Waste Management 30 (2010) 565–571

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Waste Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman

Effect of contact time on the release of contaminants from granular waste

materials during column leaching experiments
Sarynna López Meza *, Ute Kalbe *, Wolfgang Berger, Franz-Georg Simon
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: When reusing or disposing of contaminated granular waste materials there is a need to evaluate how the
Accepted 24 November 2009 contaminants will interact on the pathway soil–groundwater and the effect this interaction will have on
Available online 19 January 2010 the surrounding environment. While column testing can provide a closer approximation to field percola-
tion conditions than batch testing, there is still a need to develop column testing procedures that consider
the requirements of practical testing time frames. This study evaluates the effect of different column con-
tact times (2.5, 5, and 16 h) on the release of inorganic constituents from bottom ash and demolition
waste, two commonly reused granular materials. Leaching data for representative constituents of con-
cern, such as copper, chromium, sulfate and chloride, as well as pH and electrical conductivity was com-
pared for all different contact times studied.
Results for the materials investigated in this study showed that variations in contact time have no sig-
nificant effect on the release of the selected constituents and leaching parameters at low liquid to solid
ratios. However, after a liquid to solid ratio of 1 L/kg, the effect is more noticeable, and higher contact
times show lower pH values as well as a reduction in the release of constituents of concern from bottom
ash. In the case of demolition waste, the variation of contact time did not have a strong effect on the
leaching behavior.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The reuse of waste material in highway or construction applica-
tions is a potential option for waste minimization, especially when
it is considered how much waste is produced in the world. In Ger-
many alone there are about 15 million tons of municipal solid
waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash produced every year
(Dehoust et al., 2007) which is partly reused in road construction.
Additionally, every year there are 185 million tons of construction
and demolition waste, 90% of which is usually reutilized
(Umweltbundesamt, 2007). However, when waste materials are
considered for reutilization, it is important to consider the poten-
tial impact of these materials on the surrounding environment.
A framework has been developed for the evaluation of leaching
from waste materials and by-products that provides specific leach-
ing test methods and the approach to testing and evaluation (Kos-
son et al., 2002). Tests suggested in this framework take under
consideration the utilization scenario, and consist of either batch
equilibrium or column tests. Batch tests are easy to operate but
it has been shown that in specific situations, the liquid to solid ra-
tio (L/S ratio) is too high to provide reliable results (Helms and
* Corresponding authors. Tel.: +49 30 8104 3862; fax: +49 30 8104 1437.
E-mail addresses: sarynna.lopez@alumni.vanderbilt.edu (S.L. Meza), ute.kalbe@
bam.de (U. Kalbe).
Thorneloe, 2006; Kalbe et al., 2008; Kosson et al., 2002; Susset,
2007; Townsend et al., 2003). This is mainly due to the different
agitation conditions and dilution effects in both testing regimes,
since the concentration of the constituents in the material solution
is not only dependent on the total amount, but also on the avail-
able amount and the release kinetics. It is possible to estimate
the available amount of a constituent via leaching tests, but the
information is normally limited due to the lack of estimation of
the release kinetics.
Column tests can be used for assessing the impact of contami-
nated materials on the soil–groundwater pathway, since the perco-
lation-based data they provide is the result of a flow-through
pattern similar to that found in field conditions. Column tests
can account for contaminant wash out at lower L/S ratios and the
changes in solubility controlling phases that occur as a result (Dijk-
stra et al., 2006a; van der Sloot et al., 2001a). The correlation be-
tween batch and column tests has been studied, usually finding a
good correlation between both types of testing (Delay et al.,
2007; Lager et al., 2006; Lopez Meza et al., 2008). However, these
studies also stressed the importance of column studies when
searching for detailed leaching information and time-dependent
behavior.
