5.pavement Drainage

Pavement Drainage
Priyansh Singh
Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani
Department of Civil Engineering
priyansh.singh@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Version 1.0, March 8, 2019

Drainage can be described as
I Estimation of runoff
I Design of basic system for collection and disposal of runoff
I Provision for adequate subsurface drainage
CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

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Estimation of runoff
I Rational Method is widely used one

I depends on Co-efficient of runoff, rain-fall intensity,
duration and frequency

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Rational Method
Q = CIA (1)
Q = runoff (ft 3 /sec)

C = coefficient representing ratio of runoff to rainfall
I = intensity of rainfall (in/hour for estimated time of
concentration)
A = drainage area (acres)

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Co-efficient of runoff (C)
I Runoff coefficient indicates the hydrologic nature of the

drainage area
I It is defined as the ratio of quantity of runoff to the total
precipitation that falls on the drainage area
I The below table gives the recommended values of runoff
coefficient.

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Runoff Coefficients
(for Pervious Surfaces)
Runoff Coefficients
(for Pervious Surfaces)
Selected Hydrologic Soil Groupings and Slope Ranges
Figure 6.2
Source: AASHTO Model Drainage Manual (2005) CE G518 Pavement Analysis3and Design
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Soil Groups
Soil Groups
4
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Runoff Coefficients
Runoff Coefficients
(for Selected Land Uses)
(for Selected Land Uses)
Figure 6.2
Source: AASHTO Model Drainage Manual (2005) 5
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Runoff Coefficients
(for Impervious Surfaces)
Runoff Coefficients
(for Impervious Surfaces)
Figure 6.2
Source: AASHTO Model Drainage Manual (2005) March 68, 2019
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Co-efficient of runoff (C)
I When a drainage area has distinct parts with different C

values
I Use the weighted average
C1 × A1 + C2 × A2 + · · · + Cn × An
C= (2)
A1 + A2 + · · · + An

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Rainfall intensity
Pd
I= (3)
Tc
I = rainfall intensity (in/hr or mm/hr)

Pd = depth of rainfall (in or mm)
Tc = time of concentration (hr)

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Time of concentration
I It is the time taken by the water droplet from the remotest

area of the catchment to reach the inlet of drainage.

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Time of Concentration
Source: AASHTO Model Drainage Manual (2005) 8

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Time of concentration depends on
I Time of surface flow or inlet time

I Time of flow within the structural drainage system

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Inlet Time
D = KT 2 (4)
D = distance in ft.
T = inlet time in minutes
K = a dimensional emperical factor depends on terrain,

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Inlet / Surface Flow Time Curve
Figure 6.3
1
Figure 6.3
14

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Flow Velocity
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.4
10

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FAA for finding the time T
1.8(1.1 − C)(D)1/2
T = (5)
(S)1/3
T = surface flow time (min)

C = runoff coefficient
S = slope (%)
D = distance to most remote point (ft) Or else following figure
can be used for finding the approximate inlet time

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Surface flow time curve

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Example

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Rainfall Intensity Duration Curve

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Rainfall Intensity Duration Curve
I A designer must choose correct curve for the design

I This involves the weighing and judging various factors
related to physical and social damages that might result
from the flood of a given frequency.
I Normally a return period of 5 years is used for the design
of drainage systems at airports
I Choosing a higher return period will return a costly design
which is not economical

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Suggested Return Periods

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Rainfall Intensity
Figure 6.5
1
12Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518
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Ponding

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Sheet Flow

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Rolling Profile
Rolling Profile

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Source: TDOT Drainage Manual (2010) 1627/119
Pavement Cross Slope
Pavement Cross Slope
CL
2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5%

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Porous Friction Course

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Source: http://bradeck.net/research 19
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Source: http://www.rubberpavements.org/Videos.html 20
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Gutter

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Manning’s Equation
K 12 2 3
Q S R A
n
Q = flow capacity (ft3/s or m3/s)
K = conversion factor (1.4859 for English or 1 for metric)
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
S = channel slope (ft/ft or m/m)
R = hydraulic radius (ft or m)
A = cross‐sectional area of flow (ft2 or m2)
21
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Design Spread Design Spread

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Gutter Design (Uniform Slope)
Gutter Design (Uniform Slope)
Source: FHWA Drainage Manual (2010) 23
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z 5 3 12 8 3
Q Sx S T
n
z = conversion factor (0.56 for English or 0.377 for metric)
Sx = transverse slope (ft/ft or m/m)
T = spread (ft or m)

