LEARNING THEORIES

I. BEHAVIORISTS THEORIES

JOHN WATSON

• Guthrie

*Watson and Guthrie

-emphasized the contiguity of the stimulus and response

• Thorndike and Skinner

-stimulus and response bonds are strengthened by reinforcements

Thought process are the result of stimulus-response activities-very simple behavior

II. COGNITIVE LEARNING

*Cognitive science-

* Information processing is used to describe this field of study

*Learning is an active process

*SUBSUMPTION THEORY OF MEANINGFUL VERBAL LEARNING (Ausabel,1963)

Rumelhart (1980)
“Schema/schemata”

-“all knowledge is packaged into units”

THREE KINDS OF LEARNING ACCORDING TO SCHEMA THEORY

1. ACCRETION

2. TUNING (Schema evolution)

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3. RESTRUCTURING (Schema creation)
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STAGE THEORY
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THREE STAGES:
1. SENSORY MEMORY

2. SHORT-TERM MEMORY

3. LONG-TERM MEMORY

COMMON CONCEPTS OF COGNITIVE THEORIES

1. LEARNING
*Behaviorist –
*Cognitive-

2. METACOGNITION
3. MEMORY

Connectionistic Model

-pure repetition-> serves only to extend duration

*Chunking –

Forgetting-
Hypotheses of forgetting:

4. TRANSFER

Factors:
1. The extent to which material was originally learned
2. The ability to retrieve information from memory
3. The way in which the material was taught and learned

III. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY)

- Albert Bandura
*Key Components:
1. People learn as they are in constant interaction with their environment
2. Attentional processes
3. Retention processes

LEARNING STYLES OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

Malcolm Knowles-proponent

ANDRAGOGY
-teaching of adults

PEDAGOGY
-teaching of children

PEDAGOGY ANDRAGOGY
Need to know

Self-concept

Role of experience

Readiness to learn

Orientation to learning

Motivation

TYPES OF LEARNING

GAGNE’S CONDITIONS OF LEARNING

1. SIGNAL LEARNING
- Conditioned response

2. STIMULUS-RESPONSE LEARNING

3. CHAINING
4. VERBAL ASSOCIATION

5. DISCRIMINATION LEARNING

6. CONCEPT LEARNING

7. RULE LEARNING

8. PROBLEM SOLVING

LEARNING STYLES

Basic concepts:
-Holistic/global thinkers want to get the whole picture quickly, or the gist of things

Analytic thinkers

Verbal approach

Visual approach

KOLB’S THEORY OF EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING

FOUR STAGES OF LEARNING CYCLE
1. Concrete experience

2. Reflective observation

3. Abstract conceptualization

4. Active experimentation

FOUR POSSIBLE LEARNING STYLES:

1.CONVERGER

2. DIVERGER

3. ACCOMODATOR

4. ASSIMILATOR
GREGORC COGNITIVE STYLE MODEL

1. CONCRETE SEQUENTIAL (CS)

2. CONCRETE RANDOM (CR)

3. ABSTARCT SEQUENTIAL (AS)

4. ABSTRACT RANDOM (AR)

FIELD INDEPENDENCE/DEPENDENCE MODEL

-Herman Witkin

>Field-independent style
-items are perceived independent from their surrounding field
-analytical (parts more than the whole)

>Field-dependent style
-person has a difficulty perceiving items aside from their surroundings
-global (whole more than the parts)

FIELD INDEPENDENT FIELD DEPENDENT