While column tests can provide more reliable information, they
are more time consuming and require more equipment, which can
result in more expensive setups for testing. This balance between

0956-053X/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.11.022
566 S. López Meza et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 565–571

the type of information wanted, the scientific basis behind the pro- correlates to a contact time of about 16 h at so far common column
cedure, and the time frame of the test, is a general problem for the setups (i.e. column diameter 5 cm, filling height 25 cm, bulk den-
leaching community, where Research/University methods nor- sity 1.75 g/cm3, flow rate 0.25 ml/min). This faster flow rate is de-
mally push for more elaborated, lengthy, and highly field-corre- sired so that test times are shorter, and is related to the contact
lated tests, and Regulation/Industry methods that want short, time, which is being considered as an actual standard specification.
reliable and less costly tests. However, when it comes to the han- It is not viable to expect all laboratories performing this test to
dling of large test portions, which is required to assess a represen- have the same type of columns. Instead, it is expected that each
tative sample volume, especially in the case of coarse grained laboratory can use their equipment, with different dimensions
materials such as bottom ash and demolition waste, column tests appropriate for the material to be tested, and have a standardized
might present an advantage when compared to batch tests. contact time throughout the experiments. Therefore the aim of this
There are two types of leaching tests in terms of characteriza- study was the comparison of contact times below 16 h.
tion of materials: basic characterization and compliance tests. Ba-
sic characterization tests are comprehensive studies that take into
2. Materials and methods
account time-dependant and L/S-ratio-based leachability, leachant
composition, and leachability-controlling factors. Compliance tests
2.1. Materials
are intended to investigate the agreement with a threshold value
specified by special regulations. Currently, there are various Inter-
Two materials were tested: bottom ash (BA) and demolition
national and European protocols for characterizing the leaching
waste (DW). These materials were processed by BAM and used
behavior of waste materials and contaminated soils. The EU-com-
as reference materials for a previous inter-laboratory comparison
missioned project HORIZONTAL (van der Sloot, 2002) has made
evaluation (Kalbe et al., 2007). Since these are the most widely
extensive development and harmonization efforts for European
used materials, and there is a sufficient amount of knowledge of
testing standards for waste materials, but until recently there
the leaching properties under batch and basic column techniques,
was no validated standard available for basic characterization with
it is expected that with the proposed methodology, all that previ-
column tests on the German, European or International level.
ous information will be an added value for the understanding of
For column testing there are two technical specifications for ba-
leaching behavior. For both materials, humidity was measured
sic characterization: one for organic and inorganic contaminants in
using the DIN 18121-1 method (1998) and particle size distribu-
soil and soil-like materials (ISO/TS 21268-3, 2007) and another for
tion was measured using the DIN 18213 method (1996).
inorganic contaminants in granular waste materials, the latter of
The bottom ash (BA) was originally obtained from a Berlin recy-
which has recently been confirmed for a further 3-year period
cling company, and was stored at that location for 3 months prior
(DIN CEN/TS 14405, 2004). However, these protocols have several
to being relocated to BAM, where it was stored for 3 further
disadvantages, the main one being the stipulation of a flow rate
months. After drying and homogenization, the measured humidity
that is valid regardless of the two diameters (5 or 10 cm) proposed
was 3.67%. As part of the reference material processing, the bottom
in the protocol. Depending on the size of the column and the bulk
ash had to have a maximum particle size of 4 mm, so the material
density of the materials being used, different contact times be-
was sieved and only the material passing the 4-mm sieve was used.
tween leachant and test material can be obtained, which leads to
Particle size distribution on the usable material was distributed as
results that cannot be compared directly (Berger et al., 2005).
follows: 19.5% in the 4–2 mm mesh, 26.8% in the 2–0.6 mm mesh,
Inter-laboratory comparisons for the evaluation of the leaching
31% in the 0.63–0.2 mm mesh, 17.6% in the 0.2–0.063 mm mesh,
tests reproducibility were performed within the framework of the
and 5% under the 0.063 mm mesh. The natural pH was 11.1. Rele-
German integrated project ‘‘leachate prognosis” using three waste
vant inorganic constituents of concern, as studied previously (e.g.
reference materials. Under test-specific stipulated boundary condi-
Hyks et al., 2009; Dijkstra et al., 2006b; van Gerven et al., 2005;
tions based on four different standards (DIN 38414-4, 1984; DIN
van der Sloot et al., 2001b), are Cu, Cr, SO2 
4 , and Cl .