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Figure 6.6
2 3
5 1 8
Qn z Sx S T 3 2 3
(depends only on geometry)
Qn
Q
n
(incorporates roughness)

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Roughness Coefficients
Manning’s Roughness Coefficients

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V-Shaped Gutter Cross-Sections
V‐Shaped Gutter Cross‐Sections
Sx1Sx 2
Sx
Sx1 Sx 2
Sx1 Sx2
29
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Compound Cross Section
Compound Cross‐Sections
T
W Ts
Qw Qs
Sx
Sw
Gutter Shoulder / Parking Lane Driving Lane
30

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Compound Cross Section
Compound Cross‐Sections
T
W Ts
Qw Qs
Sx
Sw
Gutter z 5 3 12 8 3
Qs Sx S Ts
n
31

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Frontal Flow and Side Flow
Pavement
(Qs)
(Qw)
Source: TDOT Drainage Manual (2010) 32
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Gutter Efficiency
Gutter Efficiency
1
Sw S x
Qw 1 8
Eo Sw S x 3
Q 1 1
T 1
W
33
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z 5 3 12 8 3
Qs Sx S Ts
n
(Manning’s equation for side flow alone)
Qs
Q
1 Eo
(Total flow as a function of gutter efficiency)
34

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Gutter Efficiency
2
1
Figure 6.8
Figure 6.8
5
Sw/Sx
4
2
36
Subsurface Drainage
Subsurface Drainage
Subsurface Drainage
(Untreated or (Aggregate Filter,

Asphalt Treated) Geotextile or ATPB)
Source: “Making Edge Drains Work,” Better Roads, January 2007

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Flow from Groundwater

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Flow net slide

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Radius of influence slide

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L 3.8 H H0
Radius of influence slide

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permeability drawdown
2
k H H0
q1
2 Li
radius of
influence
Note that the equation in the book is missing the square!
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Groundwater Inflow
per unit area Flow from Groundwater
Symmetrical drawdown slide

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Groundwater Inflow
per unit area

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Groundwater Inflow
per unit area
Two Edge Drains
2q2
qg
W
One Edge Drain
q1 2q2
qg
W
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Example
Example 1
Silty Sand (SM)

k = 0.07 ft/day

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Flow from Infiltration
Crack
Base / Subbase (Optional)

Subgrade (Existing Soil)

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Nc Wc

qi = Ic + + kp (6)
W WCs
Ic design infiltration rate (volume per day per foot of crack)

W width of drainage blanket subjected to infiltration
Nc number of contributing longitudinal cracks or joints
Wc length of contributing transverse cracks or joints
Cs spacing of transverse cracks or joints
FHWA Highway Subdrainage Design Manual
Publication FHWA‐TS‐80‐224 dated July 1990

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Artesian Flow
Artesian Flow
Excess
hydraulic
head
k H
qa
H0
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Artesian Flow
Example 3

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Flow due to Spring Thaw

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Flow due Flow due to Spring Thaw
to Spring Thaw

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Heave rate of various soils

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Example Example 1 (Continued)
Silty Sand (SM)

k = 0.07 ft/day

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Heave rate of various soils

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Drainage Blanket Design Flow
Drainage Blanket Design Flow
qn qi max qg , qa , qm

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Edge Drain Design Flow
Edge Drain Design Flow
One Edge Drain
qd q1 qnW
Two Edge Drains
W
qd q1 qn
2
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Design of Subsurface Drainage

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Road Geometry

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Permeability of Sand
effective
permeability grain size
(cm/s) (mm)
Hazen’s
coefficient
(0.8 ‐ 1.2)

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Permeability of Drainage Materials
effective
grain size
permeability (mm) porosity
(ft/day)
. .
portion passing
No. 200 sieve
(%)

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Effective Porosity and Water Loss
Porosity
wc = moisture content after draining

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Design of Permeable Base
Depth of Flow Approach

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Depth of Flow Approach
Design of Permeable Base: Drain Time Approach
Casagrande & Shannon
Time Factor and Slope Factor
tkH H
T , Sl
n e LR 2 L R SR
where: k = permeability of the drainage layer (ft/day)

ne = effective porosity
H = height of the granular layer (ft)
LR = length of the drainage path (ft)
SR = slope of the drainage path (ft/ft)
t = time to drain a given percentage of the moisture (days)

