 R2 jX L 2 R3 jX L 3 jX C 3
E 1 E 1 E 3
E
2 E 2 E 3
(5.275)
From (5.274), substituting (5.275), we'll find I c1 and I c2 ;then we'll
determine the complex currents through the circuit branches:
I 1 I c1
I 2 I c 2
I 3 I c1 I c 2
(5.276)
Important observation: If the initial schema contain ideal sources of
current, we'll choose the fundamental loops so that through the branches
with current sources a single loop-current should flow. This way the value of
that loop-current is equal exactly with the current given by the current-
source, having the sign "+" for an identical sense of the contour and of the
current-source and "-" otherwise.
This way for the system of the form (5.268) an equation vanishes (the
number of equations of the system is decreased), same time decreasing the
number of the unknown-variables.
5.7.4. Theorem and method of the nodes potentials for the solving of
the analyze problem of the circuits found in PSPR
Writing Joubert's theorem in matriceal form, deduced from (5.249):
V b E Z I (5.277)
Taking into account that the matrix [Z] is square and may be inversed,
its inverse being the matrix [Y]:
[Y]=[Z]-1 (5.278)
(the matrix of admittances), multiplying with [Y] in both members of
(5.277) we find:
I] = [Y] . [Z] . I] = [Y] . ( Ub] + E] ) (5.279)
N Y N V E J
N
Y N V N Y E J
(5.283)
We symbolized:
Y N Y N (5.284)
or:
Y V J I 'sc (5.285)
in (5.285) we have:
[Y'] - the matrix of the admittances of nodes;
V] - the column vector of the potentials of the nodes;
J] - the vector of the injections of current from the nodes of the circuit
(of the current-sources)
I ' sc - the column vector of the currents of the short-circuit from the
network nodes.
The method of the potential of nodes is easier applied at circuits
without mutual-couplings, where [Z] is a diagonal matrix, then which is easy
to inverse. Using these methods we'll be able to reduce the number "l" of
equations written with Kirchhoff's theorems at (n-1) equations written with
Kirchhoff's First Theorem.
For this aim, taking into account that the potentials are not uniquely
determined but in exchange the potential differences are constants at the
sides terminals, we'll be able to choose a node with reference potential null,
following that the other potentials should be expressed reported to it. In this
situation the matriceal equation (5.285) becomes:
Y
0 V 0 J0 I sc 0 (5.286)
Here:
Y 11 Y 12 ... Y 1k ... Y 1, n 1
... ... ... ... ... ...
Y 0 Y Y k 2 ... Y kk ... Y k , n 1
k 1
... ... ... ... ... ...
Y n 1,1 Y n 1, 2 ... Y n 1, k ... Y n 1, n 1
(5.287)
where:
(a) Y kk - symbolizes the proper admittance of the node k, which is equal
with the sum of the admittances of the sides which converge in the node k:
Y 'kk Y
p n k
p
(5.288)
(b) Y kj is the sum of the admittances of the branches that make the
connection between the node k and the node j, taken with changed sign:
Y kj Yp
p( n k )
p( nj )
(5.289)