EN 12457-1, 2003; DIN EN 12457-2, 2003; ISO/TS 21268-1, 2007;
The demolition waste was originally obtained from a different
ISO/TS 21268-2, 2007), batch tests have been found to be not suit-
recycling company in Berlin. The measured humidity was 2.42%.
able for PAH assessment with these stipulations. This is especially
The maximum particle size desired was 4 mm. Particle size distri-
the case for the liquid–solid separation step, where filtration was
bution on the usable material was distributed as follows: 14.9% in
originally stipulated, but results showed centrifugation to be bet-
the 4–2 mm mesh, 29% in the 2–0.6 mm mesh, 36.5% in the 0.63–
ter. In this same experiment, column percolation tests indicated
0.2 mm mesh, 17.5% in the 0.2–0.063 mm mesh, and 1.9% under
a good reproducibility of the results for both inorganic and organic
the 0.63 mm mesh. The natural pH was 11.9. Relevant inorganic
parameters. This was due to test-specific boundary conditions,
constituents of concern for demolition waste are Cu, Cr, SO2 4 ,
which were derived from previous standards, but additionally stip-
and Cl. The details on the characterization of the materials are
ulated a certain contact time (instead of a flow rate, which was the
fully explained elsewhere (Berger et al., 2004).
previous way) between leachant and sample material (Kalbe et al.,
2007). Moreover, this approach enables the usage of different col-
umn dimensions by the applicants. 2.2. Methods
Taking into account these results and in view of the new legis-
lation in Germany, there are two standards that have been devel- Columns built from glass with bottom caps made from PVC and
oped and validation was finished recently. One of these is a top caps made of PTFE, and with an inner diameter of 5.86 cm and
standard for a column leaching test (DIN 19528, 2009) that could a fillable height of 25 cm were used. There was a filter bed of
be used both as a compliance and basic characterization test to quartz sand, with grain size ranging between 0.6 and 1.2 mm, at
provide elemental data for a risk assessment of waste materials. both ends of the column, measuring 5 cm in the bottom of the col-
Additionally, there also exists a new standard for batch testing umn and 2 cm on the top of the column. Contact times between the
with an L/S ratio of 2 L/kg (DIN 19529, 2009) which addresses eluent and sample material of 16, 5, and 2.5 h were used. A contact
the investigation of inorganic compounds and have just been vali- time of 16 h is close to the current practice contact time, whereas
dated. Among the specifications for the new standards was the call contact times of 5 and 2.5 h approach the time suggested by the
for a faster flow rate, as opposed to the 15 cm/day linear velocity responsible committee of DIN. The time of contact between eluent
on an empty column (e.g. stipulated in ISO/TS 21268-3), which and test material (tc (h)) is calculated according to DIN 19528 by
 S. López Meza et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 565–571
the following equation, where V (mL) represents the filling volume
of the column, n () is the porosity, q (mL/min) is the applied flow
rate and 60 is used as time unit conversation factor:
V n
tc ¼
q  60
All leachate exiting the column was collected at specific L/S ra-
tios. For each sample collected the L/S ratio is cumulative between
the previous fractions. In addition to the concentration of constit-
uents in the leachate, their mass cumulative release is presented
in the figures.
An automated device, designed by UIT GmbH Dresden, was
used to maintain flow rate through the columns and sample collec-
tion. In some L/S ratios the sampling had to be modified so that it
fell during office hours. This is relevant considering that the pur-
pose of this research was to evaluate a method that could serve
as a federal standard and therefore not only for research purposes
but for industry or consulting time schedules. Initially, for the 16 h
contact time replicates and the first 5 h replicate, the collection
samples were completely open to the atmosphere for the whole
sample collection period. Considering that these periods would last
anywhere from 1 to 28 h, it was concluded that it would be best to
reduce the atmospheric impact on the sample surface as it was
being collected, and a small funnel was placed over the bottles dur-
ing collection to reduce the impact of carbonation.