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Casagrande
Design of Permeable Base& Shannon
Casagrande and Shannon (1952)
For U 0.5
0.4 Sl 1 2Sl 2 USl 1

T 1.2 Sl Sl 2 ln Sl ln
3 S
l
Sl 2 2U Sl 1
For U 0.5
0.4 Sl 2U
T 1.2 2 USl Sl 2 ln
3Sl Sl

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Casagrande and Shannon (1952)
t
=
T
CAREFUL

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Design of Separator Layer

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Designing Pavement Subsurface Drainage
Using DRIP Software
TRB Webinar
D
R
I DRIP Capabilities
P
1. Moisture Infiltrating Pavement Structure
a) Rainfall
b) Meltwater
Source: Moulton 2
D
R
I DRIP Capabilities
P
2. Permeable Base
3. Edge Drain
o Outlets
4. Separator
Shoulder Pavement Surface
Permeable Base
Separator (Filter)
Outlet Edge Drain
1. Aggregate
1. Pipe
2. Geotextile
2. PGED
3
D
R
I DRIP Software
P
 Drainage Requirement In Pavements (DRIP)
 www.me-design.com/MEDesign/DRIP.html
4
D
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I 1. Road Geometry
P
1 6
5
D
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I Road Geometry
P
Geometry A: Crowned
 Drainage Path
 Width W SR & LR
c W
 Slope SR c
b
 Length LR
Geometry B: Uniform slope
SR & LR
6
D
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I 2. Sieve Analysis
P
7
D
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I Effective Size D
P
 DX = Effective size or grain size corresponding to X% passing
D50
8
D
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I 3. Inflow
P
9
D
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I Surface Infiltration
P
 Surface infiltration of rain and melt water through (1) joints, (2) cracks & (3)
shoulder edges
1. Infiltration Ratio
 Cedergren et al., 1973
 Infiltration ratio and rainfall rate
 Highly empirical
2. Crack Infiltration
 Ridgeway, 1976 Recommended
 Based on field measurements
 Directly related to cracking
 Rate = 2.4 ft3/day/ft of crack 10

D
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I Crack Infiltration Method
P
 𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 = Rate of pavement infiltration (ft3/day/ft2)
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐
𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 = 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 + + 𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝
𝑊𝑊 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 =0
Surface
joints/cracking
 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 = Crack infiltration rate
 2.4 ft3/day/ft (0.223 m3/day/m)
 𝑊𝑊 = Width of drainage path 11

D
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I Rigid Pavement
P
Longitudinal Joints/Cracks 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐

o 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 = Number 𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 = 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 + + 𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝
𝑊𝑊 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠
Transverse Joints/Cracks (contributing)
o 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 = Length Surface
o 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 = Spacing joints/cracking
12
D
R
I Flexible Pavement
P
 PMS
 Typical section 𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 = 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 + + 𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝
Surface
joints/cracking
13
D
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I 4. Permeable Base
P
14
D
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I Permeable Base Analysis
P
1. Time to Drain AASHTO
 From saturation to:

 50% drained (AASHTO) Conservative
 85% saturation (Pavement Rehabilitation Manual)
 Time Calculation
 Casagrande and Shannon (1952)
 Barber and Sawyer (1952)
2. Depth of Flow
 Moulton, 1979
 Permeable base thickness ≥ Depth of flow
15
D
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I Permeable Base Analysis
P
2. Depth of Flow
 Inflow (qi) Permeable base

thickness ≥ 𝐻𝐻𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
 Permeability (k)
 Slope (SR)
 Length of drainage (LR)
𝐿𝐿𝑅𝑅
𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖
𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅 𝐻𝐻𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1
16
D
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I 5. Separator
P
17
D
R
I Separator
P
No Separator
Clogging
Parallel arrangement
Permeable Base
Subgrade
18
D
R
I Separator
P
Aggregate
Separator
Clogging
Permeable Base
Clogging
Separator
Subgrade
Passing No. 200
19
D
R
I Separator
P
 Geotextile
AOS = Apparent
 Retention or pumping resistance opening size
o ASTM D4751
 Permeability o Defined as size of
 Clogging glass beads when
5% pass through
the geotextile
20
D
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I 6. Edge Drain
P
21
D
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I Edgedrains Design
P
 Edgedrains can be designed for:
1. Pavement infiltration flow rate
2. Peak flow from the permeable base Capacity of

o qd edgedrain ≥ Peak
capacity of
o H, S and k permeable base
3. Average flow rate during the time to drain the permeable base
22
D
R
I Edge Drains Design
P
 Maximum spacing of outlets
 250 to 300 ft (75 to 100 m)
 Minimum pipe diameter
 4 in. (100 mm)
Edgedrain
Perforated,
slotted or open-
jointed pipe
Conventional pipe 23
D
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I Example 1
P Longitudinal slope S = 2%
Width of Surface
c=0 b = 24’
Uniform cross-slope Sx = 2% Two 12’ PCC lanes 10’ AC Shoulder