After collection, volume collected was measured and then the
sample was divided for further measuring of pH, electrical conduc-
tivity, turbidity, DOC, cations, and anions. Cation measurement
was done with sample preserved with nitric acid to a pH of 2, fol-
lowing DIN EN ISO 5667-3 (2004). A Schott CG 841 pH meter/Sen-
Tix41 electrode, accurate to 0.01 pH units was used for pH
measurement of all aqueous extracts following DIN ISO 10390
(1997) (two-point calibration using pH buffer solutions 4.01 and
9.18 and 6.87 as zero point, repeatability limit 0.4 at pH > 8). Elec-
trical conductivity of the leachates was measured using a WTW
LF537/TetraCon 96 unit and calibration in the range of 0.08 and
Table 1
Solid matter content, concentration range in the column test eluates, and detection limit of the analytical methods for the constituents investigated.
Analyte Total content in solid matter (mg/kg) Concentration range in the eluate fractions (mg/L)
BA DW BA
Cr 67a 16a 0.004–0.68
Cu 1657a 29a 0.009–5.0
Cl 2690b 940b 8.8–15207
SO2 5800c 13700c 31–2572
4
a
Aqua regia extraction following DIN ISO 11466, 1995-2003.
b
HNO3 digestion and subsequent potentiometric titration.
c
DIN 4030-2, 1991–1906.
Fig. 1. (1) pH and conductivity for bottom ash and (2) denotes replication.
567
80 mS (repeatability limit 2%). Turbidity was analyzed using a
Hach 2100N IS turbidimeter according to DIN EN ISO 7027
(2000) calibrated using appropriate standard in the range of con-
cern and a blank standard <0.1 FNU. DOC analysis was performed
following DIN EN 1484 (1997) with a TOC-VCPH total organic car-
ð1Þ
bon analyzer (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan), where the dif-
ference method (TOC = TC  TIC) was applied. The measurement
was carried out automatically using the appropriate level of the
three calibrated ranges, which were controlled weekly. Relative
percent difference for three replicate samples must not exceed
2%, otherwise five replicates were measured.
Cations were measured with an IRIS Intrepid II XSP ICP–OES
spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, USA). Six-
point standard calibration was performed daily for an analytical
range between approximately 0.05 mg/L and 1 mg/L including a
blank. Repeatability of the triple measurement was required to
be within 5%. Samples for analysis were diluted to within the tar-
geted analytical range. A table with the detection limits is shown in
Table 1.
Anions were measured (twice) with an IC 25 ion chromatograph
(Dionex Corporation, Sunnyvale, USA) using a five-point calibration
(between 0.2 and 7 mg/L for chloride and 1.2–36 mg/L for sulfate)
and analytical check standards. The eluent and calibration was re-
placed on a daily basis.
3. Results and discussion
Results presented here are based on their relevance and include
pH and conductivity, and concentration and mass release as a func-
tion of L/S ratio for relevant constituents of concern for both mate-
rials, which were determined to be Cr, Cu, Cl and SO2 4 . Two
replicates for columns with contact times of 16 h and 5 h are pre-
sented. There was only one replicate for the 2.5 h contact time col-
umn. Each graph has five symbols: the filled and empty squares
represent the replicates for the 16 h contact time column test,
the filled and empty diamonds stand for the 5 h contact time
Analytical method Detection limit (mg/L)
DW Eluates
0.02–0.37 ICP–OES 0.0006
0.006–1.18 ICP–OES 0.0027
3.6–255 IC 0.30
957–2464 IC 0.50
568 S. López Meza et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 565–571

Fig. 2. Cr, Cu, chloride, and sulfate concentration and mass release as a function of L/S ratio for bottom ash.

column test, and the filled triangle represents the 2.5 h contact
time column test.
Fig. 1 shows pH and conductivity for bottom ash. The variation
in pH was small (between 10 and 12) for all L/S ratios. In five
measurements pH values between 8 and 10 have been observed.
This might be due to carbonation of the solution as in the 16 h
experiments the solution samples were completely open to the
atmosphere (see Section 2.2). For the shorter contact times, the
pH values of the column eluate do not vary more than 1 pH unit.
In terms of conductivity, the different contact times do not seem
to have a noticeable effect. The high point at the L/S ratio of 2 L/
kg on the 2.5 h contact time column (see Figs. 1 and 2) is a result
of an accidental stop flow of the 2.5 h column experiment. How-
ever, the data points were not deleted because all points are
essential for the cumulative release calculation. This higher con-
ductivity value will have a small effect on elemental measure-
ments as can be seen in subsequent figures, and this point can
also be observed on the DW 2.5 h contact time columns. This
pH difference has further small effects on the elements with pH
dependent solubility, and could indicate that the experimental
conditions under the shorter contact time are not at complete
equilibrium.
 S. López Meza et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 565–571
Fig. 3. pH and conductivity for demolition waste.
Fig. 2 shows Cr, Cu, chloride and sulfate concentration in the
eluate as well as mass release as a function of L/S ratio. There are
no significant differences between Cr release, except for a lower
Cr concentration on the replicate of the 5 h column experiment,
possibly due to a slightly higher pH of that replicate as seen in
Fig. 1, and explained by the change of the sampling technique. This
lower concentration explains the lower mass release of such exper-
iment on Fig. 2.
For Cu there are no differences in terms of concentration be-
tween the column contact times below a L/S ratio of 1 L/kg. The
replicate of the 5 h contact time column experiment does have
lower concentration values after L/S 2, a result of the sample collec-
tion change, but they are not significant enough to have an impact
on the mass release.
For chloride, the effect of a shorter time can be seen in the lower
concentrations obtained from the 2.5 h contact time column, that
can also be noticed on the mass release figure. This could be due
to the lower available time for equilibration adjustment between
the phases, at faster flow rates. No significant difference between
contact times of 5 and 16 h can be observed.
An increased contact time (slower flow rate) seems to diminish
the concentration of sulfate in the column eluate, which then re-
sults in a slightly lower mass release, but there is no significant dif-
ference between the contact times of 2.5 and 5 h. The leaching
behavior of sulfate is dependent on various factors, including car-
bonation influence in the concentration of Ca, ageing of the BA
sample, and formation of mineral phase as ettringite (Dijkstra
et al., 2006b; Engelsen et al., 2009), which means that a clear rea-
son for the observed behavior cannot be given within the present
study.
Differences in the two replicates of the BA with 5 h contact time
could be explained by experimental variability, especially the
improvement in sampling technique to ensure less sample carbon-
ation during collection.
The slight differences in pH for the longer contact time in the BA
experiments seem to have further small effects on elements with
pH dependent solubility, and could indicate that the experimental
conditions under the shorter contact time are not at equilibrium.
However, when mass release of the constituents of concern at
higher L/S ratios is analyzed, the effects of the contact time are
not very noticeable, and the eluate concentrations and mass re-
lease are all within the same range. This is important especially
after L/S ratios of 1 L/kg, which relate to long-term release of the
constituents in landfill or utilization scenarios for BA and DW at
least for the four investigated constituents. An L/S ratio of 1 L/kg
corresponds to about 4 years.
Fig. 3 shows pH and conductivity for demolition waste. There is
no noticeable effect of the contact time on the pH of the column
eluates. In the case of conductivity, the higher contact time shows
569
a lower conductivity value. However, there is no noticeable differ-
ence between the remaining contact times.