10’ AC Shoulder
Permeable Base CL Subgrade

AASHTO #57 k = 0.0033 ft/day
4” thick
k = 3,000 ft/day
2.4 24
3
0
𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 = 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 + + 𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝
24 20
24
D
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I Typical Open-Graded Bases and Filter Materials
P
Fine Sand
Medium Sand
Coarse Sand
Gravel
Source: Moulton 25
D
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I Dense vs. Open-Gradation
P
 Dense gradation
 Coarse to fine aggregate
 Stable material
 Poor permeability
 Open-graded bases
 No fines
 Good permeability
 Less stability
26
D
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I Effect of Stabilization on Permeability
P
 Open-graded bases
 Less stability compensated by stabilizing drainage layer

 Small amount of asphalt binder or Portland cement
Source: Lovering and Cedergren (1962) 27

D
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I Example 2
P
 Same input as example 1 with the following exceptions
 Woven geotextile as separator Nonwoven vs. Woven
 Hydraway geocomposite edgedrain
1. Calculate the time to drain of the permeable base
2. Design the geotextile separator layer
3. Calculate the outlet spacing for the geocomposite edgedrain
28
D
Source: DRIP User's Guide
R
I Fin-Drain
P
D1
D2
29
D
R
I References
P
 FHWA-TS-80-224 Highway Subdrainage Design; August 1980
 Lyle K. Moulton, PhD, PE
 https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/pubs/009633.pdf
 Pavement Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition, Yang H. Huang, ISBN-13: 978-
0131424739/ISBN-10: 0131424734 – Chapter 8.
 NCHRP, Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design; Part 3 - Design Analysis;

Chapter 1 – Drainage.
 http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/archive/mepdg/Part3_Chapter1
_Subdrainage.pdf
 FHWA-SA-92-008 Demonstration Project 87 Drainable Pavement Systems;

March 1992
30
Example
A pavement section consists of two 12-ft (3.66-m) lanes of 9-in.- (225-mm-)
thick PCC pavement with 10-ft (3.05-m) AC shoulders on each side with a
uniform cross slope (not crowned), and the width of the permeable base is
the same as the PCC pavement. The transverse joint spacing is 20 ft (6.1 m).
The slope in both the longitudinal (S) and transverse (Sx) directions is 2%.
The permeable base is made up of AASHTO 57 material and has a unit
weight of 100 pcf (1600 kg/m3), specific gravity of 2.65, and a minimum
permeability of 3000 ft/day (914 m/day). The thickness of the permeable
base is 4 in. (100 mm), based on construction considerations. Assume a unit
weight of 162 pcf (2595 kg/m3) for the PCC material. The subgrade is
Georgia Red Clay, which is actually a well-graded clayey-silt. Laboratory
tests indicate the particle gradation for the subgrade material as follows:
92%, 67%, 55%, 42% and 31% passing the No. 4, 10, 20, 50 and 200 sieve,
respectively, and a permeability of 0.0033 ft/day (0.001 m/day). Corrugated
pipe edgedrains having 4-in. (100-mm) diameter are used on the project.

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Pavement Drainage

Version 1.0, March 8, 2019

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

I Rational Method is widely used one

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

Q = runoff (ft 3 /sec)

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

I Runoff coefficient indicates the hydrologic nature of the

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

I When a drainage area has distinct parts with different C

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

I = rainfall intensity (in/hr or mm/hr)

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

I It is the time taken by the water droplet from the remotest

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

I Time of surface flow or inlet time

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

T = surface flow time (min)

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

I A designer must choose correct curve for the design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

12Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5%

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

(Untreated or (Aggregate Filter,

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

Silty Sand (SM)

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

Base / Subbase (Optional)

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

Ic design infiltration rate (volume per day per foot of crack)

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design

CE G518 Pavement Analysis and Design