Cr, Cu, chloride and sulfate concentration in the eluate as well
as the mass releases as a function of L/S ratio are shown in Fig. 4.
The eluate concentration in the columns with the longest contact
time is higher, as can also be noticed in the mass release.
For Cu, the replicate for the 5 h contact time column experiment
has lower concentration values that can also be seen in the mass
release figure. In general, concentrations do not seem to be affected
by the contact time, but mass release does show that the mass re-
lease from the longer contact time columns is slightly higher.
The concentration and release of Cl is lower in the 2.5 h con-
tact time columns. As it was the case for BA, this can also be ex-
plained by the shorter time for equilibrium adjustment. Contact
time has no noticeable effect on sulfate in concentration or mass
release.
In the case of DW, pH was not affected at all by the different
contact times. However, the effect of a prolonged contact time
can be noticed in the concentration of Cr and Cu in the eluate of
the column, as well as in the mass release of both constituents as
a function of L/S ratio. The difference between the 5 h and 2.5 h
contact times is not noticeable. The column eluate concentration
and mass release of salts did not seem to be affected by the change
in contact time.
Longer contact of the solution with the atmosphere during sam-
pling of the eluates has resulted in some carbonation of the BA elu-
ates. This happens in the bottom ash eluates and not in those of
demolition waste, possibly due to a higher buffering capacity of
the DW eluates. This may mask carbonation, and resulted in the
new column test standard recommendation of using closed sam-
pling bottles (DIN 19528, 2009).
With these results it is possible to assume that changes in the
contact time in the magnitudes considered in this research do
not have major effects on the release of constituents of concern
from inorganic waste materials. This is especially relevant when
method standardization is taken into account, as these results
show that a faster column experiment, as would be expected
with a shorter contact time, is still able to provide reliable leach-
ing characteristics of a material. These results were considered in
the validation of the column leaching standard (DIN 19528,
2009).
Field lysimeters were operated based on the same reference
materials within the German joint research project ‘‘Sickerwasser-
prognose” (leachate prognosis) (Oberacker and Eberle, 2002). De-
spite the much higher contact times and unsaturated conditions
in the lysimeters, the comparison of results with data obtained
from laboratory column tests, performed with different contact
times, has indicated notably good agreement (Delay et al., 2007;
Susset, 2007; Grathwohl and Susset, 2009).
570 S. López Meza et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 565–571

Fig. 4. Cr, Cu, chloride, and sulfate concentration and mass release as a function of L/S ratio for demolition waste.

4. Conclusion Specifically, small changes can be attributed to the different

The results presented indicate that a shorter contact time in the
column experiments has no significant impact, in the long-term
prediction, on pH, conductivity and release of constituents of con-
cern from column testing of bottom ash and demolition waste with
a maximum particle size of 4 mm. The selected constituents of
concern were Cr, Cu, Cl and SO2 4 , as they are representative of
main characteristics for inorganic waste materials, such as bottom
ash and demolition waste.
contact times, including faster salt release for a shorter contact
time in bottom ash, a lower pH at higher L/S ratios for bottom
ash, and a lower column eluate conductivity resulting from the
longer contact time experiments for demolition waste. In terms
of constituent release, no significant difference is observed be-
tween the various column flow regimes that cannot be attributed
to slight pH variations.
This study is an attempt to evaluate the influence of contact
time on the release of constituents from inorganic waste materials,
 S. López Meza et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 565–571 571

and bottom ash and demolition waste represent a considerable Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)). German
Standardisation Organisation.
part of such waste. While further experiments would be required
DIN EN 12457-1: 2003-01. Charakterisierung von Abfällen – Auslaugung;
to generalize the results of this study into other granular materials Übereinstimmungsuntersuchung für die Auslaugung von körnigen Abfällen
with different particle size, the similarity in column results for bot- und Schlämmen – Teil 1: Einstufiges Schüttelverfahren mit einem Flüssigkeits-/
tom ash and demolition waste is beneficial, since the standard can Feststoffverhältnis von 2 L/kg und einer Korngröße unter 4 mm (ohne oder mit
Korngrößenreduzierung) (Characterization of Waste – Leaching; Compliance
benefit, in terms of laboratory testing time, from having a shorter Test for Leaching of Granular and Sludges – Part 1: One Stage Batch Test at a
contact time for column tests and still obtain reliable characteriza- Liquid to Solid Ration of 2 L/kg With Particle Size Below 4 mm (Without or With
tion results. Size Reduction)). German Standardisation Organisation.
DIN EN 12457-2: 2003-01. Charakterisierung von Abfällen – Auslaugung;
Übereinstimungsuntersuchung für die Auslaugung von körnigen Abfällen und
Acknowledgments Schlämmen – Teil 2: Einstufiges Schüttelverfahren mit einem Flüssigkeits-/
Feststoffverhältnis von 10 L/kg und einer Korngröße unter 4 mm (ohne oder mit
Korngrößenreduzierung (Characterization of Waste – Leaching; Compliance
The authors acknowledge technical support from the Manage- Test for Leaching of Granular and Sludges – Part 2: One Stage Batch Test at a
ment of Contaminated Sites and Environmental Engineering work- Liquid to Solid Ratio of 10 L/kg With Particle Size Below 4 mm (Without or With
Size Reduction)). German Standardisation Organisation.
ing group of Division IV.3 at BAM, especially Angela Grabner, Hans- DIN EN ISO 5667-3: 2004-05. Wasserbeschaffenheit – Probenahme – Teil 3:
Peter Walzel, Juergen Eckardt, Maren Kolepki, and Renate Helm for Anleitung zur Konservierung und Handhabung von Wasserproben (Water
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to determine and qualify the release of inorganic contaminants in demolition
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waste. Waste Management 27, 248–255.
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predictions. In: WASCON 2006: Sixth International Conference on the
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Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative
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trace elements from MSWI bottom ash as a function of pH and time. Applied
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Bestimmung durch Ofentrocknung (Soil, Investigation and Testing – Water
interlaboratory comparisons on the evaluation of the reproducibility of column
Content – Part 1: Determination by Drying in Oven). German Standardisation
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Korngrößenverteilung (Soil, Investigation and Testing – Determination of
Kosson, D.S., van der Sloot, H.A., Sanchez, F., Garrabrants, A.C., 2002. An integrated
Grain-Size Distribution). German Standardisation Organisation.
framework for evaluating leaching in waste management and utilization of
DIN 19528: 2009-01. Elution von Feststoffen – Perkolationsverfahren zur
secondary materials. Environmental Engineering Science 19 (3), 159–204.
gemeinsamen Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens von organischen und
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anorganischen Stoffen für Materialien mit einer Korngröße bis 32 mm –
Determination and quantification of the release of inorganic contaminants from
Grundlegende Charakterisierung mit einem ausführlichen Säulenversuch und
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Übereinstimmungsuntersuchung mit einem Säulenschnelltest (Leaching of
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Solid Materials – Percolation Method for the Joint Examination of the
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Leaching Behaviour of Organic and Inorganic Substances for Materials with a
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Übereinstimmungsuntersuchung (Leaching of Solid Materials – Batch Test at
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a Liquid to Solid Ratio of 2 L/kg for the Examination of the Leaching Behaviour of
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Inorganic Substances for Materials with a Particle Size up to 32 mm –
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Schlammuntersuchung; Schlamm und Sedimente (Gruppe S); Bestimmung der
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Auslaugungsverhalten – Perkolationsprüfung im Aufwärtsstrom (unter
van der Sloot, H.A., Kosson, D.S., Hjelmar, O., 2001b. Characteristics, treatment and
festgelegten Bedingungen) (Characterization of Waste – Leaching Behaviour
utilization of residues from municipal waste incineration. Waste Management
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gesamten organischen Kohlenstoffs (TOC) und des gelösten organischen
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